Tradition and clarity

Express Tribune

24-03-2025

The sighting of the moon has long been a cornerstone of Islamic tradition, marking the beginning of Ramazan and the celebration of Eid. Historically, the naked-eye sighting of the crescent moon has been the prescribed method under Islamic Shariah, ensuring accessibility for all Muslims, regardless of geographical location or technological resources. However, as science and technology continue to advance, the question arises: should Islamic rulings on moon sighting incorporate astronomical tools, or should they remain bound to traditional methods? This debate reflects a broader tension between religious tradition and scientific progress.
As a physicist, I find the discussion particularly intriguing, as it highlights the interplay between empirical observation and faith-based practice. Modern astronomy allows for precise predictions regarding the moon's position, visibility and phase, offering a level of accuracy that far surpasses human eyesight. Given this, is it not reasonable to integrate scientific advancements to unify moon sighting decisions and reduce confusion?
Modern observatories, telescopes and computer simulations can determine the exact moment the moon becomes visible, even when weather conditions obscure direct sighting. Astronomical software and satellite imaging can predict moon visibility based on factors such as atmospheric conditions, light pollution and geographical elevation. These methods do not replace the act of sighting the crescent but serve as invaluable tools to verify claims and prevent disputes that frequently lead to differing dates for Islamic observances.
Furthermore, there are parallels between this debate and scientific inquiry itself. In physics, observation is central to validating theories, but the tools we use - whether particle accelerators, electron microscopes or space telescopes - are designed to enhance human perception. The same principle applies to moon sighting: scientific instruments extend our natural abilities, enabling us to see what the naked eye may miss.
Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) offers diverse viewpoints on this issue. Some scholars argue that since Islam permits the use of tools to enhance human capability, telescopes and astronomical data should be considered in moon sighting. Others insist that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) prescribed direct human sighting, and reliance on calculations contradicts this tradition. The majority view lies in the middle - acknowledging the utility of technology while maintaining that physical sighting remains a key requirement.
Interestingly, some scholars have proposed high-altitude moon sightings from airplanes or mountaintops to ensure clearer visibility. While this approach could provide a solution, it raises concerns about practicality and inclusivity. Islam emphasises equality in religious obligations, ensuring that acts of worship remain accessible to all, not just those with advanced technology. If moon sighting became dependent on sophisticated equipment, it could create a divide between the privileged and underprivileged, contradicting the universal nature of Islamic practice.
To resolve this issue, Islamic scholars and scientists must adopt a balanced approach. Technology should serve as a guiding tool rather than a replacement for direct human observation. A unified lunar calendar, informed by both traditional methods and scientific precision, could minimise discrepancies that lead to multiple Eid celebrations within the same country. By integrating astronomical data to verify witness testimonies, Islamic authorities can enhance the accuracy and credibility of moon sighting decisions.
The beauty of both science and faith lies in their pursuit of truth. Just as physicists refine their models to better understand the universe, religious scholars can embrace tools that enhance clarity without compromising tradition. In the spirit of both inquiry and faith, a collaborative approach between science and Islamic scholarship is not just possible - it is essential for fostering unity and ensuring that religious observance remains both precise and accessible in the modern world.