Skulls, smoke and spirits: Thai ceremony for the unclaimed dead

Kuwait Times

03-05-2025

Flames crackle through piles of hundreds of human skulls and thick grey smoke pours into the Thai sky in a moment as spiritually significant as it is gruesome. The Lang Pacha ceremony is observed by Thais of Chinese descent to give a dignified funeral to the unclaimed dead. In Thailand, hospitals hand unidentified bodies and those with no-one to give them appropriate last rites to local foundations. These then bury the corpses in graveyards, sometimes for several years, before a weeks-long ritual when they are exhumed, cleaned and all cremated together.
In Buddhist belief, the spirits of the uncremated remain trapped between worlds and cannot be reincarnated until monks perform the proper rites. "Spirits without cremation still roam," said Pisit Pongsirisupakul, vice president of the Dhamma of Buddha Nakhon Ratchasima Foundation, which organized the event.
"They suffer and they can't be reborn. We help them move on, and that's why this is an act of merit," he told AFP. Buddhists believe death marks the beginning of a new life, and making merit ensures a better rebirth. "It's not scary," said Pisit. "When people die, we all look the same -- like skeletons."
A Thai banknote placed on a collection of human bones after the cleaning skeletons ritual.
A Thai volunteer cleaning human bones for the Lang Pa Cha ceremony.
Volunteers arranging a skeleton into the shape of the human body after cleaning during the Lang Pacha ceremony.
Thai volunteers offering prayers after cleaning a human skeleton.
Volunteers praying to the washed human skeletal remains in bags after cleaning them.
Thai volunteers cleaning bones during the Lang Pa Cha ceremony.
A volunteer placing a gold sticker on a cleaned skull.
A Thai volunteer carrying cleaned bones for drying.
Thai volunteers placing cleaned bones for drying.
An elderly Thai volunteer looking over cleaned bones kept for drying.
Thai volunteer holding a cleaned skull as the remains are placed for drying.
A young Thai girl holding a cleaned skull during the Lang Pacha ritual ceremony.
Empty eyesocket
The ritual begins with volunteers digging up the graves -- the event's name translates as "cleaning the jungle" -- before brushing dirt and flesh from the remains and washing them in holy water boiled with tea leaves. One man scrubbed out an empty eyesocket firmly with a toothbrush. The scene is incongruously cheerful: wearing blue surgical gloves, Pimjai Sornrach grinned broadly as she held a skull, declaring "it's so good, it's so good", while her smiling friend held up a femur for the camera.
"I just want to be there whenever there's an event like this," said Pimjai, a 54-year-old shopkeeper. She started volunteering at 17 after seeing two people killed in a hit-and-run, and says the ritual is about helping others as well as earning merit. "My heart tells me to go."
Accumulated over the course of a decade, some of the 600 corpses were only recently deceased and the smell of death hung over the foundation complex in Nakhon Ratchasima province, north of Bangkok. Some will have been Alzheimer's patients who wandered from their homes, never to be found by their families, others include road accident victims or undocumented labourers from Myanmar. Laid out to dry, the remains are combined and divided up by bone type and laid out on mats or piled in buckets -- hundreds of skulls, leg bones and others. It is a family occasion -- two young girls sat alongside rows of skulls, each holding an anonymous head in their lap.
Thai volunteer preparing bones for drying during the Lang Pacha ritual ceremony.
Thai volunteers carrying cleaned bones after drying.
A Thai volunteer storing cleaned skeletal remains in a makeshift storage room during the Lang Pa Cha ceremony.
Thai volunteers cleaning bones during the Lang Pa Cha ceremony.
A Thai volunteer (left) taking a selfie with a cleaned skull.
Thai volunteers placing cleaned skulls for drying.
An elderly Thai volunteer offering prayers on a cleaned skull.
Thai volunteers carrying cleaned bones after drying.
Participants attending the funeral rituals during the Lang Pacha ceremony at the Dhamma of Buddha Nakhon Ratchasima Foundation complex in Thailand's Nakhon Ratchasima province. --AFP photos
A man taking photos of mummified human remains next to skulls covered in gold leaf during the Lang Pacha ceremony.
Smoke rising from cremations during the Lang Pacha ceremony at the Dhamma of Buddha Nakhon Ratchasima Foundation complex in Thailand's Nakhon Ratchasima province.
Participants leaving merit offerings as part of funeral rituals during the Lang Pacha ceremony.
A volunteer shielding himself from the heat as smoke rises from cremations during the Lang Pacha ceremony.
Volunteers throwing sandalwood flowers as funeral cremations take place during the Lang Pacha ceremony.
Skeletal remains being cremated atop a pyre during the Lang Pa Cha ceremony at the Dhamma of Buddha Nakhon Ratchasima Foundation complex in Thailand's Nakhon Ratchasima province.
'Peace of mind'
In the days running up to the ceremony's climax, volunteers press gold leaf onto the bones, and reconstruct faces on a few. Each set of bones is loaded by turn into two separate crematorium towers -- one for the men, one for the women -- with the skulls on top completing the stacks. Monks chant and pray before the flames are lit. Later the ashes from each tower will be interred in a graveyard.
Thitiwat Pornpiratsakul, 63, began volunteering after he, his wife and two sons survived a bus crash 20 years ago. "Our bus flipped over, and no one came to help us," he recalled. "My wife and children were with me. We felt helpless." Since recovering, he has taken part in the ritual every year. "My family and I have stayed healthy, and I believe it's because we help in this ceremony," he said. Organizers say the event not only honors the dead, but also highlights a need for legal reform.
Pisit has long campaigned for government support to expand DNA testing and connect the civil registration system to police forensics to help identify the unclaimed. "We need a centralized database where families can search by ID and find their loved ones," he said.--AFP