Latest news with #SecureAccessServiceEdge
Business Wire
2 days ago
- Business
- Business Wire
Cloudflare and TD SYNNEX Expand Partnership to Secure Latin America with Managed Services
MEXICO CITY & SíO PAULO--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Cloudflare, Inc. (NYSE: NET), the leading connectivity cloud company, and TD SYNNEX (NYSE: SNX), a leading IT solutions distributor, today announced they are expanding their partnership to deliver managed security services in Latin America. The collaboration expands TD SYNNEX's portfolio of solutions to include Cloudflare's Zero Trust, Secure Access Service Edge (SASE), Application Security, and Network Security solutions in Latin America, creating new routes to market for Managed Security Services Partners (MSSPs). Businesses across Latin America are facing hybrid work environment complexities alongside dynamic threat landscapes. In the most recent first quarter of 2025 alone, Cloudflare blocked an average of 30 billion cyber threats in Latin America every single day, up 27 percent from the previous quarter. Organizations are looking to acquire complete threat protection and operational performance, yet are struggling to manage the costs and complexities associated with multiple vendor solutions pieced together. On the other side, partners are seeking to build out comprehensive practices with clear revenue streams. In contrast to learning and implementing four or five different platforms to deliver a full tech stack, a MSSP can now leverage Cloudflare's full connectivity cloud services platform. The Cloudflare platform is available in a single interface making it simple for MSSPs to deploy and manage their customer's security solutions with operational efficiency. Cloudflare autonomously blocks threats across the region with its global infrastructure network, which is one of the largest and most interconnected in the world, today spanning 64 cities in Latin America and the Caribbean. Customers adopting the entire Cloudflare suite are able to save about 50 percent over what they were spending versus trying to cobble together numerous, different solutions. In addition, a Cloudflare commissioned Forrester Consulting Total Economic Impact™ study focused on a composite organization representative of interviewed customers using Cloudflare, found that they achieved a 238% ROI over three years, from broad use of the Cloudflare platform. 'Cloudflare is the only company now offering a broad range of application services, network services, and SASE services on our own network through a single platform to MSSPs,' said Tom Evans, Chief Partner Officer at Cloudflare. 'Partners are fundamental to extending critical security protections with operational efficiency and we are thrilled to be growing our partnership with TD SYNNEX to deliver managed services in Latin America.' 'The demand for managed security services is accelerating in Latin American countries with prominent market domination of SMBs and small enterprises. We see local organizations having dozens of different cybersecurity vendors and this brings more complexities and costs, putting cybersecurity management at risk," said Carlos Torales, Vice President of Latin America at Cloudflare. 'With TD SYNNEX, Cloudflare's connectivity cloud platform can now bridge the gap for MSSPs to have highly efficient operations and robust cybersecurity all while controlling operational costs.' 'As cyber threats become more sophisticated, the demand for advanced managed security services continues to surge,' said Marcos Murata, Vice President, Vendor Management and Business Strategy for TD SYNNEX in Latin America. 'Integrating Cloudflare's security suite into our portfolio empowers our MSSP partners in LAC with a ready-to-deploy security stack that reduces complexity, accelerates time-to-market, and enables flexible delivery. With our strong sales and technical enablement capabilities, we're helping partners deliver cost-effective solutions tailored to the region's unique needs. Together, we're not just elevating cybersecurity — we are building a more resilient and secure digital ecosystem.' Cloudflare and TD SYNNEX have been partnering since 2021. The latest MSSP expansion in Latin America extends Cloudflare's connectivity cloud platform in a single unified interface while TD Synnex equips partners with the comprehensive cloud-native security services and program enablement. To learn more, please check out the resources below: About Cloudflare Cloudflare, Inc. (NYSE: NET) is the leading connectivity cloud company on a mission to help build a better Internet. It empowers organizations to make their employees, applications and networks