
Letters to the Editor, June 21st: On public service, the cost of living and sunscreen
Sir, – A stream of commentary in the columns of The Irish Times has crystalised a sobering truth, that '
Our administrative and legal procedures simply cannot unblock the logjam in time to prevent serious damage
', as Michael McDowell put it. ('There is a way to break the logjam in infrastructure', June 18th). Before last Christmas, Patrick Honohan, former governor of the Central Bank, wrote in an Irish Times article: 'The issue is not so much what the aims of public policy should be... the problem has been in delivery'; and recently an Irish Times editorial spoke of our 'sluggish' administrative processes.
A simple example illustrates the depth of this dysfunction: a friend of mine, an experienced property expert who spent much of his career in the public sector, repeatedly attempted to draw attention to suboptimal performance in a prominent State body (mirroring wider poor performance manifest in the ballooning housing crisis) and to offer solutions.
As a last resort, he wrote to Taoiseach Micheál Martin in January and, after several reminders in the meantime, he finally received a reply this week, six months on, saying that his letter had been forwarded to Jack Chambers, Minister for Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitisation.
The Office of the Taoiseach publishes a national risk assessment annually which sets out the '24 strategic risks facing the country in the short, medium and long term'.
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Pandemics, war, housing and social cohesion are mentioned, for example, but never mentioned in this annual assessment is the overarching risk, which if not addressed, compounds all other risks, namely, administrative incompetence and inertia. The Civil Service is not up to the job.
Just for example, with 15 grades and associated sign-off authorities above the level of Executive Officer, and several more below EO, Civil Service structures are not fit for purpose in this day of digitisation and AI; reasonable public expectations of personal accountability, with consequences, are thwarted when things go wrong, be it in the national children's hospital, nursing homes, the Office of Public Works, policing or the degradation by nitrates of Our Lady's Island lagoon.
To achieve progress on his extensive portfolio of responsibilities, radical public service reform has to be front and centre for Mr Chambers. – Yours, etc,
EDDIE MOLLOY,
Rathgar,
Dublin 6.
Rent pressure zones
Sir, – While most attention has focused on the likely impact of changes to rent pressure zones (RPZs) on future rents, little consideration seems to have been given to their consequences for house prices.
Firstly, housing and apartment development land prices will rise on the basis that building rental homes will be perceived as having become more profitable and this will lead to increased house prices, even if other building costs don't also increase.
Secondly, as long-term rental yield expectations will have been increased, they will lift the capital value of underlying assets and progressively influence the market for not-for-rent new and second-hand homes.
As always, it is not just rental income that's important in property investment but the 'total return' which includes capital appreciation determined by purchase-sale market conditions and timing. Thanks to the RPZ changes, these have suddenly become more favourable for landlords and builders and less so for buyers and renters. – Yours, etc,
BRIAN FLANAGAN,
Blackrock,
Co Dublin.
The high cost of living in Ireland
Sir, – Your front page article (
'Ireland second most expensive country in Europe
' June 20th), will come as no surprise to anyone holidaying or on business in mainland Europe this year.
We have just returned from Cyprus where a bottle of decent supermarket wine was €5.50 (€10 here), 20 cigarettes were €4.30 (€14.50 here) and a litre of unleaded diesel was €1.32 (€1.74 here in rural Donegal).
Against an average monthly rent of ¤2,000 in Ireland, €850 a month could get you a furnished two-bed apartment in Paphos with access to a pool and a five-minute drive from the beach and all shopping amenities.
Of course, wages are lower (minimum wage of €6.60 an hour there, €13.50 here) but that's irrelevant if you are working from home for a multinational – your salary is the same wherever you are, or like us, you are on a fixed pension income.
Around 76 per cent of Greek Cypriots speak English, all government documents are in both languages, they drive on the left and you can keep in touch with news in English from British Forces radio or the English edition of the Cyprus Mail. Annual sunshine hours are 3,000 against 1,500 in Dublin.
