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Forbes
24-06-2025
- Business
- Forbes
5 Things You Should Know About The IRS BBA Partnership Audit Rules
BBA Partnership Audits Partnerships are an enigma under federal tax law. Although the partnership files an annual income tax return (i.e., Form 1065), the partners report their allocable share of the partnership's tax items on their income tax returns (e.g., Form 1040). Due to the complexity inherent in partnership income tax reporting, Congress has historically struggled in attempting to find an appropriate examination tool to provide to the IRS to audit partnerships. After more than three decades under the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (TEFRA), Congress changed the partnership audit and collection rules through passage of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 (BBA). Under the BBA, the IRS must generally audit the partnership unless the partnership qualifies for and makes a timely election out of the BBA centralized partnership audit regime. Significantly, the BBA audit provisions also allow the IRS to collect taxes directly from the partnership unless the partnership makes a timely election to 'push out' the adjustments to its partners. The new BBA partnership audit rules are complex and provide ample opportunities to mess up, including missing an election. This article discusses five components of the BBA audit provisions that every tax professional should recognize and understand. BBA Partnership Audit Notices The IRS generally issues four notices during a BBA partnership audit. These notices include: (i) notices of selection for examination; (ii) notices of administrative proceeding (NAP); (iii) notices of proposed partnership adjustment (NOPPA); and (iv) notices of final partnership adjustments (FPA). To commence a BBA examination, the IRS issues the partnership a notice of selection for examination. Roughly thirty days after this notice, the IRS issues the NAP. After the NAP is issued, neither the partnership nor its partners may file an administrative adjustment request or notice of inconsistent statement, either of which often seeks to change the partnership's income tax reporting. If the IRS examiner concludes that adjustments are necessary to the partnership return, the agency will issue a NOPPA that contains and details the proposed partnership adjustments. As discussed more below, the IRS will first allow the partnership an opportunity to an administrative appeal prior to issuance of the NOPPA. After issuance of the NOPPA, the partnership has a 270-day window to request modifications to the proposed partnership-level tax, which is known as an 'imputed underpayment.' Generally, the partnership representative makes the modification requests by electronically filing an IRS Form 8980, Partnership Request for Modification of Imputed Underpayment Under IRC Section 6225(c). If the partnership and the IRS continue to disagree on the proposed adjustments, the IRS issues an FPA. The FPA triggers two important deadlines. First, the partnership representative may elect to 'push out' the FPA's adjustments to the partners if an election is made within 45 days of the FPA. Second, the FPA starts a 90-day deadline for the partnership representative to contest the FPA's determinations in federal court. BBA Partnership Push-Out Election A timely push-out election can significantly reduce overall income tax. If the partnership representative makes the election, any proposed adjustments resulting in an imputed underpayment are pushed out to the reviewed-year partners, i.e., the persons who were partners for the year under IRS scrutiny. Because a push-out election results in a higher applicable interest rate, however, partnerships should consult with their tax advisors to determine the impact of the push-out election prior to making it. Given the 45-day deadline, there is not much time here to make the analysis—so tax advisers should be engaged early on after the IRS issues the FPA. A partnership representative makes a push-out election by completing and electronically filing an IRS Form 8988, Election to Alternative to Payment of the Imputed Underpayment – IRC Section 6226. In addition to filing this form, the partnership representative must provide the partners with certain information concerning the push-out adjustments. These push-out statements must be provided to the partners generally within 150 days of the FPA if the partnership representative accepts the proposed adjustments and does not seek judicial review. If the partnership