Piyush Goyal discusses new opportunities with top French business leaders
New Delhi [India], June 2 (ANI): Union Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal held a series of high-level meetings in Paris with top French CEOs to explore new opportunities for India's growth across key sectors such as renewable energy, automobile manufacturing, electric vehicles (EV), and consumer products.
As part of his engagements, Goyal met Bernard Fontana, Chairman and CEO of EDF Energy, to discuss India's growing role in the global clean energy transition.
'Met Mr. Bernard Fontana, Chairman and CEO of @EDFofficiel in Paris.Discussed India's growing leadership in the renewable energy sector and ways to further integrate sustainable energy solutions into our development roadmap,'Piyush Goyal tweeted on social media platform 'X'.
He also met Luca de Meo, CEO of Renault Group, to highlight India's potential in automotive manufacturing and the EV ecosystem.
'Held a meeting with Mr. Luca de Meo, CEO of @RenaultGroup.Exchanged views on India's growing potential as an automobile manufacturing hub, along with emerging opportunities in the EV sector,' Goyal posted on 'X'
In a meeting with Nicolas Hieronimus, CEO of L'Oreal Groupe, the minister discussed the scope for the cosmetics giant to expand manufacturing under the 'Make in India for the World' initiative.
On Sunday, Goyal also met Patrick Pouyanne, Chairman and CEO of TotalEnergies, to explore the company's investment plans in India and to deepen cooperation in the renewable energy domain.
The minister commenced his three-day official visit to France on 1st June 2025, as part of his ongoing visit to France and Italy from 1-5 June 2025.
'As part of the visit, the Minister will hold a series of high-level bilateral meetings with key international partners. These include the United Kingdom's Secretary of State for Business and Trade, Mr. Jonathan Reynolds; Singapore's Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade and Industry, Mr. Gan Kim Yong; and Saudi Arabia's Minister of Commerce, Dr. Majid bin Abdullah Al-Kasabi,' Ministry of Commerce & Industry said in a statement.
Recently, the minister expressed India's gratitude to France for its unwavering support and solidarity following the April 22 Pahalgam terror attack, emphasising the shared commitment between both nations in maintaining zero tolerance against terrorism.
Goyal also expressed optimism that India could finalise its Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the European Union (EU) ahead of the year-end deadline, citing minimal divergences between the two economic blocs. (ANI)
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- Indian Express
UPSC Key: Domicile rules for Ladakh, G7 Summit and Volcanoes
Important topics and their relevance in UPSC CSE exam for June 4, 2025. If you missed the June 3, 2025 UPSC CSE exam key from the Indian Express, read it here FRONT PAGE Domicile rules for Ladakh notified by Govt to address job and quota concerns Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance Main Examination: General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. What's the ongoing story: THE CENTRE has notified a series of regulations aimed at addressing Ladakh's concerns over jobs, quotas and cultural preservation. The new legal framework introduces a domicile-based job reservation system, recognition of local languages, and procedural clarity in civil service recruitment. Key Points to Ponder: • What is domicile? • 'The Centre has notified a series of regulations aimed at addressing Ladakh's concerns over jobs, quotas and cultural preservation'—What are the new regulations? • Why are these regulations significant? • What were the demands in Ladakh? • How are the new regulations different from existing provisions? • How do they compare with Jammu & Kashmir's protections? • What are the limitations of these regulations? Key Takeaways: • As per the new regulations, a person has to be a resident of Ladakh for 15 years to get a domicile certificate and be eligible for jobs, while the ceiling on total quota has been lifted to 85%, excluding reservation for EWS. Since Ladakh is 90% tribal, it would virtually give reservation to all the indigenous Ladakhis. • The regulations, issued come amid demands in Leh and Kargil for tribal autonomy and legal protection following Ladakh's bifurcation from Jammu and Kashmir in 2019. However, the regulations do not address another key Ladakh demand, to restrict land ownership by outsiders, which is behind the call for constitutional safeguards under the Sixth Schedule. • The most substantive change comes in the form of the Ladakh Civil Services Decentralization and Recruitment (Amendment) Regulation, 2025, which inserts a clear domicile criterion for recruitment into government services in the Union Territory. • Under Section 3A of the amended regulation, a person is considered a domicile of Ladakh if they have resided in the region for 15 years, or studied there for at least seven years and appeared in Class 10 or 12 examinations. Children of Central government employees who have served in Ladakh for at least 10 years are also eligible. • Following a meeting with Union Home Minister Amit Shah last week, a High-Powered Committee (HPC) comprising representatives from both Leh and Kargil had reached a consensus that anyone living in Ladakh for 15 years from 2019 onwards could be considered a domicile of the region. This was a climbdown from the earlier demand