faster and more secure everywhere, while reducing complexity and cost. Cloudflare's connectivity cloud delivers the most full-featured, unified platform of cloud-native products and developer tools, so any organization can gain the control they need to work, develop, and accelerate their business. Powered by one of the world's largest and most interconnected networks, Cloudflare blocks billions of threats online for its customers every day. It is trusted by millions of organizations – from the largest brands to entrepreneurs and small businesses to nonprofits, humanitarian groups, and governments across the globe. Learn more about Cloudflare's connectivity cloud at Learn more about the latest Internet trends and insights at About TD SYNNEX TD SYNNEX (NYSE: SNX) is a leading global distributor and solutions aggregator for the IT ecosystem. We're an innovative partner helping more than 150,000 customers in 100+ countries to maximize the value of technology investments, demonstrate business outcomes and unlock growth opportunities. Headquartered in Clearwater, Florida, and Fremont, California, TD SYNNEX's 23,000 co-workers are dedicated to uniting compelling IT products, services and solutions from 2,500+ best-in-class technology vendors. Our edge-to-cloud portfolio is anchored in some of the highest-growth technology segments including cloud, cybersecurity, big data/analytics, AI, IoT, mobility and everything as a service. TD SYNNEX is committed to serving customers and communities, and we believe we can have a positive impact on our people and our planet, intentionally acting as a respected corporate citizen. We aspire to be a diverse and inclusive employer of choice for talent across the IT ecosystem. For more information, visit or follow us on LinkedIn, Facebook and Instagram. Copyright 2025 TD SYNNEX Corporation. All rights reserved. TD SYNNEX, the TD SYNNEX Logo, and all other TD SYNNEX company, product and services names and slogans are trademarks of TD SYNNEX Corporation. Other names and trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Cloudflare Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as 'may,' 'will,' 'should,' 'expect,' 'explore,' 'plan,' 'anticipate,' 'could,' 'intend,' 'target,' 'project,' 'contemplate,' 'believe,' 'estimate,' 'predict,' 'potential,' or 'continue,' or the negative of these words, or other similar terms or expressions that concern Cloudflare's expectations, strategy, plans, or intentions. However, not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Forward-looking statements expressed or implied in this press release include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the capabilities and effectiveness of Cloudflare's Zero Trust, Secure Access Service Edge (SASE), Application Security, Network Security,] and other products and technology, the benefits to Cloudflare's customers from using its Zero Trust, (SASE, Application Security, Network Security, and other products and technology, Cloudflare's partnership with TD SYNNEX and the potential resulting benefits to Cloudflare customers, the potential opportunity for Cloudflare to attract additional customers and to expand sales to existing customers through Cloudflare's partnership with TD SYNNEX, Cloudflare's technological development, future operations, growth, initiatives, or strategies, and comments made by Cloudflare's Chief Partner Officer and VP of Latin American Sales and others. Actual results could differ materially from those stated or implied in forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including but not limited to, risks detailed in Cloudflare's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including Cloudflare's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 8, 2025, as well as other filings that Cloudflare may make from time to time with the SEC. The forward-looking statements made in this press release relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. Cloudflare undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this press release to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this press release or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. Cloudflare may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, or expectations disclosed in Cloudflare's forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on Cloudflare's forward-looking statements. © 2025 Cloudflare, Inc. All rights reserved. Cloudflare, the Cloudflare logo, and other Cloudflare marks are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of Cloudflare, Inc. in the U.S. and other jurisdictions. All other marks and names referenced herein may be trademarks of their respective owners.
