Malcolm X's Spiritual Shift: From The Nation Of Islam To Sunni Faith

Black America Web

19-05-2025

Source: Bettmann / Getty
Today marks 100 years since the birth of Malcolm X, one of the most significant figures in the history of Black America.
A century later, his enduring legacy is remembered not just in the United States but across the globe. The impact of his radical activism continues to be honoured worldwide, especially in the face of ongoing injustice. The final two years of Malcolm's life, following his break from the Nation of Islam, marked a pivotal shift toward internationalist and anti-capitalist values deeply embedded in his activism.
After returning from the Hajj in April 1964 and undertaking extensive travels across Africa and the Middle East, Malcolm concluded that 'our success in America will involve two circles: Black Nationalism and Islam.' Black Nationalism, he argued, was essential for connecting African Americans with Africa, while Islam served as the 'spiritual link to Africa, Arabia, and Asia.'
His famed Letter from Mecca , written during the Hajj, can thus be viewed as a revelatory moment foreshadowing the rapid evolution of his worldview and politics in the two years leading up to his untimely death.
The views expressed in the letter, which came as a surprise to his audience back home, not only confirmed the finality of his split from the Nation of Islam but also revealed his newfound commitment to a more universal vision of brotherhood, humanity, and international solidarity in the pursuit of Black liberation.
Upon returning to the United States, Malcolm X founded the Organisation of Afro-American Unity (OOAU) as an extension of his earlier Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI). His eventual fusion of Black Nationalism and Islam successfully brought together secular activists and Black Muslims from across the country, within a framework that was increasingly anti-capitalist, anti-colonial, and internationalist.
Malcolm drew inspiration from various African and Arab nationalist movements that combined socialism with ideals of global brotherhood and solidarity, such as the rise of Nasserism in Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah's anti-colonial efforts in Ghana. He also expressed support for revolutionary movements in China and Cuba, and even personally met with Fidel Castro before his departure from the Nation of Islam.
While his travels through the Muslim world reinforced the insights he gained during the Hajj, particularly that Islam is 'the one religion that erases from society the race problem,' his journey across Africa also awakened him to classism and other systemic forms of oppression within Black communities on the continent.
These experiences deepened his conviction that European colonialism and exploitation were inextricably linked to capitalist greed. He consistently voiced his anger at how European colonists had severely underdeveloped and continued to exploit African people, both on the continent and across the Atlantic.
In the final months of his life, Malcolm also traveled to Europe. He visited the United Kingdom twice, scathingly describing it as the birthplace of imperialism. In February 1965, shortly before his assassination, he visited a town in England's West Midlands after learning that local Black residents were being denied the right to buy or rent property in the area.
His first visit to the UK, only a few months earlier, was to debate at the Oxford Union, where he argued in favor of the motion: 'Extremism in the defence of liberty is no vice; moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue.'
Thus, while Malcolm's break from the Nation of Islam reflected a shift toward a more internationalist approach to Black self-determination, his commitment to justice remained as radical and as 'extreme' as ever. One hundred years since his birth, the profound legacy of Malcolm's 'extremism' continues to inspire and endure.
If the liberation movements of today are successors to the radical sixties, when Malcolm X still walked among us, then his fearless fight for freedom remains an eternal symbol of justice, transcending time.
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Malcolm X's Spiritual Shift: From The Nation Of Islam To Sunni Faith was originally published on hiphopwired.com
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