that domicile certification require a period of stay of 30 years. Do You Know: • The Union Territory of Ladakh Reservation (Amendment) Regulation, 2025, updates the earlier Jammu and Kashmir Reservation Act, 2004, capping overall reservations at 85%, excluding the EWS quota. It's seen as a way to streamline existing quotas without creating new categories specific to Ladakh's tribal demography. • This 85% cap has also been extended to professional institutions such as engineering and medical colleges in Ladakh, where the quota for SC/STs and OBCs was earlier capped at 50%. • Over 90% of Ladakh's population is ST, with Buddhist and Muslim tribal communities dominating Leh and Kargil, respectively. The 85% reservation allows near-complete representation for tribal and socially backward groups, aligning with Ladakh's demography. • By explicitly excluding EWS from the 85% limit, the regulation safeguards tribal and backward class quotas from being eroded by newer economic reservations, and addresses Ladakh's concerns regarding identity-based protections. • Besides, through the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Councils (Amendment) Regulation, 2025, 'one-third reservation for women' is now mandated in these councils through rotation of constituencies. However, while LAHDCs in Leh and Kargil have played a key role in local governance, their powers remain limited, especially in the absence of Sixth Schedule protection. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍New protections for Ladakh Chill in ties, window closing for Canada invitation to G7 summit Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance. Mains Examination: General Studies II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests. What's the ongoing story: With less than two weeks to go for the start of the G7 Summit, being hosted by Canada in Kananaskis in Alberta from June 15-17, India is still to receive an invitation to the gathering. Key Points to Ponder: • What is G7 group? • Who are the members of G7? • Know the name of G7 countries • Map Work-G7 Countries • The G7 countries Global GDP-know the data • How did G7 become G8 and again G7-Reasons • G7, Canada and India-Know in Brief Key Takeaways: • If the invitation window closes, Delhi's absence at the summit will be the first break since 2019. Barring 2020 when the G7 huddle was cancelled by the US, the host country, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has attended every summit since 2019. • The chill in Delhi-Ottawa ties has not gone unnoticed. The two countries downgraded diplomatic ties after Justin Trudeau, the then Canadian Prime Minister, set off a political storm in 2023 when he alleged 'potential' involvement of Indian government agents in the killing of a Canada-based Khalistan separatist, Hardeep Singh Nijjar. India rejected the charges as 'absurd' and 'motivated'. • Usually, G7 host countries invite some countries as guest countries or outreach partners. Canada has so far invited Ukraine and Australia. It has not released names of other guest countries. • France was the host of the G7 leaders' summit in Biarritz in August 2019 — after Modi became Prime Minister in 2014, this was the first invitation. • Before that, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had attended the G8 summit five times between 2004 and 2014 — the grouping became the G7 in 2014 after Russia's suspension, and subsequent exit, over its annexation of Crimea. • In 2020, US President Donald Trump called the G7 a 'very outdated group' and said he would like to include India, Australia, South Korea and Russia in the grouping of the largest advanced economies. Trump had suggested that the Group of 7 be called 'G10 or G11', and proposed that the grouping meet in September or November 2020. But due to the pandemic and the US elections, that did not happen. • Modi attended the G7 summit in 2021 via virtual mode, and then attended the summits in Germany in 2022, Japan in 2023 and Italy in 2024. Do You Know: • The Group of Seven is an informal group of leading industrialised nations. It consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. • As is customary in recent years, leaders from some non-G-7 countries and international organizations will also participate in some sessions. The leaders discuss a wide range of issues, including economic policy, security, climate change, energy and gender. • The first summit was in 1975, when France hosted what was then a Group of Six meeting to discuss tackling a recession that followed an Arab oil embargo. Canada became the seventh member a year later. Russia joined to form the G-8 in 1998 but was expelled after Moscow's 2014 annexation of Crimea. • Over the years, the G7 has evolved from an economic forum to a platform which aims to address a range of global challenges. While it lacks a permanent administrative structure, the G7 rotates its presidency annually and the presidency serves as a temporary secretariat. • Concluding with a communiqué outlining political commitments, the annual summit influences global governance, agenda-setting and decision-making processes. • In comparison, the G20, which was established in response to the 2008 financial crisis, is seen as a more inclusive forum. The Bruegel analysis argued that the G20's creation proved the G7's inability to handle-modern day crises. But due to its size, the authors claimed that the G20 was 'too big and heterogeneous to make decisions when not mired in deep crisis'. They proposed a reconfigured G7+, which would include a common euro-zone representative and make space for China, India, and Brazil, thereby better reflecting the current global economic landscape in terms of both GDP and population. