What is the Muslim hajj pilgrimage?
The fifth pillar of Islam, the hajj is mandatory once in a lifetime for every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it and is the most significant manifestation of Islamic faith and unity.
The hajj begins in the 12th month of the Islamic year, which is lunar, not solar, meaning the hajj and the fasting month of Ramadan fall at different times of the solar calendar each year.
A quota system for visitors to Mecca was introduced in 1987, agreed by member countries of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, to limit the number allowed by each country to 0.1% of its population.
Stampedes, tent fires and other accidents have caused hundreds of deaths over the past 30 years, forcing the Saudi government to build new infrastructure.
In 2011, Saudi Arabia began the biggest expansion yet of the Grand Mosque of Mecca to increase its capacity to 2 million. A new railway will link the holy sites around Mecca.
Eid al-Adha, one of Islam's two main festivals, marks the climax of the annual hajj pilgrimage, when Muslims slaughter animals - to commemorate the willingness of Ibrahim, or Abraham, to sacrifice his son on God's command - often distributing meat to the poor.
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Observer
7 days ago
- Observer
Century-old artifacts and discovering the secrets of the National Museum
The best way to truly understand a country is through its historical and cultural artefacts, which serve as windows into its legacy, traditions, and identity. Visiting museums offers an immersive experience that reveals the stories behind a nation's development, its art, and its people. In Muscat, one of the most compelling destinations to delve into Oman's rich history is the National Museum—a treasure trove that vividly brings the country's past to life. Established in 2016, the Oman National Museum was comprehensively designed to serve as a centre for preserving and exhibiting Oman's diverse cultural heritage. The museum's primary purpose is to foster national pride and promote understanding of Oman's history and traditions on an international level. Strategically positioned to tell Oman's complete story, it is a place where visitors can explore thousands of artefacts, from ancient relics to contemporary displays. The museum's architecture itself is a striking feature—an interplay of modern design and traditional Islamic motifs—creating an environment that honours the country's historical roots while embracing the future. Inside, the exhibits are organised into thematic galleries, each offering an insight into Oman's geography, history, and culture. From the first human settlements in the region to the flourishing trade routes that once linked Oman to Africa, Asia, and Europe, the museum narrates the story of Oman's evolution through well-curated collections. 7 One of the most memorable displays in the museum's extensive collection is the 'Sultan Qaboos Development Gallery'—a tribute to Oman's modernisation under Sultan Qaboos bin Said. Here, visitors witness the transformational journey of Oman from a desert landscape to a flourishing nation, with exhibits detailing infrastructure, education, and cultural reforms. This gallery exemplifies Oman's growth and resilience, making it a must-see for those interested in contemporary history. Among the museum's many artefacts, several exceptional pieces stand out and should feature on every visitor's checklist. For instance, the Lion of Sohar, originating from China's Yuan Dynasty and dating back to the 10th century CE, is a glazed porcelain piece that epitomises the historical trade links between Oman and Asia. The Lion's intricate craftsmanship reflects Oman's longstanding maritime history and its role as a trading hub. 3 Another remarkable artefact is the Greek-Style Incense Burner Holder from Sumhuram, Yemen, forged in the 1st century CE. Presented by the Office of the Advisor to His Majesty the Sultan for Cultural Affairs, this bronze piece underscores the ancient trade networks that connected Oman to the wider world. Its significance lies not only in its craftsmanship but also in its testament to Oman's historical position as a crossroads of commerce and culture. Oman's musical heritage is vividly represented by replicas of traditional instruments like the Qabbūs and Tambūra. The Qabbūs, a stringed instrument with roots in South Arabian civilisation, is typically made from a single piece of wood with strings made from animal intestines, played with a pick made of bull horn. Its sound resonates in the music and rituals of Dhofar, reflecting the region's cultural richness. Similarly, the Tambūra, believed to date back to ancient Mesopotamian civilisation, offers a glimpse into the musical traditions of Sur, with its characteristic six strings and bowl-shaped body. For those intrigued by ancient craftsmanship, the museum displays a traditional wind instrument – the Al-Bargam – made from the horn of an oryx or ibex. Though not melodic in the conventional sense, its use in poetry recitals and ceremonial contexts makes it a distinctive symbol of Oman's oral traditions. 