Yahoo
15-05-2025
- Business
- Yahoo
Spectrotel Managed SD-WAN Solution Wins 2025 INTERNET TELEPHONY SD-WAN Product of the Year for Fifth Consecutive Year
Award Recognizes Spectrotel's Leadership in Flexible, Fully Managed SD-WAN Solutions NEPTUNE, N.J., May 15, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Spectrotel, Inc., a leading provider of managed network services, today announced it has been named a winner of the 2025 INTERNET TELEPHONY SD-WAN Product of the Year Award by TMC for the fifth consecutive year. As a comprehensive Managed Network Services Provider (MNSP), Spectrotel delivers highly adaptable and scalable solutions tailored to each customer's environment. The company's flexible SD-WAN portfolio includes Secure SD-WAN, hybrid SD-WAN, and Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) options—enabling customers to choose the deployment model that aligns with their current needs while laying the foundation for long-term transformation. This adaptability ensures the right level of security, control, and performance is applied from the edge to the cloud. 'Spectrotel's adaptive approach helps customers stay agile, secure, and future-ready,' said Todd Walsh, Director of Product Management at Spectrotel. 'Whether it's SD-WAN, hybrid architectures, or full SASE, we enable organizations to modernize their networks without complexity.' Spectrotel's Secure SD-WAN offering delivers powerful connectivity backed by centralized orchestration, built-in security, real-time visibility, and fully managed lifecycle services—from solution design and implementation to continuous monitoring and optimization. The result is a seamless, low-risk experience that reduces operational burden while maximizing network performance and resilience. 'We are honored to receive this recognition from TMC for the fifth year in a row,' said Terri Vaccarino, SVP of Product and Marketing at Spectrotel. 'This award reflects our continued investment in customer-centric innovation. Our Secure SD-WAN solution continues to evolve to support digital transformation, multi-cloud adoption, and the demands of the hybrid workforce.' The INTERNET TELEPHONY SD-WAN Product of the Year Awards recognize organizations that demonstrate innovation, vision, and excellence in delivering software-defined networking technologies that meet the needs of modern enterprises. 'Congratulations to Spectrotel on being recognized with a 2025 INTERNET TELEPHONY SD-WAN Product of the Year Award,' said Rich Tehrani, CEO of TMC. 'Spectrotel's Secure SD-WAN with gateway showcases genuine innovation and is helping shape the future of software-defined networking. I look forward to seeing what Spectrotel accomplishes in 2025 and beyond.' About INTERNET TELEPHONY Magazine:INTERNET TELEPHONY has been the IP Communications Authority since 1998™. Beginning with the first printed issue through its evolution to an online publication, INTERNET TELEPHONY magazine has been providing unbiased views of the complicated converged communications space. For more information, please visit Follow INTERNET TELEPHONY magazine on Twitter. About TMCTMC provides global buyers with valuable insights to make informed tech decisions through our editorial platforms, live events, webinars, and online advertising. Leading vendors trust TMC, thought leadership, and our events for branding, thought leadership, and lead generation. Our live events, like the ITEXPO #TECHSUPERSHOW, deliver unmatched visibility, while our custom lead generation programs and webinars ensure a steady flow of sales opportunities. Display ads on trusted sites generate millions of impressions, boosting brand reputations. TMC offers a complete 360-degree marketing solution, from event management to content creation, driving SEO, branding, and marketing success. Learn more at and follow @tmcnet on Facebook, LinkedIn, and X. For more information and to view the schedule of upcoming TMC and TMCnet awards, please visit TMC Contact: Stephanie ThompsonManager, TMC Awards203-852-6800sthompson@ About Spectrotel:Spectrotel is redefining Managed Network Services by raising the service bar—advancing network management from reactive and proactive approaches to predictive and prescriptive strategies. Our technology-enabled, service-exceeding solutions leverage automation, AI-driven intelligence, and human expertise to reduce downtime, minimize service degradation, and strengthen communication platforms. From SD-WAN and SASE to cloud connectivity and advanced security, Spectrotel provides seamless, scalable, and fully managed solutions that empower businesses to focus on growth while we ensure their networks run with maximum performance and resilience. For more information, visit or follow us on LinkedIn. Spectrotel Contact:Joe BagarozzaDirector, MarketingSpectrotel, in retrieving data Sign in to access your portfolio Error in retrieving data Error in retrieving data Error in retrieving data Error in retrieving data
Yahoo
15-05-2025
- Business
- Yahoo
Ekinops announces the acquisition of Olfeo, a cybersecurity software provider for businesses