After 11 years in Ireland we've had enough and are planning a move. If it wasn't for the cat, we'd be there now. – Yours, etc,
KENNETH HARPER,
Burtonport,
Co Donegal.
Sir, – Eurostat's finding that Ireland is the second most expensive country in Europe came as no surprise. Donegal friends of ours recently returned from Venice, and when I asked if it had been expensive, they replied: 'Not really – after living in Ireland, Venice seemed quite reasonable.'
When Venice starts to feel like a bargain, something has gone badly wrong. – Yours, etc,
ENDA CULLEN,
Armagh.
Sir, – Your recent reporting on Ireland being the second most expensive country in the EU is a timely reminder of the factors driving up costs for households and businesses.
Among these, fuel stands out: not because of global market volatility, but because of Irish taxes.
We believe Minister for Finance Paschal Donohoe should establish an expert group to review how fuel for transport and home heating is taxed. Its remit should be clear: It should secure fair revenue for the State, support the shift to renewable energy and protect vulnerable consumers from punishing costs.
Current policy hits hardest those with no alternative. That's not sustainable – environmentally, economically, or politically. – Yours, etc,
KEVIN McPARTLAN,
Chief executive,
Fuels for Ireland,
Dublin 1.
Sir, – Your article ('
Ireland's grocery prices are still soaring. How can that be?
'June 16th) cites many reasons for the huge grocery price hikes which we've all seen in the past year or so. Aside from geopolitical events, there is one development that I have noticed in all our local supermarkets over the past year: there has been a huge change in the way supermarket food in particular has been displayed.
Now acres of plastic doors have been installed for refrigerated and frozen goods. Inside these cabinets every item of food is presented in plastic or aluminium containers and the food is then covered in literally kilometres of plastic wrap.
Potatoes, carrots and even onions are in plastic bags, mushrooms, tomatoes and fruit are in plastic trays shrouded in film.
Are we all paying for these plastic doors, the food containers, the cling film? I would like to know how much the packaging contributes to the increased costs.
We are offered no choice on whether to accept it or not. I would also like to know whether there are any health risks to us from all the plastic.
Are we going to be able to recycle all this packaging? I weighed two washed and emptied trays: one plastic (27 grammes), the other aluminium (23 grammes).
Our waste company accepts no aluminium trays for recycling, which presents an additional problem, as one aluminium school lunch tray arrives into our house every weekday.
I share the outrage of Pricewatch's readers, but it's not just each individual family budget that's being affected. The cost to our climate is going to be heavy: the CO2 generated by manufacture of aluminium and plastic is only one part of it.
Washing the items to make them fit for recycling takes energy (which we pay for).
More CO2 is then needed to cart the stuff to a central recycling facility, where even more fossil fuel is needed to recycle it. As for the plastic doors, I reckon their lifespan would be 25 years at most, which gets us to 2050.
I wonder whether there is any plan to dispose of or repurpose them.
It doesn't appear that the supermarkets are taking climate change seriously. – Yours, etc,
MARY SIKORA,
Rosscarbery,
Co Cork.
Child poverty is not inevitable
Sir, – The latest child poverty monitor from the Children's Rights Alliance is not just a wake-up call, it's a national shame.
In one year, more than 45,000 more children in Ireland have been pushed into consistent poverty, bringing the total to nearly 103,000. This is not a statistic. It is a searing indictment of political choices, public apathy, and a system that continues to fail our most vulnerable: our children.
Poverty is not inevitable. It's the result of policy decisions that too often favour economic metrics over human dignity. Today, children account for nearly 40 per cent of those in consistent poverty.
Thousands go to bed hungry, live in insecure housing, and miss out on the most basic joys of childhood. This, in one of the wealthiest countries in the world.
The Government has made welcome commitments, free school books, hot meals, GP access, but these measures, while helpful, are broad strokes. They do not touch the core of the crisis.