9 Furthermore, the museum's collection includes the Esmeralda Ship Bell from the Portuguese era, cast in copper alloy in 1498 CE, which provides insights into Oman's maritime prowess. Similarly, the array of Amulets, or At-Taswīrah, dating from the 14th century AH (20th century CE), offers a captivating look at cultural practices linked to protection and spirituality, especially among Omani children. Another highlight is the Sultan Qaboos bin Said Throne Chair, handcrafted from wood and velvet in 1970. With its intricate carvings and national emblem, it embodies the continuity of Oman's monarchy and governance traditions. Complementing the artefacts are beautifully crafted jewellery, such as intricate necklaces and amulets, which reveal the craftsmanship and symbolism woven into Oman's cultural fabric. To enhance their visit, tourists can opt for various guided tours. The general tours—priced at 10 OMR per group—offer 90-minute insights into the entire collection and are perfect for families or small groups. For a more bespoke experience, private customised tours after working hours at 100 OMR per person, include authentic Omani hospitality and a chance to explore the museum's back-of-house facilities, providing a deeper understanding of Oman's cultural preservation efforts. To fully immerse oneself in Oman's history, private tours can be arranged, providing tailored experiences that highlight specific interests and collections. These personalised excursions allow visitors to explore at their own pace, ensuring an intimate and comprehensive encounter with Oman's heritage. The museum's staff and guides are well-versed in Oman's history and artefacts, providing engaging narrations that bring each exhibit to life. 213-1 Planning a visit to the National Museum in Muscat is more than just a trip — it's an educational journey through Oman's intricate history, diverse cultures, and enduring traditions. With expertly curated galleries, priceless artefacts, and the opportunity for personalised tours, this institution stands out as the ultimate destination for anyone eager to understand Oman's identity beyond the surface. In addition to viewing the treasures, visitors can be assured of a memorable experience by taking advantage of the private tour options. These guided visits, complete with traditional Omani hospitality, ensure that every guest leaves with a deeper appreciation of Oman's cultural fabric and a new perspective on its past. Whether your interest lies in ancient trade relics, musical instruments, or royal memorabilia, there's something in the National Museum for everyone. 135-1
Observer
06-08-2025
- Observer
Jabal Shams: Oman's Overlooked Gem for a Restful Escape
Jabal Shams, often called the 'Mountain of the Sun,' remains a strikingly majestic yet somewhat underrated destination for travellers seeking a tranquil escape into nature. With its dramatic peaks, deep canyon vistas, and unparalleled vistas of the surrounding landscape, Jabal Shams offers an authentic and immersive experience that continues to captivate those willing to venture away from the more luxurious and crowded resorts of Jabal Akdhar. While Jabal Akdhar is renowned for its opulent hotels and premium accommodations, Jabal Shams presents a compelling alternative—less commercialised but equally impressive in its natural grandeur and diversity of lodging options. Visitors are increasingly discovering that, amidst its scenic splendour, Jabal Shams provides a remarkable range of stays, from luxurious four-star retreats to charming inns and uniquely designed dome houses, each offering an intimate and memorable experience. Jabal Shams: Oman's Overlooked Gem for a Restful Escape Discovering Jabal Shams: A Natural Playground for Families Famous for its awe-inspiring scenery, Jabal Shams boasts the highest peak in Oman at 3,009 metres, offering panoramic views that stretch as far as the eye can see. This rugged mountain landscape is a favourite for outdoor enthusiasts and families eager to indulge in hiking, canyon exploring, and star gazing. One of the key attractions is the Balcony Walk, a breathtaking trail that runs along the edge of the canyon, giving hikers an exhilarating perspective of the world beneath. Families often find Jabal Shams particularly appealing due to its wide variety of accessible activities. The mountain's cooler climate provides relief from the desert heat, making it an all-season destination. Kids and adults alike marvel at the dramatic cliffs, lush terraces, and the chance to encounter local wildlife like mountain goats and native birds. The starry nights here are renowned