representative files a timely petition for readjustment in federal court, the push-out statements must generally be provided to the partners within 60 days from the date the court enters its final decision. In either instance, the partnership representative provides its partners with IRS Forms 8985, Pass-Through – Statement Transmittal / Partnership Adjustment Tracking Report (Required Under Sections 6226 and 6227), and 8986, Partner's Share of Adjustment(s) to Partnership-Related Items(s) (Required Under Sections 6226 and 6227). If these statements are not provided timely, the IRS may attempt to revoke the push-out election. BBA Partnership Audits And Deposits A BBA partnership dispute can last a long time—even more so if the partnership representative contests the proposed adjustments in federal court. If the partnership representative makes a push-out election and ultimately loses on the merits at federal court, the partners may be responsible for significant interest on the resulting income taxes. Section 6603 of the Code, which governs deposits, may be helpful here. When a taxpayer makes a deposit, it stops interest from accruing on potential taxes owed. BBA partners can make deposits of tax to stop interest, but they must follow special rules. Under IRS guidance, a BBA partner can make a section 6603 deposit by submitting a payment of the estimated tax and submitting a statement to the IRS designating the payment as a deposit. In the statement, the partner should include: (i) the name and TIN of the partnership under examination; (ii) the reviewed year of the partnership under examination; (iii) the audit control number of the partnership under examination; (iv) a statement of the amount and basis of the disputable tax; and (v) the partner's estimated allocable share of the adjustments and the tax, interest, and penalty computations. IRS Appeals Rights In BBA Partnership Audits The IRS Independent Office of Appeals (IRS Appeals) provides taxpayers with an impartial administrative forum to resolve their tax disputes with the IRS. IRS Appeals hears non-docketed cases and docketed cases. Non-docketed cases are those, as applicable to BBA partnership audits, where no petition for readjustment has been filed. Docketed cases are those pending in a federal district court. Generally, the IRS will issue a '30-Day Letter' to the partnership representative after the conclusion of the examination. The 30-Day Letter notifies the partnership of the proposed partnership adjustments and offers the partnership a right to appeal the adjustments with IRS Appeals. To request an appeals conference, the partnership representative must submit a timely protest. In addition, IRS Appeals will only accept cases where there is sufficient time remaining on the statute of limitations for the IRS to make an assessment. Accordingly, the IRS often asks for a statute of limitations extension waiver from the partnership representative in these circumstances. If the partnership representative submits a timely protest, the partnership has an opportunity to discuss disputes associated with the proposed adjustments with IRS Appeals. These disputes can relate to issues of fact or law. IRS Appeals reviews the parties' contentions to determine whether a settlement may be reached without judicial intervention. Regardless of settlement, IRS Appeals issues the NOPPA at the conclusion of the appeals conference, which as mentioned above triggers the 270-day modification period. If the partnership representative requests modifications and the IRS refuses to grant them, the case may be forwarded again to IRS Appeals solely to review the modification requests. Thereafter, IRS Appeals issues the FPA. Similar to non-docketed cases, IRS Appeals seeks to resolve disputes between the partnership representative and the IRS in docketed cases. BBA Partnership Audits And Judicial Review When the agency issues an FPA, the partnership representative has 90 days to file a petition for readjustment with the proper federal court, which is either the U.S. Tax Court, the district court in which the partnership's principal place of business is located, or the Court of Federal Claims. Partnerships do not have to pay the imputed underpayment prior to filing a petition in the U.S. Tax Court. But for a federal district court or the Court of Federal Claims to have jurisdiction, the partnership must make a deposit of the proposed imputed underpayment with the IRS on or before the petition filing date. By statute, the partnership must also pay any proposed penalties and 'additional amounts.'