The housing emergency is pushing nearly 4,800 children into homelessness, and 230,000 more live in material deprivation, families forced to choose between food and heat, rent and clothing. This is not just a policy gap. It is a moral failure.
After nearly four decades working in developing countries, I've seen poverty in its harshest forms, from the famine zones of Africa to the slums of Calcutta. I still remember a six-year-old boy abandoned to die in a sewer. He survived, but only just.
His story lives with me because poverty robs children of their worth and their future. While the context is different, children in Ireland are being let down in ways that should horrify us.
This isn't just about numbers, it's about values. Do we value children only in rhetoric? Or are we willing to invest in their futures?
We know what works: targeted child benefit, early intervention, proper housing, and dignified social protection. And yet two years after the ESRI called for a second-tier child benefit, we still wait.
Meanwhile, on the world stage, child suffering deepens. In 2024 the UN verified more than 41,000 grave violations against children in conflict zones.
More than 4,500 children were killed, many in Gaza, Congo, Ukraine, Ethiopia and beyond. Some 22,495 children endured multiple atrocities, recruited, raped, bombed, starved. It should haunt us.
We must stop looking away. Whether in Dublin or Gaza, Galway or Ethiopia, every child matters.
Let us be the generation that found its conscience, raised its voice, and acted. – Yours, etc,
RONAN SCULLY,
Knocknacarra,
Galway.
Roaming dogs on the beach
Sir. – Having visited Seapoint yesterday evening for a swim, I could not believe the number of dogs still roaming freely among swimmers' belongings and in the sea, in spite of signs everywhere saying ' No Dogs'.
Also, where we were changing there was a large abandoned dog poo for unaware swimmers to walk into... disgusting.
There were many children there yesterday who do not like dogs and I don't think it is fair for them to have to endure this.
Where are the dog wardens patrolling this area? They should be there constantly in the summer months. – Yours, etc,
EILEEN BANNAN,
Letterkenny,
Co Donegal.
Always wear sunscreen
Sir, – As an Australian, now happily resident in Ireland, your cover photo of sunbathers ('Hotting up', June 20th) prompts me to share the hard-earned wisdom of my people: slip, slop, slap.
More specifically, slip on a shirt, slop on sunscreen and slap on a hat.
There are things to envy about the Australian way of life, skin cancer is not one of them. – Yours, etc,
BEN AVELING,
Ranelagh,
Dublin.
Nuclear weapons and disarmament
Sir, – How can a country with nuclear weapons insist that another country should not have them?
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is signed up to by 191 countries, including five states that have nuclear arms.
This treaty, as well as aiming to prevent the proliferation of nuclear arms, looks to the disarmament of those weapons already in existence. As far as I am aware no such disarmament has taken place since the putting in place of the treaty in the 1970s.
Don't those with the power to disarm nuclear weapons not know of the utter devastation caused by the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or of the still evident effects of Chernobyl?
No country should have nuclear weapons. The fact that some countries do have them causes others to develop these weapons.
Can the double standard be stopped and a serious effort made to comply with the aims of the NPT to stop both proliferation and disarm already existing weapons? The consequences of not doing so are unthinkable. – Yours, etc,
MARY FITZGERALD,
Terenure,
Dublin.
EuroMillions dejection
Sir, – Unlike Brian Cullen (Letters, June 20th) I had a longer period of excitement as I didn't check my tickets until I heard where the winning ticket was sold.
My wish always, if it's not me (we have to live in hope!), is the winner is someone who needs it, remains in good health, takes the best of advice and puts their winnings to good use and gives to worthy causes.
Again, unlike Brian, 'who just has to go and buy another ticket', I wonder is it some sort of post big jackpot Lotto dejection/ depression that I did not purchase a EuroMillions ticket in my local Centra this morning as the EuroMillions jackpot is ONLY ¤17 million tonight! – Yours, etc,
JOE WALSH,
Dublin.