Olfeo, a French SSE (Security Service Edge) software provider, securing Internet access against cyberattacks Over 500 customers – €6.3m in Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR) in 2024 Combined with its SD-WAN offering, Ekinops becomes a leading European provider of Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) solutions for networks cybersecurity, in line with its Bridge strategic plan Transaction fully financed in cash PARIS, May 15, 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- EKINOPS (Euronext Paris: FR0011466069) (Euronext Paris: EKI), leading supplier of telecommunications solutions for telecom operators and enterprises, announces the signing of an agreement with the shareholders of Olfeo, a French provider of Secure Service Edge cybersecurity software for enterprises, to acquire 100% of the company's share capital. Olfeo is a long-standing technology partner of Ekinops, already contributing to its SD-WAN solution as a key technology provider. This combination creates a leading European player in the fast-growing SSE (Security Service Edge) and SASE (Secure Access Service Edge) markets for networks cybersecurity, bringing French cybersecurity expertise to the European and global stage. Olfeo, a French leader in SSE and enterprise web security Founded in 2003 and based in Paris, Olfeo is a cybersecurity software company that protects enterprise information systems from cyberattacks and risks related to employee Internet usage. Olfeo's web security gateway solutions are offered through a subscription model, either as SaaS (Software as a Service) or on-premises. Olfeo is one of the leading European players in SSE (Security Service Edge) and offers a web security solution that combines multiple layers of security (SWG, CASB, DNS, DLP, etc.)[1] to protect enterprise information systems. With a team of 60 employees, half of whom are dedicated to R&D, Olfeo secures network and web access of over 500 customers and partners (businesses, local authorities, healthcare institutions, French governmental service and infrastructure operators, etc.). Olfeo generated €6.3m in recurring revenue (ARR – Annual Recurring Revenue) in 2024, with an EBITDA[2] margin of over 20%. Ekinops' existing footprint and expertise in managing critical networks, combined with Olfeo's innovative solutions will generate new growth opportunities in Europe and globally. Ekinops becomes a European market leader in Secure Access Service Edge (SASE), driving a shared vision of the secure cloud The convergence of network connectivity and cybersecurity challenges is at the heart of today's digital transformation for businesses. Operators are very much on the look for single-vendor network cybersecurity solutions that are sovereign, immediately available, and combining performance, security, ease of deployment and regulatory compliance. The SASE for networks cybersecurity market is estimated at over $9bn by 2025, with an average annual growth rate of +13% over the next few years[3]. By 2026, Ekinops aims to position itself in the "Unified SASE" segment, with a fully integrated solution specifically designed for mid-sized companies (SMB and SME). Ekinops intends to address this segment by leveraging its installed customer base with major telecom operators. The "Unified SASE" market is estimated to exceed $600m by 2025, with an average annual growth rate of over +27% over the next few years. Together, Ekinops and Olfeo will be able to meet the growing needs of public and private organizations for secure cloud access and agile network infrastructures, offering a high-performing and responsible European technology. An acquisition in line with the Bridge strategic plan ambitions to accelerate Ekinops' leadership in the most dynamic market segments This transformative move is a major first step in the achievement of Ekinops' Bridge strategic plan, aimed at positioning the Group in high-growth markets. Through Bridge, Ekinops aims to quickly return to double-digit growth, generating more than 30% of its annual revenue from Software & Services by 2028, including over 50% as ARR. With Olfeo, Ekinops would have generated 22% of its sales through Software & Services activity (2024 pro forma data). Terms and conditions of the transaction Ekinops is acquiring 100% of Olfeo's share capital through its holding company, Oscar SAS, from its founding shareholders, financial investors and employee shareholders. This acquisition is fully financed in cash, using Ekinops' own funds and the syndicated credit line dedicated to external growth, provided by its banking partners. The pro forma[4] balance sheet of the combined entity will remain very solid, with a net cash[5] position still positive after the transaction. As a reminder, Ekinops reported a positive net cash position of €29.5m at the end of 2024. Its completion is subject to customary conditions and is expected to occur in the coming weeks. Olfeo's management team is fully committed to this merger. In this context, Alexandre Souillé, founder and CEO of Olfeo, along with his team, will continue to develop the cybersecurity activity within Ekinops. "This alliance with Ekinops is a tremendous opportunity for Olfeo to accelerate its development while remaining true to its founding