Yahoo
09-02-2025
- Business
- Yahoo
How Bearer Bonds Work and How to Invest in Them
SmartAsset and Yahoo Finance LLC may earn commission or revenue through links in the content below. Bearer bonds are a type of unregistered fixed-income securities that provide ownership rights to whoever physically holds them. Unlike traditional bonds, bearer bonds do not require the holder to be listed in any records, making them transferable through simple possession. These bonds were popular in the past because they provided anonymity. Nowadays, they are rare due to stricter regulations and security concerns. A financial advisor can help you assess the risks and benefits of different financial investments for your portfolio. Bearer bonds are debt instruments that differ from traditional bonds in how they are owned and redeemed. Registered bonds, a more common type, record ownership with a central authority or issuer. Bearer bonds, in contrast, are unregistered. Ownership of bearer bonds is tied solely to possession. That means whoever holds the physical bond certificate has the right to collect its interest payments and redeem its value at maturity. Each bearer bond typically comes with physical coupons attached, which the holder must physically present to claim interest payments. These coupons are detached and submitted to the issuer or a designated paying agent for redemption. The bond certificate itself must be redeemed to receive repayment of the principal amount once the bond matures. The anonymity of bearer bonds made them attractive in the past, particularly for those seeking privacy in financial transactions. However, this same feature has led to their decline, as governments and regulatory bodies worldwide have raised concerns about their use in tax evasion, money laundering and other illicit activities. Today, bearer bonds are largely a historical financial product. There continues to be some limited issuance in a few jurisdictions, however, with stringent rules governing their use. Bearer bonds emerged in the late 19th century as a convenient and anonymous way for investors to hold debt securities. Their popularity grew during the early 20th century, particularly in Europe and the United States, as they offered flexibility and privacy. Unlike registered bonds, which required detailed ownership records, bearer bonds allowed individuals to transfer wealth discreetly through physical possession. This feature made them appealing for international transactions and estate planning. The anonymity of bearer bonds, once an advantage, has become a liability in today's regulatory environment. During the mid-20th century, bearer bonds became a standard financial instrument for governments and corporations to raise capital. However, their unregulated nature also attracted misuse, including tax evasion and illicit financing. By the 1980s, concerns over these activities led to increased scrutiny and stricter regulations. The U.S. government began phasing out bearer bonds in 1982 through the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA), effectively halting their issuance domestically. Today all U.S. Treasury marketable securities are issued electronically. Governments and financial institutions now prioritize transparency to combat money laundering and tax evasion. Without ownership records, it is difficult to ensure compliance with financial laws. As a result, most modern financial systems rely on registered securities that tie ownership to an individual or entity. While bearer bonds have largely disappeared in many countries due to regulatory changes, they are still issued and traded in select jurisdictions, though opportunities are limited. Some countries, including Switzerland and Luxembourg, have continued to allow certain types of bearer securities under specific conditions. Additionally, bearer bonds may occasionally be available through secondary markets, such as private sales or auctions, where individuals or institutions liquidate their holdings. Investing in bearer bonds today typically involves working with specialized financial advisors or brokers who are familiar with the niche market. These professionals can help identify legitimate opportunities and navigate the legal and logistical complexities of acquiring and managing bearer bonds. It's important to understand the regulatory environment of the country where the bond is issued, as laws governing their use can vary significantly. Purchasers should exercise caution, as the anonymity of bearer bonds can make it challenging to verify their authenticity. Thorough due diligence is necessary to ensure the bond's validity and confirm that it isn't subject to legal restrictions or encumbrances. Redeeming bearer bonds is still possible in many cases. Old U.S. Treasury bonds can be redeemed, for example, by sending them to the Treasury Department. Whether a given bearer bond can be redeemed largely depends on the issuer, the bond's maturity date and the jurisdiction where it was issued. For bonds that have not yet reached maturity, the holder can typically redeem them by presenting the physical bond certificate to the issuing entity or its paying agent. The process involves verifying the bond's authenticity and ensuring all attached coupons have been redeemed or accounted for. For bearer bonds that have matured, the redemption process can be more complex. Many issuers impose deadlines for claiming principal payments, known as a 'prescription period.' If this period has expired, the bondholder may lose their right to redeem the bond. Additionally, some older bearer bonds issued by defunct companies or governments may have no redemption value if the issuer no longer exists or has defaulted. Bearer bonds offer a glimpse into financial history, standing out for their unique ownership structure and anonymity. While their issuance has declined due to regulatory concerns, they remain an investment option in niche markets for seasoned investors who understand the risks. For those who still hold bearer bonds, redeeming them requires attention to the issuer's policies and deadlines. A financial advisor can help you analyze and manage investments for your portfolio. Finding a financial advisor doesn't have to be hard. SmartAsset's free tool matches you with vetted financial advisors who serve your area, and you can have a free introductory call with your advisor matches to decide which one you feel is right for you. If you're ready to find an advisor who can help you achieve your financial goals, get started now. If you want to diversify your portfolio, here's a roundup of 13 investments to consider. Photo credit: © Merton, © © The post How Bearer Bonds Work and How to Invest in Them appeared first on SmartReads by SmartAsset. Sign in to access your portfolio
