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BBC News
6 days ago
- Health
- BBC News
'A home for trees and birds, and also humans': How high-rise forests can transform city life – and make us happier
It's been 10 years since the creation of the first vertical forest, Milan's Bosco Verticale. How has it inspired other buildings – and affected their residents' happiness and health? In 2007, Italian architect Stefano Boeri witnessed the frantic construction of a city in the Dubai desert dominated by energy-wasting skyscrapers covered in glass, ceramic and metal. All these materials, he tells the BBC, "reflected sunlight, generating heat in the air and especially on the urban ground, where pedestrians walked". Three thousand miles away, he had just begun working on his own design for two very tall buildings in a neglected area of northern Milan. "Suddenly, it occurred to me to create two biological towers… covered not with glass, but with leaves," he says. The design would invite fauna and flora into this industrial wasteland and cool the air inside and out, offering a radical new architectural prototype that, he explains, "integrates living nature as a constitutive part of it". The startling result was the world's first "vertical forest". The multi-award-winning design is now 10 years old, its plants maintained by "flying gardeners" harnessed to the side of the buildings, and its occupants up to three degrees cooler, as the foliage releases water vapour and filters the sunlight. To mark this anniversary, architectural firm Stefano Boeri Architetti has released a new book, Bosco Verticale: Morphology of a Vertical Forest, featuring essays by leading voices working at the intersection of nature and architecture, alongside images by architectural photographer Iwan Baan. The book traces the evolution of the project and the principles it espouses, and, say the publishers, Rizzoli "celebrates an architectural work that has become the symbol of a renewed collective sensibility toward care for the environment and the plant world". In a reversal of the usual architectural hierarchies, the book describes the vertical forest as "a home for trees and birds, that also houses humans". It draws on philosophies and texts that have influenced it, such as The Secret Life of Trees (2006) by British biologist Colin Tudge, a work that explains the crucial role trees play in our lives in sequestering carbon, producing glucose and providing shade. It also quotes the British ethologist Dame Jane Goodall. As populations increase, she asserts, "it is desperately important that this growth should be accompanied by new incentives to bring the natural world into existing cities and into the planning of new ones". Since the completion of Milan's Vertical Forest, a green wave of plant-rich construction has begun reintroducing nature into our cities, from Dubai to Denver, Colorado; Antwerp to Arlington, Virginia; with Africa's first vertical forest scheduled to break ground in Cairo later this year. Answering critics who doubted the concept's affordability is the Trudo Vertical Forest in Eindhoven, The Netherlands (completed 2021), a social housing project with a rent cap of €600 (£510) per month. A sense of connection Over in Montpellier, France, a third of The Secret Gardens − a forested residential development designed by Vincent Callebaut Architectures, Paris, and due for completion later this year − will be reserved for affordable housing. In integrating practices such as rooftop agriculture and water recycling, The Secret Gardens also "addresses the climate crisis by restoring the human-nature connection", Vincent Callebaut tells the BBC. "By transforming residents into urban gardeners and façades into carbon sinks, this building demonstrates that ecology isn't a constraint but a lifestyle philosophy," he says. The power of these extraordinary structures to alter how people live and feel is central to their design. One of Vincent Callebaut Architectures' latest designs is The Rainbow Tree (Cebu, Philippines), inspired by the psychedelic colours of the native Rainbow Eucalyptus Tree's bark. But the "tree" requires the collaboration of the residents of each of its 300 apartments to maintain its striking flora. This, along with its shared greenhouses and urban beehives, helps "foster social bonds", says Callebaut, creating a sense of community and connection. More like this:• The retro space-age homes that still inspire today• Why these 1970s cabins are 'the perfect holiday home'• The pioneering building that scandalised Paris This notion that biophilic design (design that draws on humans' innate connection with nature) can positively affect our wellbeing is supported by recent research. A study undertaken by Wageningen University