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍Knowledge Nugget: G7 summit in Canada — Historical evolution and importance for UPSC Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme: 1. In which one of the following groups are all the four countries members of G20? (2020) (a) Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey (b) Australia, Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand (c) Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam (d) Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea GOVT & POLITICS PM Modi to launch Aravalli Green Project tomorrow Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change – that do not require subject specialization. Mains Examination: General Studies III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment. What's the ongoing story: Prime Minister Narendra Modi will launch the Centre's Aravalli Green Wall project, on June 5 to mark World Environment Day, to combat desertification and restore degraded land across four states, Environment Ministry sources said Tuesday. Key Points to Ponder: • What is the Aravalli Green Wall project? • Which peak is the highest point of the Aravalli Range? • The Aravalli Range is arguably the oldest geological feature on Earth, having its origin in which era? • The Aravalli Range, is believed to be the oldest range of fold mountains in India-True or False? • What is fold mountain? • What is desertification? • What are the reasons for rising desertification • How Aravalli Green Wall project will combat desertification and restore degraded land? Key Takeaways: • Delhi Chief Minister Rekha Gupta will join the PM for planting a tree in Delhi's ridge area, the sources said. The Chief Ministers of Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat will also plant trees in their respective states, sources said. • While the land restoration project was initially launched in 2023, a detailed action plan for the project was launched recently. The project, pegged at Rs 16,053 crore, aims to create a buffer zone of 5 km around the mountain range, covering 6.45 million hectares. • Ministry sources said the project would also contribute in meeting India's key climate goals of creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent through improving tree and forest cover. India has also committed to restoring 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030. Do You Know: • Extending from southwest Gujarat in Champaner to northeast Delhi and Haryana, the 700-km long Aravalli mountain range acts as a natural barrier against incursion of sand and dust from the Thar desert. It supports rivers such as Luni, Banas, Sabarmati among others, as well as keystone wildlife such as tiger, bears, wolves and leopards. However, the range is facing widespread degradation due to deforestation, mining, urbanisation, agriculture practices and development. • The Aravalli Green Wall Project seeks to revive the Aravalli range through various initiatives such as banning single-use plastics, promoting water conservation, and protecting natural resources. It also aims to combat land degradation and desertification by creating green corridors across 29 districts in four states: Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Delhi. The Aravalli hills landscape spans over 6 million hectares. • At the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) held in Riyadh, India introduced the Aravalli Green Wall Project, which was launched in 2019. In March, the Environment Ministry released the project's action plan. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍Protect whatever is left of Aravallis, combat illegal mining, environmental group urges Haryana government Garden Reach inks pact with Norway firm, India to build its first polar research vehicle Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance. Main Examination: General Studies III: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, biotechnology and issues relating to intellectual property rights. What's the ongoing story: Kolkata-based Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited (GRSE), a Government of India undertaking, signed an MoU with Norwegian firm Kongsberg on Tuesday to co-design and build India's first-ever polar research vehicle (PRV) indigenously. Key Points to Ponder: • What is a polar research vehicle (PRV)? • The polar research vessel being developed through the GRSE-Norwegian collaboration will primarily support missions in which region? • Which Indian research station is located in Antarctica? • What is a key technological requirement for a polar research vessel? • Discuss the strategic and scientific importance of India building its first indigenous polar research vessel. • What are the technological and environmental challenges in constructing and operating a polar research vessel? Key Takeaways: • The MoU was signed in Oslo in the presence of Union Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways Sarbananda Sonowal, who termed it 'a commitment to fostering scientific discovery, advancing India's capabilities in polar and ocean research, and contributing to global efforts to address pressing challenges like climate change.' • 'Let this MoU signing be a beacon of hope and progress, signalling India's