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Irish Times
2 hours ago
- Irish Times
Love is in the air as diamond rings go up for sale
One of the attractions of buying jewellery at auction is the variety of what's on offer, and the possibility of being drawn to a particular piece that you might not even have considered purchasing in a retail jewellery shop. The downside is that at auction, you can never know in advance what a particular item will fetch – and if you've already fallen in love with it, you may end up paying more than you expected. The O'Reilly Auction Rooms on Francis Street in Dublin is a popular place where couples go shopping for engagement rings. 'In our June 25th auction, we have a total of 139 lots in our rings category. We have dainty everyday rings for around €300, to an impressive 4.8-carat old cut diamond solitaire with an estimate of €27,000-€30,000,' says Isobel Morgan, art historian at O'Reilly's. READ MORE Sapphire and diamond ring, estimate €7,800-€8,500 at O'Reilly's auction The O'Reilly auction will also feature a variety of eternity and half-eternity rings. Eternity rings traditionally have a row of stones placed around the ring as a symbol of never-ending love. They are often given to mark the arrival of the first child of the couple. The odd-sounding half-eternity rings are not as you might think – a symbol of unenduring love – they are in fact rings with stones that only go halfway round the ring, on the face of the band. Half-eternity rings can also be more comfortable to wear because the stones are only on the top half of the ring. Viewing tomorrow, noon-4pm; Monday and Tuesday, 10.30am-4.30pm; and on Wednesday, 10am-11.30am. A collection of 100 silver rings at John Weldon Auctioneers auction with an estimate of €500-€1,000 Jewellery auctioneers often point to the fact that jewellery sold at auction is a lot cheaper than its equivalent on the high street. 'I sometimes use the analogy of a new car and how the price drops the moment it leaves the garage. New jewellery is no different: the 23 per cent VAT and profit/margins are lost the moment it leaves the jewellery shop,' says John Weldon of John Weldon Auctioneers in Cow's Lane, Temple Bar, Dublin. By way of example, he points to an aquamarine and diamond ring for sale in the next live auction on Tuesday, June 24th. This 18-carat gold ring has a guide price of €800-€1,200, but would have been originally sold for €3,995. Similarly, an 18-carat gold diamond cluster ring has the same guide price of €800-€1,200, but would have been sold for about €4,495 originally. Weldon says diamond rings remain much more popular than sapphire or emerald rings. He advises prospective buyers to look for quality, rather than size, when it comes to buying diamonds. Next week's auction at John Weldon includes about 130 lots from a retired jeweller, so buyers will have a larger-than-usual amount of rings to choose from – including one lot of 100 silver rings (€500-€1,000). With their original price tags on view, prospective buyers will be able to compare and contrast the original retail prices to the guide prices for the auction. A ruby, onyx and diamond pendant necklace, €700-€900, at Adam's Jewellery Box online auction An 18-carat gold small mesh bag (€2,000-€3,000) at Adam's A 1960s Christian Dior flower broach (€80-€100) at Adam's Peridot and diamond pendant earrings (€1,200-€1,800 at Adam's Although Claire-Laurence Mestrallet, head of jewellery at Adam's, must still be reeling from the sale of the Kashmir sapphire ring for €550,000 in May (an original estimate of €8,000-€12,000 was increased to €150,000-€200,000 once its rarity was confirmed), she is, nonetheless, ready for the Jewellery Box online auction on Tuesday, June 24th. As always, there are many striking pieces, including a ruby, onyx and diamond pendant necklace (€700-€900); an 18-carat-gold small mesh bag (€2,000-€3,000); and a 1960s Christian Dior flower brooch (€80-€100). Viewing on Saturday/Sunday, 1pm-5pm, and Monday, 10am-5pm, in Adam's showrooms on St Stephen's Green. Meanwhile, art buyers starting or building up their collections might find some value at the Morgan O'Driscoll online art auction, which ends on Monday evening from 6.30pm. Sean