Papal conclave by the numbers

CNA

07-05-2025

VATICAN CITY: The Vatican's papal conclave to choose a new spiritual leader for the world's 1.4 billion Catholics is governed by procedures and rituals that have evolved over centuries.
But the result of the election will be influenced by an arithmetic unique to this year's exercise:
133 CARDINAL ELECTORS
A record number of churchmen are eligible to vote in the conclave. There are 135 who meet the criteria - to be a cardinal under the age of 80 - but only 133 are to take part in the vote, with two said to be too ill to attend. This is up from 115 during the last two conclaves in 2005 and 2013.
Among them, 52 hail from Europe, 23 from Asia, 17 from South or Central America, 17 from Africa, 20 from North America and four from Oceania.
69 COUNTRIES
The cardinal electors come from 69 countries across five continents, another record, plus Jerusalem.
70 YEARS AND THREE MONTHS
The average age of the cardinal electors is 70 years and three months. The youngest is Ukraine's Mykola Bychok, archbishop of Melbourne, at 45.
The oldest is Carlos Osoro Sierra, a Spaniard who at 79 years and 11 months was almost too old to vote.
81.2 PER CENT
A large majority, 81.2 per cent, of the 133 cardinal electors were appointed by Pope Francis during his 12 years at the head of the Holy See. These 108 are taking part in their first conclave.
Among the veterans, 20 were named by Benedict XVI and five by John Paul II.
17 ITALIANS
For centuries ,both the papacy and the college of cardinals were dominated by Italians, but as the church has gone global, their numbers have fallen.
Nevertheless, at 17, Italy still has the biggest national contribution, down from 28 in 2013.
15 NEW COUNTRIES
Some 15 countries are represented for the first time, with cardinals from Haiti, Cape Verde, Papua New Guinea and South Sudan.
18 RELIGIOUS ORDERS
Within the Catholic Church are several religious orders. Pope Francis, for example, was a Jesuit and 18 such movements will have cardinals in the Sistine Chapel for the voting.
FOUR VOTES PER DAY
If no clear winner emerges in the initial ballot, the cardinals will vote four times a day, twice in the morning and twice in the afternoon, until a majority emerges.
89-VOTE MAJORITY
The new pope will need a two-thirds majority. With 133 in the room, 89 cardinals must write their names on their secret ballot papers.
TWO STOVES
The ballots cast by the cardinals are burned in a stove, both to preserve the secrecy of the process and to act as a signal of progress to the faithful gathered outside the sealed chapel.
Today, two stoves are used, connected to the same chimney.
In one, the ballots are burned, in the other, a chemical compound is burned to create either black smoke - no majority yet -- or white - a new pope has been chosen.
TWO DAYS?
If no majority emerges quickly, in theory, a conclave could continue for weeks or months.
In practice, the previous two - the 2005 election of Pope Benedict XVI and of Pope Francis in 2013 - lasted two days.
In the 20th and 21st centuries, conclaves have never lasted longer than five days, as was the case for Pope Pius XI's election in 1922, which required 14 ballots.