The HHS transformation
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Driving the Day
A SWEEPING OVERHAUL — In his first few months on the job, HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has moved to upend the people and processes that have guided decision-making about vaccines, POLITICO's Lauren Gardner and Sophie Gardner report.
The sweeping actions underscore the broad mandate President Donald Trump gave him to remake the federal health department. Kennedy has said his mission is to reestablish trust by rooting out corruption in the health agencies — stemming, he believes, from the symbiotic relationship between regulators and industry.
'Secretary Kennedy is restoring trust by demanding radical transparency and ending the complacency that defined past public health failures,' HHS spokesperson Andrew Nixon told POLITICO in a statement Thursday, noting that Kennedy's commitment to putting 'accountability and radical transparency first' will 'restore trust in our public health system.'
But leaders in the public health establishment say his actions are more likely to do the opposite, arguing he distorts scientific data to suit his message.
'What he's doing is undermining trust,' said Tom Frieden, who led the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during Barack Obama's presidency.
Background: This week, Kennedy purged a government panel of outside vaccine experts and appointed eight replacements, some of whom share his view that the government has covered up vaccine side effects.
He skipped the advisory process in changing who the government says should get Covid vaccines and stoked confusion when he issued updated guidance that gave parents room to decide for themselves. He's hired an anti-vaccine activist to scour government records on vaccine safety and launched a search for autism's cause. Kennedy has long believed vaccines are one cause of the neurological disorder.
'If we have a system that has been dismantled — one that allowed for open, evidence-based decision-making and that supported transparent and clear dialogue about vaccines — and then we replace it with a process that's driven largely by one person's beliefs, that creates a system that cannot be trusted,' said Dr. Helen Chu, a University of Washington School of Medicine professor who was dismissed from the vaccine panel this week.
Why it matters: Public health experts worry that Kennedy's hyper-skepticism about vaccine safety, which could be amplified now by like-minded members of his vaccine advisory panel, will mislead more people into believing the shots are unsafe, causing immunization rates to dip and infectious diseases to spread.
Even so: To Kennedy's supporters, he's just doing what Trump asked him to do.
'Frankly, the experts really got an awful lot wrong about Covid in particular, so I think in general, the American population right now is pretty darn skeptical of the so-called experts,' said Mary Holland, president and general counsel at Children's Health Defense, the anti-vaccine nonprofit Kennedy founded.
WELCOME TO FRIDAY PULSE. Have a tip about one of the new ACIP members? Send it my way to khooper@politico.com, and follow along @Kelhoops.
In Congress
FENTANYL BILL PASSES — Legislation enshrining tougher sentences for fentanyl traffickers is headed to President Donald Trump's desk after the House voted to pass the bill Thursday.
The HALT Fentanyl Act will permanently classify street versions of fentanyl, the killer synthetic opioid, as Schedule I substances. The deadly and addictive drug has been temporarily classified as such since 2018.
The House passed its version of the legislation in February, and the Senate passed its version in March. The chambers had to resolve minor differences in the legislation before the House's 321-104 procedural vote Thursday that sent the bill to Trump's desk.
Why it matters: The bill's quick passage in the early days of the GOP's control of Congress and the White House suggests the party sees cracking down on the opioid epidemic as a political winner and top policy priority. Republicans have often tied the issue to the push to beef up border security and stem the flow of illegal drugs into the United States.
But the legislation is also bipartisan, with dozens of Senate and House Democrats joining Republicans to vote for the bill's passage.
Even so: Many other Democrats have complained the bill would lean too heavily on law enforcement and exacerbate what they see as a mass incarceration crisis.
HOUSE NARROWLY APPROVES RESCISSIONS PACKAGE — In a 214-212 vote Thursday, House lawmakers advanced a request from the White House to claw back $9.4 billion that lawmakers have already approved for public media and foreign assistance, including global health programs, POLITICO's Katherine Tully-McManus and Jennifer Scholtes report.
The vote is a major victory for President Donald Trump, who had lobbied hard for lawmakers to pass the legislation, including in a social media post shortly before members went to the floor. It's also a huge relief for House Speaker Mike Johnson, who hours earlier was projecting cautious optimism that the package of funding cuts would pass despite knowing his margins were exceedingly narrow.
The legislation would revoke $8.3 billion in foreign aid and $1.1 billion for public broadcasting. It faced opposition from some Republican lawmakers concerned about slashing the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, or PEPFAR.
Key context: The final margin was narrow — as many as six Republicans had been recorded as opposing the bill, two of whom ultimately changed their votes.
What's next: The package now heads to the Senate, where Republicans are discussing whether they can amend it — despite the complicated mechanics for doing so. The rescissions process was created under the decades-old law enacted to block presidents from withholding federal cash Congress has already approved.