values: sovereignty, innovation, and close customer relationships. By joining forces with a recognized French technology player in the telecommunications network space, we are strengthening our offering of SSE and SASE, while continuing our mission to secure Internet and cloud access in full compliance with European regulatory standards," declares Alexandre Souillé, President and co-founder of Olfeo. "Olfeo is a French gem that shares with Ekinops strong values such as innovation and customer commitment. This strategic combination will enable us to expand our network cybersecurity offering, strengthen our position in the SASE market by delivering a sovereign European solution, and address emerging needs linked to the transformation of cloud usage. Together, we form a leading European player, capable of delivering end-to-end connectivity and security solutions to international operators and their enterprise customers," comments Didier Brédy, Chairman and CEO of Ekinops. About Security Service Edge (SSE) and Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) Security Service Edge (SSE) brings together security services designed to protect networks from cyber threats such as malware, data theft, phishing, and more. Unlike traditional setups that focus protection mainly on the core network, SSE is a cloud-based solution that shifts security functions to where users and devices connect. As a result, the network is protected not only on the company's premises, but also remotely. SSE gives companies greater flexibility to deploy new services and adapt to user needs much more easily than with a centralized solution. When combined with advanced SD-WAN, an SSE solution forms a Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) architecture, which integrates networking and security functions. SASE brings together SD-WAN to manage traffic and SSE to enforce security within a unified architecture, combining connectivity and security, wherever users and devices are located, with secure access and strong network performance at the edge. 1. SWG: Secure Web GatewayCASB: Cloud Access Security BrokerDNS: Domain Name SystemDLP: Data Loss Prevention2. EBITDA (Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) corresponds to current operating income restated for (i) amortization, depreciation and provisions and (ii) income and expenses linked to share-based payments.3. Source: Dell'Oro Group4. Based on the companies' annual financial statements as of 31 December 20245. Net cash = cash and cash equivalents – borrowings (excluding bank debt relating to French R&D tax credit (CIR) pre-financing and IFRS 16 lease liabilities) Photo: EKINOPS ContactDidier BrédyChairman and CEO contact@ InvestorsMathieu OmnesInvestor Relations+33 (0)1 53 67 36 92 momnes@ PressAmaury DugastPress Relations+33 (0)1 53 67 36 74 adugast@ View original content to download multimedia: SOURCE Ekinops
Business Insider
10-05-2025
- Business
- Business Insider
Cloudflare Stock (NET) Jumps after Q1 Results Impresses Analysts
Cloudflare (NET) shares jumped in today's trading after its strong first-quarter earnings and guidance impressed analysts. Indeed, BofA Securities kept its Buy rating and $160 price target, noting that Cloudflare brought in $479 million in revenue, which was $10 million more than expected and 300 basis points above consensus. Analysts led by Madeline Brooks pointed to strong demand for Cloudflare's SASE (Secure Access Service Edge) and Workers products, which shows that the company has a solid position in cybersecurity and AI support. Protect Your Portfolio Against Market Uncertainty Discover companies with rock-solid fundamentals in TipRanks' Smart Value Newsletter. Receive undervalued stocks, resilient to market uncertainty, delivered straight to your inbox. While Cloudflare's operating margin came in slightly below expectations at 11%, analysts said that the company increased its go-to-market spending to 38% of revenue (up from 36% last quarter) to build on its momentum. As a result, Brooks' team believes that Cloudflare still has room to beat full-year guidance, especially as the AI market moves from training models to large-scale deployment, which is Cloudflare's strength. Although the stock is expensive compared to other high-growth software firms, Cloudflare stands out by guiding for faster growth and improving performance. Separately, five-star Jefferies analyst Brent Thill kept a Hold rating and cut his price target to $150 from $170. The analyst noted that Cloudflare beat the midpoint of its revenue guidance by 2.3% (its best performance in five quarters) and is being cautious with full-year guidance despite no major macro risks. In addition, a $130 million, five-year deal was seen as validation of Cloudflare's value in an AI-driven market. Meanwhile, Morgan Stanley raised its price target to $150 and said that a nine-figure and seven-year customer deal shows strong confidence in Cloudflare's long-term innovation. Interestingly, it called Cloudflare a 'Best Athlete' that is well-positioned to do well even in an uncertain economy. Is NET Stock a Good Buy? average NET price target of $152.55 per share implies 15.1% upside potential.