for their clarity, offering unforgettable astronomy experiences. Jabal Shams: Oman's Overlooked Gem for a Restful Escape While the natural allure of Jabal Shams is undeniable, where to stay is equally important for crafting a memorable escape. Visitors have a wealth of options, from high-end hotels to eclectic glamping experiences, ensuring comfort amid the mountain's wilderness. Panorama Guest House captures the essence of modern mountain living with its contemporary design crafted from local stone, blending beautifully into the landscape. Guests consistently praise the hosts, Ram and Ibrahim, for their exceptional hospitality and flexibility, often going out of their way to satisfy guests' needs. The guest house's prime location at the start of the Balcony Walk trail offers stunning sunrise views directly from the rooms—a magical way to awaken amidst nature. Its ease of access with a regular 2WD vehicle makes it accessible for most travellers, and the modern amenities—including efficient air conditioning and clean, stylish interiors—complement the breathtaking surroundings. Jabal Shams: Oman's Overlooked Gem for a Restful Escape Many visitors rave about the rich, traditional Oman cuisine prepared by the hosts' family, providing a warm and authentic taste of local hospitality. The panoramic vistas from the balcony walk and the chance to watch both sunset and sunrise from the comfort of the guesthouse make it a top choice for those seeking relaxation and connection with their environment. The Jabal Shams Domes introduce an entirely different experience—luxurious, space-efficient, and designed with visual elegance. These domed houses boast thoughtful interiors equipped with large beds, heating, cooling, private bathrooms, and even star-viewing seating areas outside. The interior design reflects an emphasis on comfort and style, making it an ideal retreat for couples or adventure seekers looking for a unique accommodation. Jabal Shams: Oman's Overlooked Gem for a Restful Escape Guests highlight Fahad, the host, for his warm hospitality and meticulous attention to detail. The domes' private setting adjacent to stunning landscapes, coupled with the opportunity to witness starry nights, provides an enchanting escape from the city noise. The proximity to the Balcony Walk and other hiking trails makes these domes a strategic base for exploring. Al Khitaym Guest House, another beloved spot, offers cosy family rooms with balconies and patios overlooking the mountains. Its welcoming atmosphere is enhanced by traditional touches, such as local-style breakfast and dinner, featuring fresh fruits and regional delicacies. Many guests comment on the spectacular mountain views, starry skies, and a peaceful, home-like ambience. Though some advise travelling with a 4x4 vehicle for better access, the hosts are friendly and accommodating, often offering helpful pickups. Jabal Shams: Oman's Overlooked Gem for a Restful Escape Sama Heights Resort, perched at an altitude of nearly 7,000 feet, is a newer option that combines luxury with eco-consciousness. Surrounded by striking landscapes and offering unique hiking trails, Sama Heights is a haven for families and adventure lovers alike. Visitors often praise its serene atmosphere, the warmth of staff, and the panoramic vistas of the Grand Canyon of the Middle East. Connect with nature and local culture What truly endears visitors to Jabal Shams is its unspoiled natural beauty combined with the authentic Omani hospitality reflected in these diverse accommodations. Unlike the more extravagant, urban-style resorts at Jabal Akdhar, Jabal Shams offers a genuine connection to nature and local culture. Guests often remark that staying here feels like retreating into a peaceful mountain sanctuary, with each accommodation providing a personal, warm, and authentic experience. Jabal Shams: Oman's Overlooked Gem for a Restful Escape The variety of lodging options means that visitors can select accommodations that suit their preferences—be it the luxurious comfort of a modern guest house, the unique charm of dome houses, or the cosy familiarity of family-run inns. The hosts and staff take pride in providing personalised service and authentic regional cuisine, making every stay special. If you want to take the camping route, this mountain is also perfect for wild camping. For those seeking a truly enriching experience amidst Oman's natural splendor, Jabal Shams is an ideal destination that deserves more attention. It promises not just scenic views, but a deep sense of connection with nature and the warm hospitality of local Omanis. Whether it's a family adventure, a romantic weekend, or a peaceful solo retreat, the mountain's diverse offerings ensure every traveller finds something to cherish. So, next time you plan an adventure in Oman, consider leaving the well-trodden paths and heading to Jabal Shams.
