11 steps: How a new Pope is elected
Apostolic Constitution 'Universi Dominici Gregis' outlines procedures for electing pontiff
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Here's a step-by-step guide to how a new Pope is elected, based on current Roman Catholic Church procedures, especially as outlined by the Apostolic Constitution Universi Dominici Gregis and updated rules by Pope Benedict XVI and Pope Francis:
1. Death or Resignation of the Pope
The papacy becomes vacant when the pope dies or resigns (as Benedict XVI did in 2013).
The Camerlengo (Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church) confirms the death and seals the papal apartments.
2. Nine Days of Mourning – 'Novemdiales'
Nine days of official mourning follow the Pope's death.
During this time, daily Requiem Masses are held.
3. Sede Vacante Begins
" Sede Vacante" means "the seat is vacant."
During this time, no major decisions about Church doctrine or direction can be made.
The College of Cardinals takes temporary charge of Church administration.
4. Conclave Preparation
Held in the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City.
Only cardinal electors under age 80 (maximum 120 in number) are eligible to vote.
The cardinals are sworn to secrecy and are sequestered —cut off from the outside world.
5. Oath of Secrecy
Each cardinal elector takes an oath before voting begins:
'I promise, pledge and swear to observe absolute and perpetual secrecy...'
6. Voting Begins: 2/3 needed
Ballots are cast twice in the morning and twice in the afternoon (four times per day).
A candidate must receive a two-thirds majority to be elected.
7. Voting Procedure
Each vote follows this pattern:
Each cardinal writes a name on a secret ballot.
The ballots are collected and counted.
The votes are read aloud and tallied by scrutineers.
The ballots are burned in a special stove.
8. Smoke Signals
9. Acceptance
10. Dressing the New Pope
11. Public Announcement – 'Habemus Papam'
The Cardinal Protodeacon (currently Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran during Francis's election) steps out onto the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica and announces:
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