McSweeney's Wicklow Early Morning With several pieces from living Irish artists, as well as many prominent Irish artists from the 20th century – such as Sean McSweeney's Wicklow Early Morning (€500-€700), there are plenty of landscapes, some still-life paintings and portraits too. Work by Irish sculptors, such as Sandra Bell's bronze piece, Vice Versa (€1,500-€2,500), is also evident. And a ceramic female common eider sea duck by Oisin Kelly (€250-€350) catches the eye. Finally, on this midsummer's day, gardeners around the country will be enjoying the long hours of daylight. Those near or willing to travel to Co Laois should stop by to view items in Sheppard's annual garden auction in Glantelwe Gardens in Durrow on June 24th. Viewing of the 550-plus pieces of bronze and marble statuary, stone urns, cast- and wrought-iron furniture, architectural salvage and antique follies takes place today, tomorrow and Monday. ; ; ; ; What did it sell for? Bianchi 1928 car (€20,000-€40,000) Bianchi 1928 car Estimate €20,000-€40,000 Hammer price €11,000 Auction house RJ Keighery Ford Model A Touring from 1912 (€20,000-€40,000), RJ Keighery Ford Model A Touring from 1912 Estimate €20,000-€40,000 Hammer price €13,000 Auction house RJ Keighery Composition au damier, Fernand Leger Estimate £200,000-£300,000 Hammer price £276,500 (€327,000) Auction house Christie's Stickers featuring Labubu figures at a Pop Mart shop in Beijing. A four-foot-tall sculpture of the viral plush toy character sold for $170,000. Photograph: ADEK BERRY/AFP via Getty Images Labubu figure Hammer price $170,000 (€147,000) Auction house Yongle


Irish Times
2 hours ago
- Irish Times
Neighbourhood wine shops and bars are popping up everywhere. Who's behind them?
The decline of the high street has been well documented. In recent years, the suburbs of Dublin, as with many other cities, have seen a decline in traditional retail shops as consumers move online or to large shopping centres. Coffee shops and nail bars seem to benefit from changing consumer habits, but they are not alone. Another less obvious sector is the wine shop or wine bar. Over the past decade a number of independent wine shops have opened up, often in areas with more competitive rents, selling an eclectic range of wines, frequently low intervention and usually from small producers. Received wisdom has it that in order to survive, you also need to offer wine by the glass accompanied by a few nibbles. Thus you end up with part wine shop, part wine bar with links to the local community. Most of them seem to be doing very well. The originals in the genre include La Touche in Greystones, Co Wicklow, Grapevine in Dalkey, 64wine in Glasthule, Red Island in Skerries and Green Man in Terenure. Other newish wine shops in Dublin include The Wine Pair on Clanbrassil Street, Lilith in Stonybatter, Neighbourhood Wine, and Cooper's Bottleshop in Sutton and Clontarf. In addition, two older independents expanded recently, Mitchell & Son to The Vaults on Hatch Street and 64wine to Deerpark Road. [ Fancy a great wine bar with top-class nibbles? Here are 10 to head for around Ireland Opens in new window ] Many of these new shops are run by refugees from the high pressure and long hours of the restaurant business. Roger da Silva runs Pinto Wines in Drumcondra. 'I have three kids, and you can't work until four in the morning and go back at 12 the next day. I lived close to Green Man Wines in Terenure, realised there was no wine shop in Drumcondra, and just made the leap.' Da Silva trained as a sommelier in Portugal. 'I started bartending at 16 and then went on to one of the best hospitality schools in Portugal. I specialised in wine and had a passionate teacher. We are still in touch. I wanted to go to London or Paris, but I had a friend working in Dublin who urged me to come over here, telling me, 'People are very nice'. After 1½ years working in hotels and restaurants I met my wife, local to Drumcondra.' READ MORE Covid was a good thing for him, he believes, making him rethink his priorities. 'I have had amazing support from the local community from day one,' he says. He doesn't serve wine by the glass but does hold tastings every Thursday and Saturday. 