Muscat Daily
24-07-2025
- Muscat Daily
Lingo bingo
If you are an expatriate living in Oman who cannot yet speak basic Arabic, it might be high time to sign up for an easy language learning course. Luckily, Arabic learning centres across Muscat are more than willing to help, to enable expatriates avoid making conversations a 'game of chance' …………………. A heated argument between a local cabbie and an Indian expatriate at Ruwi recently proved quite amusing for a group of onlookers – while the cabbie humbly demanded his legal fare, the expatriate was vocal about being duped and kept insisting on paying him more! Conversations between Omanis and non-Arabic speaking expatriates in Muscat as well as other parts of the sultanate often take a hilarious tone as language barriers pose many a dilemma. While learning Arabic is not mandatory, most expatriates rely on English and Hindi to express themselves – thankfully enough, Omanis willingly oblige without a qualm. The moot issue here is about expatriates not learning to converse in Arabic, though many have stayed on for decades on end. On the other hand, there are one too many language learning centres that offer classes at convenient hours, but witness only a trickle of students. Expatriates like Kaylee Jones, an English translator and student of Noor Majan institute's summer programme, says, 'When I moved to Muscat, many suggested that I learn Arabic if I intended staying for a long time. Now, as I often struggle to strike up conversations with a friendly Omani cop who doesn't speak English, I realise that I should've listened to them a long time ago.' There are scores of expatriates of varied nationalities, like Kaylee, who want to learn the language in a slightly more formal learning environment. Eagerly enrolling themselves to institutions like Noor Majan's Muscat campus, they seek to gain a deeper understanding of the Arabic language. A former alumnus of Noor Majan Arabic Institute, Robert Rodriguez said, 'I learnt Arabic here several years ago to speak the language fluently enough with locals in Oman. As an intelligence officer in the US Army that visits Muscat occasionally, I find it easier to navigate around the city and have managed to gain and maintain close friendships with the people here because of my knowledge of the language and my adoration of the Omani culture.' Shreya Gupta, a current student in the institute's summer programme, said, 'Since I have recently graduated from Georgetown university with a minor in Arabic and Islamic studies, I fell in love with Islamic and Muslim cultures and wanted to expand on this knowledge I have received by learning the language thoroughly this time.' Why expatriates don't learn Arabic This excitement to learn the language, however, doesn't seem to be conveyed by non-Arab locals within the area. As a (part-time) instructor at Noor Majan Arabic Institute, Ahmed al Balushi elaborates, 'We typically get a lot of foreign students who come to Muscat for an internship or a graduate job. For our summer programmes that go on till August, we typically get at least six to ten students per class. I guess a reason for this slow intake is partially because most non-arab speakers do not have the time to commit to our lectures, and partially because most of them simply believe that they can learn bits of it on their own as some words are similar to other languages they speak, like Hindi.' Arabic tutor Fatima al Wahaibi, who conducts Arabic classes online and in-person in the Saud Bhawan Residency 1 building at Al-Khuwair, explains, 'As I'm a private instructor who only charges RO1 per class and conducts classes at timings and venues convenient for people who don't speak Arabic, I tend to get a lot more residents within the area to attend my online and offline classes. So, in my perspective, I think, the biggest factor that affects those who learn to speak Arabic is cost and convenience.' Mahi Chaudhary, a student at Fatima's sessions, confirms this suggestion saying, 'As a housewife who lives next to the Saud Bhawan Residency buildings, I find it easier to attend Ms Fatima's evening classes because of its location. Typically, these classes would comprise me and three other students, all of whom have jobs that prevent them from taking upoing for longer classes that go on throughout the day. But I personally don't mind the smaller structure because of how much more time I get to spend with everyone else as we learn the language together. For me, it's easier for me to learn Arabic here rather than in a bigger and noisier classroom.' Another student of Fatima's in-person session, Omar Sheikh explains the key differences between both the learning formats. 'I used to attend classes offered by the Sultan Qaboos Institute for non-native speakers. However, I found that the classes were too expensive for me and it became too stressful to balance coursework with my office work throughout the day. That's why I prefer learning here. But, I also understand that if I had properly applied myself to those classes, I would have learnt more Arabic than the typical conversational phrases we learn in Ms Fatima's classes.' Despite these differences in class structures and core curriculum, students and staff from both organisations highlight the importance of learning Arabic in a class environment. As a student of Noor Majan Arabic Institute, Nikhil Sharma puts it, 'Everyone has their own style of learning a new language. However, expecting most non-Arabic speakers to learn the language entirely on their own is a bit unrealistic. I think it is important for people planning to work and live here for many years to learn the language. It is equally important to make learning accessible to the general public because it helps us learn and adapt to a new and distinct culture.' (Contributed by: Ishita Shetty)