unwavering commitment to scientific advancement and sustainable development. Together, we are building not just a vessel but a legacy — a legacy of innovation, exploration and international cooperation that will inspire generations to come,' Sonowal said. • A PRV is a ship which serves a platform for research in the polar regions (areas surrounding the North and South Poles). It can also help scientists undertake research in the ocean realm. Do You Know: • India currently operates three research base stations in the polar regions — Bharati and Maitri in Antarctica, and Himadri in the Arctic region — and had been planning to have its own PRV for a while now. In 2023, Union Minister Kiren Rijiju informed the Rajya Sabha that the country would have its first PRV within five years at an estimated cost of Rs. 2,600 crore. • The PRV will be equipped with the latest scientific equipment, enabling researchers to explore the oceans' depths and study marine ecosystems, Sonowal said. It will be a testament to India's critical shipbuilding capabilities, boosting the Government's 'Make In India' initiative, he added. • Underlining PM Narendra Modi's vision of SAGAR – Security and Growth for All in the Region – Sonowal said it 'leverages India's vast coastline, strategic location, and maritime heritage to drive economic prosperity, enhance regional security, and ensure sustainable development for all stakeholders'. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍India building its largest research vessel to explore deep oceans THE EDITORIAL PAGE The great churn in Asia Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance. Mains Examination: General Studies II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests. What's the ongoing story: C. Raja Mohan Writes: For over three decades, India's Asian strategy was premised on great-power harmony, regional stability, economic interdependence and stronger regional institutions. That era may be ending. Delhi must now contend with growing disorder, which demands both stronger national capabilities and enhanced strategic flexibility. Key Points to Ponder: • What is Shangri-La Dialogue? • What is discussed at Shangri-La Dialogue? • India and the Shangri-La Dialogue-Connect the dots • 'Since it was first convened in 2002, the SLD has become the premium forum where defence ministers of Asia gather to publicly articulate their positions on regional security as well as conduct bilateral and minilateral defence diplomacy behind closed doors'-Elaborate • How the changing nature of U.S. engagement in Asia affects India's strategic calculus? Key Takeaways: • Two recent developments to India's east offer insights into the rapidly shifting contours of Asian geopolitics. The first was the annual Shangri-La Dialogue (SLD) in Singapore, where US Defence Secretary Pete Hegseth outlined the administration's priorities for Asia. The second was South Korea's presidential election, where the likely victory of left-leaning candidate Lee Jae-myung could reshape not only Korea's political trajectory but also the strategic dynamics of Northeast Asia. • As expected, US-China relations dominated discussions at the SLD. The absence of China's defence minister underscored the current crisis in bilateral ties. • The SLD historically served as a valuable platform for US-China dialogue on regional security. Much of Asia was eager to hear from Hegseth about the Trump administration's strategic intentions. Many countries remain caught in the crossfire of President Donald Trump's trade wars and were watching closely to see if Washington would uphold traditional alliances or, as in Europe, move to dismantle them. • Hegseth, however, steered clear of economics, saying his focus was 'tanks, not tariffs'. He had strong words on China's military capabilities and ambitions of annexing Taiwan. • Asked about NATO's potential role in Asia, Hegseth urged Europe to remain focused on Russia rather than overstretch its resources in the Indo-Pacific. Macron, however, had a different message. Do You Know: • The Shangri-La Dialogue (SLD) is an annual international security conference held in Singapore. It serves as a platform for dialogue and cooperation among defense ministers and experts from various countries, focusing on regional and global security issues. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍An arena called Asia THE IDEAS PAGE The Centre, for the states Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance. Mains Examination: General Studies II: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein. What's the ongoing story: B V R Subrahmanyam and Shashank Shah Writes: In the past 11 years, India has witnessed an era of cooperative and fiscal federalism. The Centre and state governments have worked together on socioeconomic transformation for the achievement of shared goals. Key Points to Ponder: • The Government of India has established NITI Aayog to replace what? • How are the principles followed by the NITI Aayog different from those followed by erstwhile Planning Commission in India? • Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog 2025-know key highlights • Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog 2025-what are the key takeaways? • What is the Governing Council of NITI Aayog? • Who chairs Governing Council of NITI Aayog? • The term 'cooperative federalism' stands for what? • How NITI Aayog has contributed to the deepening of cooperative and competitive federalism in India? Key