in the Netherlands reported that the presence of plants in a work environment not only improved the attractiveness of the workspace, but also increased employee satisfaction. Workers also noticed the enhanced air quality and reported fewer health-related complaints. In Wales, a 10-year study looking at the presence of anxiety and depression in 2.3 million medical records, found that the greenest home surroundings were associated with 40% less anxiety and depression than those living in the least green areas. People in poorer areas benefitted the most, with access to green spaces and water reducing the risk of anxiety and depression by 10% (6% in wealthier areas). It is perhaps unsurprising, then, that biophilic concepts are being commissioned for new hospitals. Callebaut's Hospiwood 21, in La Louvière, Belgium, says the architect, "incorporates therapeutic vertical forests using greenery to reduce patient stress and enhance recovery", and is furnished with a soothing biophilic interior full of cascading plants. Meanwhile, in Italy, Stefano Boeri's New Policlinico Hospital Milan will feature a rooftop garden of more than 7,000 square metres. Biophilia is part of a rethinking of care facilities, says Boeri, that "opens up a new perspective on rehabilitation, going beyond the traditional concept of a facility for the mere long-term care of patients and becoming a true space of interaction and wellbeing in close contact with nature". In fact, the green tendrils of biophilic design are creeping into a huge range of buildings. Jewel Changi Airport, Singapore's 10-storey leisure and retail complex, has been open to both air passengers and visitors since 2019, and boasts lush indoor forests comprising 1,400 trees, as well as the world's tallest indoor waterfall (40m). In Amsterdam, the sustainable bamboo interior of the Hotel Jakarta (founded 2018) features a tropical garden in its central atrium that, quenched by rainwater from the roof, is fast advancing towards its 30-metre high ceiling. An hour away in Rotterdam, a rooftop forest, almost 40m above ground level, crowns The Depot, a publicly accessible storage facility for the vast art collection of the Museum Boijmans van Beuningen, and shaped like a giant mirrored cauldron. As well as lifting our spirits, high-rise forests can play an important role in tackling climate change. Vincent Callebaut's Tao Zhu Yin Yuan in Taipei, Taiwan, a 21-floor tower that is shaped like DNA's double helix, was completed in 2024. Its 23,000 plants absorb an estimated 130 tons of CO2 each year, and their cooling effect on the façade reduces the need for air conditioning by 30%. The building features rotating balconies to maximise sun exposure, while the ventilation chimneys at its core reflects Callebaut's interest in biomimicry (the emulation of nature's systems to provide solutions to human problems) and function much like a lung, drawing in air at its base, purifying it, and then expelling it at the top. Far taller than they are wide, high-rise forests also minimise soil sealing, freeing up land for nature and reducing flood risk. "My projects embody a vision where cities are no longer climate problems but living solutions," says Callebaut. Far from nature being "an obstacle or ornamental afterthought", it's the guiding principle of the design. Buildings now act, he says, as "inhabited trees… that absorb CO2, produce energy, and shelter biodiversity". Responding to two major contemporary crises, global warming and declining mental health, biophilic buildings are already being envisaged as part of entirely forested cities. In Liuzhou in China's Guangxi province, one of the world's worst regions for smog, Stefano Boeri's futuristic Forest City, housing around 30,000 inhabitants and generating all of its own energy, has been approved and is awaiting construction; while the firm's Cancun Smart Forest City in Mexico, which plans to prohibit combustion-powered vehicles, is also awaiting starter's orders. Back in Milan, the building that began it all, with its rooftop solar panels, is indisputably tree-like, harvesting its energy from the sun and drawing up groundwater. "Nature is not something that exists in an immemorial past," writes author and philosopher Emanuele Coccia in the book. "It is and will always be our technological future." As for Boeri, the twin vertical forests he brought to life in Milan are not just buildings, he writes, but "a political manifesto" with "a simple and popular message: living nature has to return to inhabit the spaces conceived for humans. No more, no less". Bosco Verticale: Morphology of a Vertical Forest is edited by Stefano Boeri Architetti and published by Rizzoli. -- For more Culture stories from the BBC, follow us on Facebook, X and Instagram.