'People know each other and see it as a night out. We are niche and people get that.' His palate has a preference for European wines, plus Lebanon and South Africa. 'Of course I am Portuguese, so we have 100-150 Portuguese wines. Maybe I am trying to be niche within a niche!' Seán Gargano of MacCurtain Wine Cellar Bottles at MacCurtain Wine Cellar Trudy Ahern and Séan Gargano are both veterans of the Dublin restaurant scene, having worked front of house in a variety of restaurants and wine bars around the capital. Three years ago they decamped to Cork and opened MacCurtain Wine Cellar on MacCurtain Street. Both are very happy with the move, largely driven by wanting to be close to Ahern's family, but Gargano says, 'I don't think that we could have found a shopfront with a similar style and location in Dublin for anything near the cost here in Cork.' The shop has an excellent range, including many organic, biodynamic and low-intervention wines. About 70 per cent of their business is the wine bar, with customers dropping in for a glass of wine and a plate of nibbles before going on for dinner or a performance in the nearby theatre. Balázs Rakamazi of BaRossa Wines Balázs Rakamazi is a Hungarian who started out in Ireland as a chef. He became more interested in wine and tried to cook in places that stocked good wine. 'It got so wine was giving me inspiration to cook dishes. I realised there wasn't a serious representation of Hungarian wines in Ireland.' So he set up Vinifinesse, a company that imports a portfolio of great wines from central and eastern Europe. Ross Turner, meanwhile, worked in Blackrock Cellar and Mitchell & Son. 'Blackrock Cellar was my local shop,' says Rakamazi, 'so we knew each other. He has the retail experience and has all the contacts. I worked part-time in Pinto Wines to learn a bit.' The two joined forces to open BaRossa Wines, a small, very narrow shop/wine bar in Sandymount, Dublin 4. It is crammed with of fascinating wines, mainly European and not surprisingly, with a sizeable selection from central Europe and what they call the Ancient East, which includes Armenia, Georgia, Greece and more. BaRossa does operate as a wine bar but soon discovered that customers want to book in for private tastings, with up to 11 people sitting at flip-up tables that double as storage areas during the day. 'And sometimes people just pop in for a glass.' Rakamazi and Turner run regular tastings and get a great response from locals. The riesling below is one of their best-selling wines, despite costing €35. 'People try a glass and then buy a bottle to take home', says Rakamazi. Sinéad McCarthy & Paul Gartland of Fíon Eile Fíon Eile ('Another Wine') is a brand new wine shop and event space on the North Circular Road in Phibsborough, Dublin. Sinéad McCarthy and partner Paul Gartland both worked in some of Dublin's finest restaurants for many years before opting for a change. They met while working in Michelin-starred restaurant Chapter One . More recently McCarthy was wine manager in Hawksmoor , Gartland in The Greenhouse and Chapter One again with Mickael Viljanen. Prices at the light-filled spacious shop start at €13.50 and there are a few bottles under €15, but they find customers prefer to pay €20-€21.50 for an interesting bottle of wine. 'Locals here are very adventurous and want to try something different. Ninety per cent of people want recommendations,' says McCarthy. One of their first customers asked if they could have a glass of wine, so they have installed tables and chairs and are offering a changing range of wines by the glass. They hope to run classes and possibly a wine school in a large room to one side of the shop. While the shop will require long hours of work, both seem delighted that there will be fewer late nights, and they may even manage to have dinner together. Shop owners pick their favourite wines San Lorenzo, 'Il Casolare' Rosso, La Marche, Italy, Organic San Lorenzo, 'Il Casolare' Rosso, La Marche, Italy, Organic €17-€19, 13% Selected by MacCurtain: this is vibrant and juicy with seductive dark cherry and plum fruits. Enjoy cool with everything from mixed antipasti, pasta dishes, red meats or firm cheeses. From MacCurtain, Cork; 64 Wine, Glasthule; Lilith, D7; Lennox