Takeaways: B V R Subrahmanyam and Shashank Shah Writes: • The transformation of the Planning Commission into the NITI Aayog in 2015 was an important change – it replaced a Centre-to-state one-way flow of policy with a collaborative partnership between the two. For long, knowledge resided where power was wielded. A phygital world is increasing the gap. NITI Aayog plays a vital role in bridging it. Unlike the Planning Commission, it encourages states to take ownership of their development agendas and has become a bridge between the Centre and states. • The Aayog's annual Governing Council Meeting acts as the apex platform for the political leadership of the Centre and states to deliberate on issues of national importance. The annual Chief Secretaries Conference is a platform for the senior-most bureaucrats of the country to discuss challenges and share best practices. Its indices have acted as a catalyst for a competitive federal system, inspiring laggard states to improve their performance. The Aspirational Districts and Blocks Programme has been transformative in improving the quality of life of citizens from nearly 350 districts and 500 blocks. It has brought the most backward regions at par with state averages across key socio-economic parameters. • The key to development for states is the availability of sufficient resources. A significant step in this direction was the decision to increase the states' share in the divisible pool of taxes from 32 per cent to 42 per cent. • The Centre's commitment to fiscal federalism has empowered states with more resources in the last decade compared to the previous decade. The ratio of gross transfers (including states' share in central taxes, grants, and loans) to GDP was 5.2 per cent in the decade preceding 2015-16, and has now increased to 6.5 per cent. During this period, grants from the Centre have increased by 234 per cent, and gross loans from the Centre have increased by a massive 992 per cent. Do You Know: • The Governing Council of NITI Aayog comprises the Prime Minister of India; Chief Ministers of all the States and Union Territories with Legislature; Lt Governors of other UTs; Ex-Officio Members; Vice Chairperson, NITI Aayog; Full-time Members, NITI Aayog and Special Invitees. First constituted in February 2015 and reconstituted in February 2021, the Governing Council embodies the objectives of cooperative federalism and presents a platform to discuss inter- sectoral, inter-departmental and federal issues to accelerate the implementation of the national development agenda. • So far, nine meetings of the Governing Council, chaired by the Hon'ble Prime Minister, have been held and facilitated shaping India's development agenda collaboratively. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍Leverage FTAs, remove obsolete laws, PM tells states in NITI meeting EXPRESS NETWORK India experienced wettest May since 1901: IMD Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance. What's the ongoing story: This year, May was not about sweltering heat and extreme temperatures but rain and floods. India experienced the wettest May in 124 years as the country recorded 126.7 mm of rainfall last month, said the India Meteorological Department (IMD). Key Points to Ponder: • Which weather phenomena is most likely linked to unseasonal or extreme pre-monsoon rainfall in India? • India received the wettest May rainfall since 1901—what are the contributing meteorological factors? • What are the short-term and long-term impacts of unseasonal rainfall on India's agriculture? • Examine the role of IMD in forecasting and managing extreme weather events? • How changing rainfall patterns reflect the need for climate-resilient infrastructure and smart agricultural practices in India. • What policy measures should the government adopt to reduce the vulnerability of marginal farmers to erratic weather events like excessive pre-monsoon rain? Key Takeaways: • May was unusually wet and marked by the early southwest monsoon onset, which brought bountiful rainfall over southern and eastern India regions over the past 10 days. • According to the IMD, there were 1,053 heavy rainfall events (64.4 – 115.5 mm) reported in May concentrated along the west coast, northeast and north India. This was the highest number of heavy rainfall events for the month since 2021. • Central India recorded the highest-ever May rainfall (100.9 mm) since 1901. Over the southern peninsular India, where May rainfall was 199.7 mm, it was the second wettest May in 124 years and the wettest since 2001, the IMD said. • The all-India rainfall of May pushed the pre-monsoon rainfall quota quantitatively to 42 per cent 'above' normal (185.8 mm). • May rainfall topped the charts among the pre-monsoon season with the all-India rainfall settling at 106.4 per cent of the normal. Do You Know: • The pre-monsoon season was dominated by frequent western disturbances (4 each, in March and April and 7 in May), which brought rainfall over north and central India regions. In addition, these wind streams interacted with moisture-laden winds coming in from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, causing widespread rainfall and thunderstorms over the southern peninsular. • Soon after the southwest monsoon onset on May 13 over the south Andaman Sea, the overall rainfall intensity over the country picked up. Multiple, favourable atmospheric and ocean conditions prevailed which also contributed to heightened rainfall over large parts of the country, keeping the all-India rainfall average above normal during May 17 – 31. • The all-India monthly average temperature for May was 1.52 degrees Celsius below normal of 36.60 degrees Celsius. Upon receiving the highest May rainfall in over a century, central India's monthly average maximum temperature saw the sharpest departure from normal (-2.63 degrees Celsius) and it settled at 36.63 degrees Celsius. • Significantly, there was no development of a cyclone over the north Indian Ocean basin (Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea) during May. This is the first time since 2020 when a cyclone activity was missing in the basin in May, which is otherwise prone to peak cyclogenesis in May. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍Why have rains subsided in Mumbai after a historic early onset? EXPLAINED WHAT CAUSED THE MASSIVE ERUPTION OF ITALY'S MOUNT ETNA Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Indian and World Geography-Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World. Mains Examination: General Studies I: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes. What's the ongoing story: Italy's Mount Etna, the largest volcano in Europe, produced an explosive eruption on Monday morning, sending a huge cloud of ash, smoke and rock fragments several kilometres into the sky. Key Points to Ponder: • Where is Mount Etna? • What kind of eruption did it have? • Volcanoes and Volcanic Landforms-Know in detail • Know the Types of Volcanoes • Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes and Earthquake-connect the dots • How can volcanic eruptions affect the environment and natural ecosystem? Key Takeaways: • Mount Etna, sometimes referred to simply as Etna, is an active volcano on the east coast of Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, lying just off the toe of the Italian 'boot'. Etna's peak is the highest in Italy south of the Alps, and it is the largest of Europe's active volcanoes. • Etna's summit has five craters, which are responsible for most of the volcano's eruptions. 'Flank' eruptions also occur at the 300-odd vents of varying sizes along the slopes of the mountain. • The volcano is in near-constant activity. Since 1600, at least 60 flank eruptions and many more summit eruptions have happened. In recent years, summit eruptions have occurred in 2006, 2007-08, on two occasions in 2012, in 2018, and 2021; flank eruptions have taken place in 2001, 2002-03, 2004-05, and 2008-09. • Etna has been a World Heritage Site since 2013, and according to UNESCO, the volcano's eruptive history can be traced back 500,000 years. At least 2,700 years of this activity have been documented. • Experts suggest that the eruption began with an increase in pressure inside the volcano due to expanding gases, which led to the collapse of the southeast crater, resulting in hot lava flows. • According to Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) Etna Observatory, the volcano was witnessing a 'Strombolian' eruption. This type of eruption is usually characterised as discreet moderately explosive bursts which can eject chunks of rock and cinders that can travel hundreds of metres into the air. It occurs due to the presence of gas in the magma chamber within the volcano. Do You Know: • According to the US Geological Survey: 'Volcanoes are openings, or vents where lava, tephra (small rocks), and steam erupt onto the Earth's surface.' • Volcanoes can be on land and in the ocean. They are formed when material significantly hotter than its surroundings is erupted onto the surface of the Earth. The material could be liquid rock (known as 'magma', when it's underground and 'lava' when it breaks through the surface), ash, and/or gases. • The rise of magma can take place in three different ways, according to NASA. First, when tectonic plates — massive, irregularly shaped slabs of solid rock that carry both continents and oceans and are constantly in motion — move away from each other. 'The magma rises up to fill in the space. When this happens underwater volcanoes can form,' it added. Second, when the plates move towards each other. 'When this happens, part of Earth's crust can be forced deep into its interior. The high heat and pressure cause the crust to melt and rise as magma,' NASA said. Third is how magma rises at the hotspots — hot areas inside of the Earth, where magma gets heated up. As magma gets warmer, it becomes less dense, leading to its rise. • According to the British Geological Survey, the type of volcano depends on the viscosity of the magma, the amount of gas in the magma, the composition of the magma, and the way the magma reaches the surface. • There are two broad types of volcanoes: a stratovolcano and a shield volcano. Stratovolcanoes have steep sides and are more cone-shaped than shield volcanoes have a low profile and resemble a shield lying on the ground. