Latest news with #scientists
South China Morning Post
3 hours ago
- Politics
- South China Morning Post
China unveils world's first AI nuke inspector
The technology , disclosed in a peer-reviewed paper published in April by researchers with the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), could bolster Beijing 's stance in stalled international disarmament talks while fuelling debate on the role of AI in managing weapons of mass destruction The project, which is built on a protocol jointly proposed by Chinese and American scientists more than a decade ago, faced three monumental hurdles. These were – training and testing the AI using sensitive nuclear data (including real warhead specifications); convincing Chinese military leaders that the system would not leak tech secrets; and persuading sceptical nations, particularly the United States , to abandon Cold War-era verification methods. So far, only the first step has been cleared. 'Due to the classified nature of nuclear warheads and component designs, specific data cannot be disclosed here,' the CIAE team wrote in their Atomic Energy Science and Technology paper.
ABC News
6 hours ago
- Health
- ABC News
Babies vulnerable to measles, as global cases surge
Scientists at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute have found children can be vulnerable to measles infections at four months of age, which is well before they can currently receive their first vaccine at 12 months. Measles is surging across the world and Australia has already recorded more infections this year than for the whole of 2024.
Forbes
7 hours ago
- Business
- Forbes
Scientists Find A Market Ready Replacement For PFAS
A new substitute for forever chemicals is non-toxic material is water- and oil-resistant, ... More sustainable and affordable. It's one of those quiet realities of modern life: we unwrap our sandwich or sip from a paper cup, unaware that the packaging protecting our food might be leaching harmful chemicals. For decades, food packaging has relied on PFAS — a family of so-called 'forever chemicals' — to keep oil and water from soaking through paper products. But as we now know, PFAS don't stay neatly in the packaging. They linger in our environment, our water, and even our bloodstreams, with growing links to serious health risks. On Tuesday, scientists at Northwestern University announced what they hope will be a safe replacement for forever chemicals. They've developed a new material derived from graphene oxide, which they believe may offer the first truly safe, sustainable, and effective alternative to PFAS in food packaging. PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are synthetic chemicals used to repel oil and water. First used in the 1930s and 40s with the invention of teflon, they are now everywhere: in fast food wrappers, takeout boxes, candy wrappers, sandwhich bags and even compostable-looking plates. Quite simply, PFAS are highly effective and to date industry has not been able to find a substitute. These forever chemicals can and do migrate into our food, even when kept at cold temperatures. And they don't break down in the environment or the human body. In fact, they may accumulate in vulnerable tissues like the brain, where scientists have found PFAS have neurotoxic effects. (Brown-Leung 2022) They've been linked to hormone disruption, immune system effects, and even certain cancers. According to a 2022 report from the National Academies of Science Engineering and Medicine, biomonitoring surveys have found that over 98% of Americans have detectable amounts of forever chemicals in their blood and tissues. Meanwhile, parents and pediatricians like myself, find forever chemicals a constant source of worry. How are we supposed to protect our children when they are closer to the floor, being exposed to PFAS loaded stain resistant carpets and house dust? Children are at greater risk to negative effects from forever chemicals because they are smaller, spend more time close to the floor and have differences in food and water intake from adults. Most importantly, they are growing and developing, which means they are being exposed at a vulnerable time and have a lot more years to develop problems. The NASEM report found an association between chronic PFAS exposure in children and multiple health concerns. These included slightly lowered weight at birth, elevated blood cholesterol levels, and reduced antibody response to certain vaccines/infections. In another study, maternal exposure to forever chemicals was associated with child neurodevelopmental difficulties. (England-Mason 2024) PFAS exposures in early life can act as endocrine-disruptors, effecting thyroid, steroid hormones and even testerone and estrogen levels. (Ames 2025) That's where graphene oxide comes in. In a collaboration led by Timothy Wei, adjunct professor of mechanical engineering, and SonBinh Nguyen, professor of chemistry, the Northwestern team created a coating made from oxidized carbon sheets just one atom thick. The result? A material that the study authors consider: Better still, it doesn't just work in the lab. Their startup, GO-Eco, has moved the material through third-party testing at Western Michigan University, and is now preparing for full-scale production with a national tableware manufacturer. It's not just innovation — it's a market-ready solution. One of the problems with adding new chemicals to food packaging is that we don't know what we don't know. While the researchers behind this breakthrough may consider their product non toxic, its worth noting that the people who discovered the forever chemicals thought the same thing. Indeed, graphene oxide is already used in biomedicine and cosmetics, yet it is known to have a potential toxic effect on living cells and organs. Graphene oxide can be toxic, or minimally toxic, or potentially non toxic depending on what chemical form it is in and what dose the body is exposed to. (Rhazouani 2021) It's clear we need more testing, especially in children, of this exciting new material. As a mother and a pediatrician, I really hope this new material is the breakthrough we've been waiting for. And I am struck by the way it reflects a quiet revolution in how we think about safety. Because this isn't just about takeout containers and plastic forks. It's about reimagining how we live — and refusing to accept that the price of convenience should be hidden toxins and long-term risk. GO-Eco's material may never make headlines the way PFAS bans have. But if they succeed, it could mean a world where parents don't need to wonder what's in the sippy cup their toddler is chewing. A world where sustainability doesn't mean sacrificing quality. A world where science earns trust by solving the problems it once helped create. As the graphene oxide project moves forward — seeking FDA approval and expanding production — I'm reminded of what progress really looks like. Not a single heroic cure, but a steady, evidence-based shift toward something safer, smarter, and more human. Sometimes, the biggest breakthroughs start with something as small as taking PFAS our of a child's candy wrapper.