Cision Canada
28-04-2025
- Business
- Cision Canada
Optiv Report Finds Increased Cybersecurity Incidents, Strategic Budget Shifts as Organizations Combat Evolving Threat Landscape
Based on an independent Ponemon Institute survey, the report reveals 79% of respondents say their organization is making changes to its cybersecurity budget. Of these respondents, 71% say security budgets are increasing, with the average budget at $24 million. This correlates with the heightened volume of threat vectors, with 66% of respondents reporting cybersecurity incidents have increased significantly or increased in the past year, up from 61% in 2024. Download Optiv's 2025 Cybersecurity Threat and Risk Management Report: The report also highlights a notable shift in how organizations determine their cybersecurity budgets, with 67% now using risk and threat assessments to inform budget decisions, up from 53% in 2024. This move toward data-driven decision-making comes as organizations increasingly turn to managed security service providers (MSSPs), with outsourcing to MSSPs jumping from 47% in 2024 to 58% in 2025, particularly for cloud security guidance. "The data clearly shows a concerning trend: despite increases in cybersecurity budgets and resources, organizations continue to face more frequent attacks," said John Hurley, Optiv's chief revenue officer. "What's promising is the shift toward more strategic, data-driven approaches to budget allocation and the growing adoption of MSSPs to extend capabilities, particularly as organizations work to better understand their security vulnerabilities within the threat landscape." Additional key findings include: AI and Machine Learning Adoption Accelerating: Forty-six percent of respondents say their organizations use AI/ML to prevent cyberattacks, with 88% of these respondents incorporating generative AI at some level. The primary drivers for AI/ML adoption are improving operational efficiency (41%) and maintaining competitive advantage (40%). Automation Transforming Response Times: Fifty-seven percent of respondents report automation has reduced the time to respond to vulnerabilities, with 34% seeing significant improvements, highlighting automation's transformative role in cybersecurity operations. Vulnerability Management Challenges: Nearly three in four respondents (74%) identify a lack of understanding of every potential source of vulnerability as their biggest challenge to effective vulnerability management. SASE and SOAR Implementations Growing: Sixty-six percent of respondents say their organizations have fully or partially implemented Secure Access Service Edge (SASE), while 72% continue to significantly or moderately use Security Orchestration, Automation and Response (SOAR) to reduce cyber threats. Effectiveness of Cybersecurity Incident Response Plans (CSIRPs): Fifty-one percent of respondents say their organizations have a CSIRP applied consistently across the entire enterprise, up from 46% in 2024. The effectiveness of CSIRPs in minimizing the consequences of cybersecurity incidents has increased from 50% of respondents in 2024 to 57% of respondents in 2025. "Our independent research for Optiv reveals that organizations are making strategic investments in technology, processes and people to combat increasingly sophisticated threats," said Dr. Larry Ponemon, chairman and founder of the Ponemon Institute. "The growing adoption of AI, machine learning and automation technologies signals a significant shift in how organizations approach cybersecurity defense, focusing on both prevention and rapid response capabilities." Findings from Optiv's report are based on responses from 620 U.S.-based IT and IT security practitioners familiar with their organizations' strategies to manage threats and risks. For the latest news and updates from Optiv, visit Optiv Security: Secure greatness. ® Optiv is the cyber advisory and solutions leader, delivering strategic and technical expertise to nearly 6,000 companies across every major industry. We partner with organizations to advise, deploy and operate complete cybersecurity programs from strategy and managed security services to risk, integration and technology solutions. With clients at the center of our unmatched ecosystem of people, products, partners and programs, we accelerate business progress like no other company can. At Optiv, we manage cyber risk so you can secure your full potential. For more information, visit About Ponemon Institute: Ponemon Institute is dedicated to independent research and education that advances responsible information and privacy management practices within business and government. Our mission is to conduct high quality, empirical studies on critical issues affecting the management and security of sensitive information about people and organizations. We uphold strict data confidentiality, privacy and ethical research standards. We do not collect any personally identifiable information from individuals (or company identifiable information in our business research). Furthermore, we have strict quality standards to ensure that subjects are not asked extraneous, irrelevant or improper questions.