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍WHAT ARE VOLCANOES—AND WHY DO THEY KEEP ERUPTING IN ICELAND? For any queries and feedback, contact Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X. Priya Kumari Shukla is a Senior Copy Editor in the Indian Express (digital). She contributes to the UPSC Section of Indian Express (digital) and started niche initiatives such as UPSC Key, UPSC Ethics Simplified, and The 360° UPSC Debate. The UPSC Key aims to assist students and aspirants in their preparation for the Civil Services and other competitive examinations. It provides valuable guidance on effective strategies for reading and comprehending newspaper content. The 360° UPSC Debate tackles a topic from all perspectives after sorting through various publications. The chosen framework for the discussion is structured in a manner that encompasses both the arguments in favour and against the topic, ensuring comprehensive coverage of many perspectives. Prior to her involvement with the Indian Express, she had affiliations with a non-governmental organisation (NGO) as well as several coaching and edutech enterprises. In her prior professional experience, she was responsible for creating and refining material in various domains, including article composition and voiceover video production. She has written in-house books on many subjects, including modern India, ancient Indian history, internal security, international relations, and the Indian economy. She has more than eight years of expertise in the field of content writing. Priya holds a Master's degree in Electronic Science from the University of Pune as well as an Executive Programme in Public Policy and Management (EPPPM) from the esteemed Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, widely recognised as one of the most prestigious business schools in India. She is also an alumni of Jamia Milia Islamia University Residential Coaching Academy (RCA). Priya has made diligent efforts to engage in research endeavours, acquiring the necessary skills to effectively examine and synthesise facts and empirical evidence prior to presenting their perspective. Priya demonstrates a strong passion for reading, particularly in the genres of classical Hindi, English, Maithili, and Marathi novels and novellas. Additionally, she possessed the distinction of being a cricket player at the national level. Qualification, Degrees / other achievements: Master's degree in Electronic Science from University of Pune and Executive Programme in Public Policy and Management (EPPPM) from Indian Institute of Management Calcutta ... Read More
The Wire
26 minutes ago
- The Wire
As the G7 Clock Ticks, Silence over India's Invite and What it Means
New Delhi: A year ago, in the thick of a high-stakes general election campaign, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had locked in his attendance at the G7 summit in Italy, confident enough of returning to power to reserve a seat at the outreach segment of the developed world's high table. The BJP fell short of a parliamentary majority, but within days of being sworn in, Prime Minister Modi flew to Italy, signalling where his diplomatic priorities lay. At the summit, he told world leaders that his victory was a ' victory of the entire democratic world '. A year on, with just 10 days to go for this year's G7 summit in the Canadian Rockies, there has been no public indication that India has been invited. Each year, the G7 host country invites a handful of external leaders. These choices reflect both the host's strategic objectives and the group's broader aim of engaging rising powers in an increasingly multipolar world. Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh attended five summits, when the group was still known as G8, as a special invitee. Modi made his debut in 2019 during the French presidency and went on to participate in four consecutive editions. The 2020 summit was held virtually due to the pandemic. Canada has remained tight-lipped about the guest list, with repeated queries to the G7 Canada secretariat only generating a standard reply that an announcement about special invitees would be made in due course. However, media reports made it clear that invitations had begun going out early. The new Canadian Prime Minister, Mark Carney, was quick to reach out to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy , shortly after assuming office in March, even before the snap polls, to extend an invitation. Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese publicly confirmed receiving his invitation in the first week of May. Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum said she was invited during a phone call with Carney on May 15. Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva also received an invitation around the same time, as per Brazilian media reports. South Africa's High Commission in Ottawa told a Canadian news agency that Pretoria had been invited, though it did not confirm whether the country would attend. With others having received their invitations well in advance, a last-minute VVIP departure from the Indian capital to Canada appears slim. What's with the silence? Among diplomatic circles in Canada, India's absence from the confirmed guest list has triggered speculation, particularly given the guarded stance of Carney's office in response to informal inquiries. Canada claims to have chosen Brazil and South Africa in their capacities as chairs of COP and G20, respectively. Mexico, grappling with similar tensions with Trump-era policies, fits within Canada's strategic calculus. Australia remains a close Western ally. While both Ottawa and New Delhi have remained quiet, possibly to avoid confirming the denial, the the lack of clarity has already triggered political backlash in India. The Congress party has called the apparent snub a diplomatic failure. 