Gizmodo
10 hours ago
- General
- Gizmodo
Leprosy's Origins Are Even Weirder Than We Thought
New research complicates the narrative of how leprosy reached the Americas. One of the world's oldest diseases has an even more complex history than expected. Research out today reveals that a form of leprosy was stalking people in the Americas long before Europeans arrived. A large international team of scientists conducted the study, published Thursday in Science. The researchers found DNA evidence of Mycobacterium lepromatosis—a recently discovered species of leprosy-causing bacteria—infecting people in North and South America over 1,000 years ago, predating European colonization. The findings upturn the prevailing belief that Europeans were responsible for leprosy's introduction to the New World. Leprosy's reputation for human destruction is so notorious that it's repeatedly referenced in the Bible (some of these references might have been about other conditions, though). These bacteria can cause a chronic infection of our skin and nerve cells, though it may take years for symptoms like lesions and sores to appear. If not treated with antibiotics, the infection can progressively and permanently damage these cells, leading to lifelong disabilities and other serious complications. Leprosy, also called Hansen's disease, is primarily caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacteria. But in 2008, scientists discovered that a similar species, M. lepromatosis, can cause it, too. Leprosy from M. lepromatosis appears to be rarer than the former, with cases predominantly found in North and South America. And we know very little about it, partly because both species aren't easy to culture in the lab (much like viruses, leprosy-causing bacteria can only replicate by hijacking our cells from the inside). Study author Nicolas Rascovan, who specializes in the evolution of human diseases, and his team decided to take a closer look at the bacteria after making a discovery of their own. 'Our interest began when we unexpectedly detected M. lepromatosis DNA in the remains of an ancient individual in North America,' Rascovan, a researcher at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France, told Gizmodo. 'That prompted us to ask how long this pathogen had been circulating in the continent, how much spread there was before European contact, and what diversity it might still hold today.' The team analyzed hundreds of samples collected from modern-day people (mostly recent leprosy patients), as well as ancient DNA samples recovered from people in the Americas before European contact. Three of these ancient samples tested positive for the bacteria, the researchers found, from people living in what's now Canada and Argentina. 'Leprosy has long been considered a disease brought to the Americas by Europeans, which is true for the case of M. leprae. But our study shows that at least one of the two species that causes it—M. lepromatosis—was already here centuries earlier, and probably evolved locally for thousands of years,' Rascovan explained. 'This essentially changes how we understand the disease's history in the Americas.' Thanks to antibiotics and improved sanitation, leprosy is rare in much of the world (only about 200 cases are documented in the U.S. every year). But it remains a public health issue in some countries, with more than 200,000 cases reported annually globally. And the researchers' findings may complicate both the past and future of leprosy. While most modern cases of M. lepromatosis were linked to one specific lineage, or clade, of the bacteria that has recently expanded, the team also identified older clades that have likely been evolving independently in the Americas for over 9,000 years. That suggests these bacteria have been hiding out in still mysterious animal hosts (in the U.S. the classic form of leprosy has sometimes been linked to armadillo exposure). And though M. leprae still causes the majority of leprosy cases worldwide, its less famous cousin certainly has the potential to become a bigger threat. 'Given its diversity and spread, M. lepromatosis could be an emerging pathogen with dynamics different from M. leprae,' Rascovan said. As is often the case in science, the team's work has raised even more questions for them to answer. They're hoping to unearth the animal reservoirs where the bacteria have potentially been circulating all this time, for instance, and to trace its journey from the Americas to other parts of the world. They now believe that a strain of M. lepromatosis was brought over to the British Isles sometime in the 19th century, where it still infects red squirrels today. But we're still in the dark about how it reached Asia, where cases have been documented. 'All of this suggests that this is not just a neglected disease, but a neglected pathogen—one whose history and spread are only now beginning to be understood,' Rascovan said.