Asked by POLITICO whether he'll push for changes, Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.), chair of the state-foreign operations funding panel, said, 'I'm a big fan of PEPFAR, so I'll get back with you about that.'
Tobacco
EU WEIGHS TOBACCO TAX HIKE — The European Commission is weighing a tax increase of 258 percent on rolling tobacco and 139 percent on cigarettes, according to an impact assessment obtained by POLITICO. The body wants to start taxing vapes and heated tobacco products too.
The document attributes about 40 percent of the decline in smoking in the EU over the past decade to taxes. But it states the 'current minimum tax rates have lost traction in terms of making an effective contribution to reducing tobacco consumption.'
WHAT WE'RE READING
POLITICO's David Lim and Robert King report on Sen. Bill Cassidy circulating a draft bill resembling the Trump administration's push for a most-favored nation drug policy.
The Associated Press' Lindsay Whitehurst reports on a Supreme Court win for a teenage girl with a rare form of epilepsy that could make disability lawsuits against schools easier.
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This article is published by a partner of TIME. The history of the United States is a narrative of groundbreaking decisions and incredible events, each involving individuals and groups whose vision, bravery, and determination shaped the nation. From the bold actions of the Founding Fathers to the tireless efforts of activists and leaders, these moments reflect the power of leadership and collective action in shaping history. This article, using research assistance from ChatGPT, explores the top 10 defining moments in American history. This list highlights figures ranging from presidents and revolutionaries to grassroots organizers who played critical roles in steering the country through periods of upheaval and progress. These moments offer lessons that continue to resonate today, shaping our understanding of the past and guiding future generations. 1. The Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776) The Declaration of Independence was more than just a call for freedom—it was a bold statement of principles that defined the values of a new nation. Drafted by Thomas Jefferson, the document outlined the colonies' grievances against the British monarchy and declared their intention to form a government based on liberty and equality. It marked the beginning of the United States as an independent entity and set a precedent for democracies worldwide. The act of declaring independence unified the colonies, inspiring them to work together toward a shared goal. Its ideas resonated far beyond America, influencing revolutionary movements in France and Latin America. Even today, the Declaration remains a symbol of the country's commitment to self-governance and human rights. Unified the Colonies: Created a shared cause for independence. Inspired Global Revolutions: Sparked democratic movements in France, Haiti, and Latin America. Laid a Foundation: Set the stage for the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights. 2. The Civil War (1861–1865) The Civil War was a conflict that nearly tore the United States apart, testing the resilience of the nation and its values. It was a war fought over fundamental differences, including slavery and states' rights, and it ultimately resulted in a stronger federal government and the abolition of slavery. The war also highlighted the extraordinary leadership of figures like Abraham Lincoln, whose determination to preserve the Union changed the course of history. The end of the war marked the beginning of a long and difficult journey toward equality and justice for African Americans. Reconstruction, while fraught with challenges, laid the groundwork for future civil rights movements, ensuring that the war's sacrifices were not in vain. 3. The Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863) Issued during the height of the Civil War, the Emancipation Proclamation signaled a transformative shift in the Union's goals. No longer just a fight to preserve the nation, the war became a moral crusade to end slavery. While the proclamation initially freed enslaved individuals only in Confederate states, it set the tone for nationwide abolition and gave enslaved African Americans hope for a better future. Abraham Lincoln's decision to issue the proclamation also had a profound impact on the Union's efforts, bolstering its moral authority and encouraging African Americans to join the fight. It remains a defining moment in the journey toward equality and justice in America. 4. The Women's Suffrage Movement (1848–1920) The fight for women's voting rights was a decades-long struggle marked by courage, resilience, and relentless advocacy. From the first Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls in 1848 to the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, suffragists worked tirelessly to break down barriers and expand democracy. Their success not only gave women the right to vote but also inspired future movements for gender equality. The Women's Suffrage Movement demonstrated the power of collective action and laid the foundation for advances in civil rights for all marginalized groups. Grassroots Activism: Showcased the power of organized efforts. Expanded Democracy: Brought women into the electoral process. Inspired Future Movements: Advanced ongoing gender equality efforts. 5. The Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression (1929–1939) The stock market crash of 1929 exposed deep vulnerabilities in the American economy, triggering a decade of hardship known as the Great Depression. Unemployment soared, banks failed, and millions of Americans were plunged into poverty. The crisis forced the government to reconsider its role in stabilizing the economy. Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs brought relief, recovery, and reform, establishing protections like Social Security and unemployment insurance. These measures reshaped the relationship between the government and its citizens, influencing economic policies for decades to come. 6. World War II and Pearl Harbor (1941–1945) The attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 brought the United States into World War II, a conflict that reshaped the global order. The war effort unified the nation, spurred technological innovation, and established America as a global superpower. From the beaches of Normandy to the islands of the Pacific, the U.S. played a decisive role in defeating Axis powers. The war also advanced scientific discoveries, such as the Manhattan Project, which would influence global geopolitics for decades. Defeated Fascism: Played a major role in ending fascist regimes in Europe and Japan. Technological Advances: Accelerated innovation in industries like aerospace. Created Global Institutions: Led to the formation of the United Nations. 7. The Civil Rights Movement (1954–1968) The Civil Rights Movement was a transformative period that challenged systemic racism and segregation in the United States. Through peaceful protests, legal battles, and powerful speeches, leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and organizations like the NAACP pushed for equal rights under the law. The movement's achievements, including the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act, dismantled institutional barriers and inspired global struggles for human rights. It also underscored the importance of perseverance in the face of injustice. 8. The Moon Landing (July 20, 1969) The moon landing of 1969 was a milestone in human history, symbolizing achievement and innovation. Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the moon, fulfilling President John F. Kennedy's bold vision. The Apollo 11 mission demonstrated the United States' technological and scientific leadership during the Cold War. It also inspired a sense of wonder and possibility, encouraging exploration and advancements in fields like computing and engineering. 9. 9/11 Terrorist Attacks (September 11, 2001) The 9/11 attacks were a tragic and pivotal moment in American history that reshaped global security and U.S. foreign policy. The attacks led to the War on Terror, increased domestic surveillance, and significant military engagements in the Middle East. Beyond its geopolitical impacts, 9/11 united Americans in grief and resilience. The heroism of first responders and the unity shown by citizens highlighted the strength of the nation in times of crisis. Military Strategy: Spurred U.S. engagements in the Middle East. Security Measures: Increased surveillance and counterterrorism efforts. Global Impact: The 9/11 attacks had profound global ramifications, reshaping international security and diplomacy. In response to the unprecedented act of terrorism, nations around the world united to combat the shared threat posed by extremist groups. The attacks led to the creation of coalitions like the NATO-led mission in Afghanistan and increased collaboration on intelligence sharing and counterterrorism operations. Many countries implemented stricter security measures, including enhanced airport screenings and expanded surveillance laws, fundamentally changing how the world approached border control and public safety. However, the aftermath of 9/11 also created geopolitical tensions, particularly surrounding the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. While initially uniting nations in solidarity, the long-term consequences of the War on Terror sparked debates over foreign policy, civil liberties, and human rights. Economically, the attacks disrupted global markets and impacted industries such as aviation and tourism, while the costs of military operations and heightened security strained budgets worldwide. The legacy of 9/11 continues to influence international relations, security policies, and global efforts to address radicalization and extremism. 10. The Election of Barack Obama (November 4, 2008) Barack Obama's election as the first African American president was a landmark moment in U.S. history, symbolizing progress in the fight for racial equality. His presidency addressed critical issues like healthcare reform, economic recovery, and climate change. Obama's rise to the presidency energized diverse voters, particularly young people and minority groups. His leadership reflected America's evolving identity and commitment to inclusivity. Empowered Diverse Voters: Energized youth and minority turnout. Landmark Policies: Introduced the Affordable Care Act and addressed climate change. Symbolized Progress: Reflected America's commitment to inclusion. Conclusion on Top 10 Historical Events These ten moments demonstrate how pivotal decisions and decisive leadership have shaped the United States and its role on the global stage. By examining these events, we gain a deeper understanding of the nation's journey and insights into shaping the future. Related Articles: About the Authors: Richard D. Harroch is a Senior Advisor to CEOs, management teams, and Boards of Directors. He is an expert on M&A, venture capital, startups, and business contracts. He was the Managing Director and Global Head of M&A at VantagePoint Capital Partners, a venture capital fund in the San Francisco area. His focus is on internet, digital media, AI and technology companies. He was the founder of several Internet companies. His articles have appeared online in Forbes, Fortune, MSN, Yahoo, Fox Business and Richard is the author of several books on startups and entrepreneurship as well as the co-author of Poker for Dummies and a Wall Street Journal-bestselling book on small business. He is the co-author of a 1,500-page book published by Bloomberg on mergers and acquisitions of privately held companies. He was also a corporate and M&A partner at the international law firm of Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe. He has been involved in over 200 M&A transactions and 250 startup financings. He can be reached through LinkedIn. Dominique Harroch is the Chief of Staff at She has acted as a Chief of Staff or Operations Leader for multiple companies where she leveraged her extensive experience in operations management, strategic planning, and team leadership to drive organizational success. With a background that spans over two decades in operations leadership, event planning at her own start-up and marketing at various financial and retail companies, Dominique is known for her ability to optimize processes, manage complex projects and lead high-performing teams. She holds a BA in English and Psychology from U.C. Berkeley and an MBA from the University of San Francisco. She can be reached via LinkedIn.
