Title IX case against Maine schools headed to US Department of Justice
Alice Frost, who identifies as transgender, speaks to a reporter after a rally in Cumberland, Maine, on March 23, 2025, calling on Maine lawmakers and local MSAD51 school officials to support transgender student athletes. (Troy R. Bennett/Maine Morning Star)
This story first appeared on the Maine Morning Star.
The conflict between the state of Maine and the Trump administration over transgender student athletes reached a new pivot point on Monday. As the first of several deadlines set by the federal government has now expired, whether Maine can continue to allow trans athletes to participate in sports appears likely to be decided by the courts.
Two separate federal agencies determined that Maine is in violation of Title IX based on the Trump administration's interpretation of the anti-sex discrimination protection.
The U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights issued a final warning Monday to the Maine Department of Education regarding its noncompliance with a federal directive for allowing trans girls to participate in girls sports.
If the state does not propose an agreement that's acceptable to the office by April 11, the case will be referred to the Department of Justice, the letter said.
Meanwhile, a separate investigation by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' civil rights office that found Maine in violation of Title IX for 'continuing to unlawfully allow' trans girls to compete in girls sports has been referred to the U.S. Department of Justice, according to a Monday social media post from the agency.
In a letter dated March 17, HHS had given Maine a deadline of 10 days to comply with federal guidance. Monday marked 10 business days from that warning.
Federal judge vacates Biden Title IX rule, scrapping protections for LGBTQ+ students nationwide
Both agencies determined that Maine had violated federal law after dayslong investigations that included no interviews, while typical investigations take months and are eventually settled with resolution agreements. The probes were launched after Maine Gov. Janet Mills, a Democrat, and President Donald Trump had a heated exchange over the state's trans athlete policy. Millions of dollars in federal funding might be at risk, depending on how the cases proceed.
'We just need an answer at this point as to, 'Does the Trump administration have the authority to do what it's doing when it comes to fast-tracking the removal of federal funds?'' said Jackie Wernz, a former OCR lawyer for the Education Department who now represents school districts nationwide in these types of cases.
'This is just unprecedented, and we're not following the process that we're used to. So I think it's going to be really helpful for courts to start weighing in on whether or not they have the authority to do this.'
On March 19, the Department of Education's civil rights office notified Maine of its noncompliance and proposed a resolution agreement that would require the state to rescind its support for trans athletes, which is currently required by the Maine Human Rights Act. A Cumberland-area school district and the Maine Principals Association, which runs student athletics, that were also found in violation have already refused to sign the agreement.
This development is part of a broader effort by the Trump administration to enforce Title IX provisions concerning gender and athletics. Earlier this year, the administration launched investigations in several other states for similar policies allowing trans athletes to compete in alignment with their gender identity.
Title IX, the federal law banning sex-based discrimination, does not reference trans people directly, but the Trump administration has interpreted Maine's policy as discrimination against cisgender girls.
Rachel Perera, a fellow in the governance studies program for the Brown Center on Education Policy at national think tank the Brookings Institution, said the Trump administration's interpretation of Title IX leaves room for questioning. If the policy goes to trial, she said federal courts may come up with a clearer interpretation.
'It's going to be really important to see how Maine proceeds, because they're sort of setting the tone in terms of these other states and other localities who are going to be trying to navigate these very same dynamics,' she said.
Maine Morning Star is part of States Newsroom, a national nonprofit news organization.
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