The Guardian
10 hours ago
- Politics
- The Guardian
Almost 40% of world's glaciers already doomed due to climate crisis
Almost 40% of glaciers in existence today are already doomed to melt due to climate-heating emissions from fossil fuels, a study has found. The loss will soar to 75% if global heating reaches the 2.7C rise for which the world is currently on track. The massive loss of glaciers would push up sea levels, endangering millions of people and driving mass migration, profoundly affecting the billions reliant on glaciers to regulate the water used to grow food, the researchers said. However, slashing carbon emissions and limiting heating to the internationally agreed 1.5C target would save half of glacier ice. That goal is looking increasingly out of reach as emissions continue to rise, but the scientists said that every tenth-of-a-degree rise that was avoided would save 2.7tn tonnes of ice. Glaciers in the western US and Canada were severely affected, the study found, with 75% already doomed to melt. Those in the high, cold mountains of the Hindu Kush and Karakoram ranges are more resilient but will still shrink significantly as global temperatures rise. Unlike previous studies, the research uses multiple models of glaciers to examine their fate well beyond the end of the century. About 20% of glaciers were already known to be doomed to melt by 2100, but the longer term view revealed that the total glacier loss that is already inevitable is 39%. As well as sea level rise, glacier loss will increase ice lake collapses that devastate downstream communities and the loss of wild ecosystems, while regions dependent on glacier tourism will also suffer. 'Our study makes it painfully clear that every fraction of a degree matters,' said Dr Harry Zekollari at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in Belgium, who co-led the research. 'The choices we make today will resonate for centuries, determining how much of our glaciers can be preserved.' Dr Lilian Schuster, at the University of Innsbruck, Switzerland, and co-lead author, said: 'Glaciers are good indicators of climate change because their retreat allows us to see with our own eyes how climate is changing. However, since they adjust over longer timescales, the situation for glaciers is actually far worse than visible in the mountains today.' Schuster added that it was 'not too late to act now, because this study shows every tenth of a degree less of global warming matters', potentially reducing the human suffering caused by glacier loss. 'We hope the message gives people some hope that we can still do something.' The baseline year for the analysis was 2020, but glaciers had already lost huge amounts of ice before this due to global heating over the last century. Quantifying this loss is difficult, however, due to the scarcity of historical data. 'Glaciers were way bigger [in 1850] than they are today,' said Zekollari. The study, published in the journal Science, used eight different glacier models, each calibrated using real-world observations. These estimated the ice loss of the world's 200,000 glaciers outside Greenland and Antarctica under a range of global temperature scenarios, with that temperature remaining constant for thousands of years. The researchers acknowledged significant uncertainties in the models but said glaciers are certain to lose significant ice and this could be a lot higher than the average estimate. For example, the average prediction that 40% of glaciers are doomed at today's level of global heating could be as high as 55% in the worst case. Sign up to Down to Earth The planet's most important stories. Get all the week's environment news - the good, the bad and the essential after newsletter promotion The proportion of doomed glaciers varies widely around the world, with 80% of glaciers in the southern part of Arctic Canada already destined to melt, while only 5% of the glaciers in the western part of the Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalaya mountain chain are currently consigned to history. The situation is grim at 2.7C of global heating: all but seven of the 19 major glacier regions of the world eventually lose at least 80% of glaciers, from central Europe to the eastern Himalaya chain. Glaciers would vanish from the Russian Arctic, the western US and Iceland. Glaciers currently contribute about a quarter of sea level rise and those already doomed will lead to another 11cm. If global heating reaches 2.7C, it will result in 23cm of sea level rise from glaciers alone. Limiting global heating to 1.5C limits reduces that to 14cm. Prof Andrew Shepherd, at Northumbria University in the UK, said the study brought together all of the glacier model projections into a single assessment. 'Glaciers are the most iconic example of the impacts of climate change, and they are in all corners of our planet,' he said. 'This study shows that glacier melting will continue for centuries, even if climate warming stops today, and that's a sobering thought – dramatic changes will take place in our lifetimes. Our mountain landscapes will be unrecognisable if we continue to burn fossil fuels as we are today.' Glaciers could seem remote, said Zekollari, but their loss mattered to everyone. 'Everything is connected. If you drive around in your car in the UK, you're emitting greenhouse gases and this helps melt a glacier maybe 10,000km away,' he said. 'The oceans then rise, so you'll have to have better coastal defences and that will cost a lot of taxpayers money.' The UN's High-Level International Conference on Glaciers' Preservation begins on Wednesday in Tajikistan, part of the International Year of Glaciers' Preservation.