'Whatever spin may be given, the fact remains that this is yet another big diplomatic bungle – after the blunder of allowing the US to overturn decades of Indian foreign policy by mediating between India and Pakistan and allowing American authorities to call for continued talks at a 'neutral site',' said Jairam Ramesh, Congress general secretary in charge of communications, on X. For Modi, who is facing domestic criticism over the diplomatic handling of the recent hostilities with Pakistan, the optics of appearing alongside world leaders would have been politically useful. It would also have underlined India's stature in contrast to Pakistan, which has never been invited to a G8 or G7 summit. It could also have presented an opportunity for a high-profile encounter with US President Donald Trump in the aftermath of Operation Sindoor. But, such an interaction could cut both ways politically for the Indian prime minister due to Trump's fondness for repeating the claim of having played a key role in halting the fighting. Even if an invitation were to arrive now, it is unclear whether New Delhi would be prepared to face certain protests by pro-Khalistani groups. While the summit venue at Kananaskis, Alberta, will be heavily secured, the Canadian hosts have devised a way to pierce the bubble – audio and video feeds from three designated protest zones will be livestreamed to screens at the summit venue. 'People who want to express themselves, as is their right, can't get close to the leaders, so the leaders won't see and hear the protests. So by establishing that video link, we are helping facilitate that Charter access,' said a senior Canadian official. Khalistani protests outside Indian diplomatic missions have long been a source of friction between India and Canada. India wanted a complete prohibition, while Canada has maintained that peaceful protests is protected under Canadian law. A last-minute invitation would also present serious logistical challenges. Accommodation around the venue is already scarce. A Canadian media report quoted the Japanese consul general as saying it had been a major challenge to secure rooms for the 300-member Japanese delegation. This year's G7 summit also comes twenty months after India's ties with the host country, Canada, collapsed. In September 2023, then Prime Minister Justin Trudeau told parliament that Indian agents were involved in the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, a Canadian citizen whom New Delhi had designated a Khalistani terrorist. India rejected the allegation and downgraded diplomatic relations. Since then, neither country has had an ambassador, and both embassies have been operating with reduced staff. When Canada was initially announced as host of the 2025 summit, it was assumed that Trudeau would chair the event, with Parliament's term running until 2026. At the time, there was little expectation that bilateral ties would improve enough for India to be invited. The hope was also that Trump's import tariffs would also spur both Canada and India to look beyond the Nijjar killings to urgently prioritise a diversified economic partnership. But, Canada has already signalled that full reconciliation would take some time. 'We are certainly taking it one step at a time . As I mentioned, the rule of law will never be compromised, and there is an ongoing investigation regarding the case that you mentioned,' said Canada's new Indian-origin foreign minister Anita Anand last month. 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The Hindu
31 minutes ago
- The Hindu
Most next-gen HNWIs in India will increase offshore assets more than 10% by 2030: Capgemini
By 2030, some 98% of next-generation High Net Worth Individuals (HNWIs) in India are planning to increase their offshore assets by more than 10%, reported Capgemini on Wednesday. According a World Wealth Report 2025 released by the French tech firm, this greater focus on offshore investments (investments or physical assets such as real estate or jewellery, or financial assets like bank accounts, investments, and insurance policies outside their home country) comes from better investment options (55%), better wealth management services (65%), better market connectivity (54%), better tax regulations and economic and political stability (49%). Further, the survey found, India and Japan stood out in the Asia-Pacific region, with both countries registering 5.6% growth in the number of high net worth individuals, adding 20,000 and 210,000 millionaires, respectively, in 2024. Within the largest individual markets, the U.S. led the growth adding 5,62,000 millionaires as the country's HNWI population grew by 7.6% to 7.9 million in 2024. India had 378,810 millionaires at the end of last year with a total wealth of $1.5 trillion, Japan had 3989820 millionaires with a total wealth of $9.9 trillion and China had 15,02,460 millionaires at the end of 2024 with a total wealth of $7.9 trillion. India had 333,340 millionaires next door at the end of 2024, with a wealth of $628.93 billion and the country also had 4290 ultra HNWIs at the end of CY24 with a wealth of $534.77 billion. It further found that the global HNWIs population rose by 2.6% in 2024 and this increase was driven by the growth in the population of ultra-high-net-worth individuals (UHNWIs), which grew by 6.2%, as strong stock markets and AI optimism boosted portfolio returns. The data indicated that alternative investments, such as private equity and cryptocurrencies, were now an established presence in HNWI holdings, representing 15% of their portfolios. Globally, some 6472 HNWIs, including 5,472 next gen HNWIs were part of this study. Some 19% of these people were from the AsiaPac region, including India.