Street Grocer, D8; The Food Store, Claremorris; Rua, Castlebar MOB Lote 3 Dão Red 2021, Portugal MOB Lote 3 Dão Red 2021, Portugal 13.5%, €21 Chosen by Pinto Wines: this is a lovely medium-bodied red wine with blackcurrant and plum fruits, balanced acidity and light tannins on a dry finish. A good all-rounder, but try it alongside grilled lamb chops or medium-firm cheeses. From Red Island, Skerries; La Touche, Greystones; Higgins, D14; Pinto, D9; McHugh's, D5; MacGuinness, Dundalk; Nolan's, D3; Shiels, Malahide; Martins, D3; Leonard's, Trim; Drinkstore, D7; Redmond's, D6 La Moto 2023 Mas Foraster, Montblanc, Conca de Barbera DO, Spain La Moto 2023 Mas Foraster, Montblanc, Conca de Barbera DO, Spain 12%, €23 Fíon Eile chose this lively, easy-drinking red from the hills of Catalonia. 'Bursting with bright summer berries, strawberries and redcurrants, with a touch of dried herbs and a gentle white pepper spice,' says Sinéad McCarthy. 'Light on its feet but full of flavour.' From The Drinkstore, D7; Pinto, D9; Fíon Eile, Phibsborough; Blackrock Cellar; Searsons, Monsktown. Riesling 2021 Világi Winery Terroir Selection, Slovakia Riesling 2021 Világi Winery Terroir Selection, Slovakia 13.5%, €35 From BaRossa, a beautiful complex full-bodied riesling with rich stone fruits, a lively minerality and a long dry finish. Enjoy with all kinds of seafood, white meats and cream cheeses. From Barossa Wines, Sandymount; Pinto, D9; Martin's, D3; Delgany Wine Cottage; Cooper's Bottleshop, D13 and D3

Irish Times
2 hours ago
- Irish Times
Europe without Borders: a detailed history of the Schengen system - Skilful account of a tense balancing of freedoms
Europe without Borders, A History Author : Isaac Stanley-Becker ISBN-13 : 978-0691261768 Publisher : Princeton University Press Guideline Price : £30 The Schengen system of free movement across borders for nationals of its 29 member-states symbolises the promise of liberal internationalism in Europe after its long history of conflicts and war. Originating in an interstate treaty signed in 1985 between France, West Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands, it went public in 1990 after intense negotiation between state officials just after the Berlin Wall fell. Over the following decades it embraced most states and more than 450 million people. Ireland and Cyprus are its only EU non-members. Ireland preferred to maintain the similar Common Travel Area with Britain, which never joined Schengen. This book by a US journalist and academic is a detailed history of how the Schengen system was created. Based on extensive archival research it has an acute sense of the system's humanist and cosmopolitan promise alongside market and border limits. READ MORE It breaks new ground by revealing the abiding tensions in Schengen's construction and operation: between freedom of movement for people and citizens compared with market freedom for capital and workers – and between the rights conferred on nationals of its member-states and strict restrictions on outsiders. Stanley-Becker skilfully relates these tensions to the politics of immigration in Europe after decolonisation. Schengen 'was a laboratory of free movement always meant to join Euro-nationalist rules of exclusion with neoliberal principles of market freedom', he writes. Two contrasting protests frame his study: one by lorry drivers against long border queues, which pushed Helmut Kohl and François Mitterrand into their Saarbrucken initiative in 1984 to ease Franco-German border controls by sharing them with other countries, in the name of a Citizen's Europe. And then, in 1996 and after, came protests by sans-papiers immigrants in favour of free movement as a human right. The contrast is inherent in the racial hierarchies that defined nationals of these former colonies as 'undesirables' in secret police lists. The book is strong on the legal and philosophical history and political arguments surrounding these Schengen rights, much less so on the huge everyday freedoms they gave to the many European citizens and workers who have benefitted from them and value them highly. These hard-won freedoms are now severely challenged by the new right-wing politics of immigration and identity on the continent.