Auto Express
22-05-2025
- Automotive
- Auto Express
Car Hunter: Help! I need a small, stylish and spacious car for £7,000
If you want to get ahead in the urban jungle, then a city car should be at the top of your shopping list. Small, easy to drive and cost-effective to run, they can fit through the tight gaps and into the smallest parking spaces. The best city cars offer style, a classy cabin and are equally at home on the open road as they are on city streets. Advertisement - Article continues below Few are as funky as the Smart ForFour, which combines distinctive looks with a novel rear-engined layout and the sort of quality you'd expect from parent firm Mercedes. Or how about the MINI hatchback? Ever since BMW reinvented the British icon two decades ago, it has set the small-car standard for eye-catching style and driver fun. Taking a similarly retro-themed approach is the Fiat 500, which features cheeky looks and some of the lowest running costs in the business. For: Looks great, easy to drive, packed with equipment Against: Cramped rear seats, weak engine and handling Despite nearing its 20th birthday, the Fiat 500 still looks as fresh and trendy as ever, especially in Lounge trim that adds neat alloys and a range of funky colours. Only on the move does the car's age show, with its 1.2-litre engine being the most sluggish and least efficient here. The ride is also a little bouncy, and the light steering offers little feedback. Yet it's a doddle to drive in town. Skip advert Advertisement - Article continues below Huge popularity when new means there's plenty of choice on the used car market, and £6,800 buys you a 21-plate Mild Hybrid Pop with just 35,000 miles on the clock. Advertisement - Article continues below The style continues inside, where a full-width body-coloured dash insert and heavily cowled dials hark back to the original 500. The light-coloured trim materials and distinctive checked fabric on the seats make the 500 feels surprisingly luxurious. This is enhanced by a generous amount of kit, including touchscreen infotainment with Android Auto, a panoramic glass roof, air-con, cruise control and parking sensors. The 500's upright driving position is comfy, but the rear seats are cramped and are best suited to kids. Its 185-litre boot matches the Smart's, but there's less space with the back seats folded. Used Fiat 500 deals For: Great fun to drive, punchy engine, refined Against: Expensive, larger dimensions, least standard kit The slightly bulbous third-generation MINI hatchback is the biggest car here, but it's still compact enough to make light work of crowded urban areas, plus it's packed with retro appeal. It's the most engaging of these three to drive, and a range of responsive engines adds to the fun. Firm suspension results in a fidgety ride, but the refined MINI is the best choice for long trips. Skip advert Advertisement - Article continues below Strong residuals mean you'll have a higher mileage at this price, but we found a 16-plate, diesel-powered Cooper with 70,000 miles for £6,000. Advertisement - Article continues below Like its exterior, the MINI's cabin has been treated to some retro design touches, such as the large circular binnacle in the centre of the dash, some eyeball air vents and metal toggle switches. Quality is first rate, with soft-touch materials and a robust fit and finish giving the British machine a real upmarket feel. While the One is the entry-level model, you get air-con, electric windows and infotainment that features Bluetooth, DAB and USB connectivity. The low-slung driving position is great, but taller occupants will feel cramped in the back, and the three-door layout makes access tricky. But the 211-litre boot is the biggest here. Used MINI hatchback deals For: Five doors, tight turning circle and low running costs Against: Basic infotainment, not suited to long journeys If you want head-turning kerb appeal, then the quirky Smart takes some beating. This is largely down to the trademark exposed Tridion safety cage, which is finished in a colour that contrasts with the rest of the car. Despite its rear-engined layout, the Smart ForFour isn't sporty to drive, but with its narrow body and tight turning circle of 8.65 metres, it's the most agile car around town. It rides bumps well, while its 0.9-litre three-cylinder engine delivers decent urge and strong efficiency. For £5,600 you can bag a 15-plate 1.0-litre Passion with 44,000 miles. The Smart is equally adventurous inside, where you'll find a distinctively designed dash and a bold, albeit possibly controversial, two-tone colour scheme. High-grade materials and solid build quality create an ambience that could generally be described as upmarket. The infotainment is fairly basic, but there's a neat smartphone cradle, plus air-conditioning and cruise control. A five-door layout boasts versatility, but while there's plenty of space up front, those in the back will feel a little hemmed in. At 185 litres, the ForFour's boot is on the small side, but the rear bench can be quickly folded flat to free up 975 litres of capacity. You can also fold the front passenger seat down to accommodate extra-long loads. Used Smart ForFour deals Now you can buy a car through our network of top dealers around the UK. 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