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Time of India
03-06-2025
- General
- Time of India
Measles virus can stay in the air for up to 2 hours: Here's how to stay safe
The measles virus doesn't need direct contact to infect you—it can hang in the air for up to two hours after an infected person has coughed or sneezed. As summer travel ramps up, this highly contagious respiratory disease is riding the wings of global movement, making stops in airports, concerts, and tourist hotspots. According to a new advisory issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 'Travelers can catch measles in many travel settings, including travel hubs like airports and train stations, on public transportation like airplanes and trains, at tourist attractions, and at large, crowded events.' As of May 30, the U.S. has recorded 1,088 confirmed cases of measles across 32 states—its worst outbreak since 2020. The CDC also reported that 62 of those cases involved individuals traveling by air. How measles spreads—and why it's so dangerous Measles spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. But unlike many other viruses, it remains viable in the air and on surfaces for hours after exposure. Measles, a highly contagious viral disease, spreads through the air when an infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes, releasing tiny droplets containing the virus. These droplets can infect others who breathe them in or by touching surfaces contaminated with the droplets and then touching their mouth, nose, or eyes. The CDC notes that people are contagious up to four days before and after the rash associated with measles appears. Early symptoms mimic the common cold: high fever, cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes. The best protection: Get vaccinated The CDC recommends the MMR vaccine—measles, mumps, and rubella—for everyone, especially those planning to travel internationally. Infants between 6 to 11 months should get one dose at least two weeks before departure. Children should then receive two more doses: one between 12 and 15 months, and the second between ages 4 and 6. 'Children 12 months old and older, teenagers, and adults who are unsure of their immunity against measles should receive two doses of MMR vaccine at least 28 days apart before international travel,' the CDC emphasized in its advisory. Adults who were vaccinated between 1963 and 1967 may have received a less effective version of the vaccine. 'If you fall into that age range and you are not sure what version of the vaccine you got,' said Adam Ratner, director of pediatric infectious diseases at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 'the CDC recommends another dose.' For those born before 1957, the assumption is that natural infection during childhood has conferred immunity. Air Travel: What's the real risk? Despite the airborne nature of measles, the actual risk on airplanes is lower than you might think. Experts explain that the act of traveling is not inherently risky, as airplanes have filters; however, this filter system is often turned off during boarding and deplaning. Most cases tied to travel don't occur mid-flight, but rather at destinations with active outbreaks. What about terminals and public spaces? Measles transmission isn't limited to the air or your airplane seat. According to a 2014 CDC report, four unvaccinated people contracted measles after brief exposures inside a U.S. airport terminal—not even in the international section. While the advisory should be taken with utmost seriousness, there is no need for panic. Exposed and unvaccinated? Here's what you can do If you're unvaccinated and believe you've been exposed to measles, timing is critical. The CDC advises getting the MMR vaccine within 72 hours of exposure to reduce symptom severity or prevent illness entirely. If vaccination isn't an option, a dose of immunoglobulin within six days may help. For travelers who can't receive the vaccine due to pregnancy, immune compromise, or recent vaccinations, the CDC suggests speaking with a clinician—and possibly postponing your trip. Measles cases have been confirmed this year in 32 states, including California, Florida, Texas, and New York. Globally, outbreaks in Mexico and Canada have contributed to the CDC's push for pre-travel vaccination to any international destination. One step to a healthier you—join Times Health+ Yoga and feel the change
Yahoo
14-04-2025
- Health
- Yahoo
‘Not just measles': Whooping cough cases are soaring as vaccine rates decline
This story was originally published by ProPublica, a nonprofit newsroom that investigates abuses of power. Sign up to receive its biggest stories as soon as they're published. In the past six months, two babies in Louisiana have died of pertussis, the disease commonly known as whooping cough. Washington state recently announced its first confirmed death from pertussis in more than a decade. Idaho and South Dakota each reported a death this year, and Oregon last year reported two as well as its highest number of cases since 1950. While much of the country is focused on the spiraling measles outbreak concentrated in the small, dusty towns of West Texas, cases of pertussis have skyrocketed by more than 1,500% nationwide since hitting a recent low in 2021 amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Deaths tied to the disease are also up, hitting 10 last year, compared with about two to four in previous years. Cases are on track to exceed that total this year. Doctors, researchers and public health experts warn that the measles outbreak, which has grown to more than 600 cases, may just be the beginning. They say outbreaks of preventable diseases could get much worse with falling vaccination rates and the Trump administration slashing spending on the country's public health infrastructure. National rates for four major vaccines, which had held relatively steady in the years before the COVID-19 pandemic, have fallen significantly since, according to a ProPublica analysis of the most recent federal kindergarten vaccination data. Not only have vaccination rates for measles, mumps and rubella fallen, but federal data shows that so have those for pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B and polio. In addition, public health experts say that growing pockets of unvaccinated populations across the country place babies and young children in danger should there be a resurgence of these diseases. Many medical authorities view measles, which is especially contagious, as the canary in the coal mine, but pertussis cases may also be a warning, albeit one that has attracted far less attention. 'This is not just measles,' said Dr. Adam Ratner, a pediatric infectious diseases doctor in New York City and author of the book 'Booster Shots: The Urgent Lessons of Measles and the Uncertain Future of Children's Health.' 'It's a bright-red warning light.' At least 36 states have witnessed a drop in rates for at least one key vaccine from the 2013-14 to the 2023-24 school years. And half of states have seen an across-the-board decline in all four vaccination rates. Wisconsin, Utah and Alaska have experienced some of the most precipitous drops during that time, with declines of more than 10 percentage points in some cases. 'There is a direct correlation between vaccination rates and vaccine-preventable disease outbreak rates,' said a spokesperson for the Utah Department of Health and Human Services. 'Decreases in vaccination rates will likely lead to more outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases in Utah.' But statewide figures alone don't provide a full picture. Tucked inside each state are counties and communities with far lower vaccination rates that drive outbreaks. For example, the whooping cough vaccination rate for kindergartners in Washington state in 2023-24 was 90.2%, slightly below the U.S. rate of 92.3%, federal data shows. But the statewide rate for children 19 to 35 months last year was 65.4%, according to state data. In four counties, that rate was in the 30% range. In one county, it was below 12%. 'My concern is that there is going to be a large outbreak of not just measles, but other vaccine-preventable diseases as well, that's going to end up causing a lot of harm, and possibly deaths in children and young adults,' said Dr. Anna Durbin, a professor in the Department of International Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health who has spent her career studying vaccines. 'And it's completely preventable.' The dramatic cuts to public health funding and staffing could heighten the risk. And the elevation of Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a longtime vaccine critic, to the secretary of the federal Department of Health and Human Services, several experts said, has only compounded matters. The Trump administration has eliminated 20,000 jobs at agencies within HHS, which includes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the nation's public health agency. And late last month, the administration also cut $11 billion from state and local public health agencies on the front lines of protecting Americans from outbreaks; the administration said the money was no longer necessary after the end of the pandemic. Several city and county public health officials had to move quickly to lay off nurses, epidemiologists and disease inspectors. Some ceased vaccination clinics, halted wastewater surveillance programs and even terminated a contract with the courier service that transports specimens to state labs to test for infectious diseases. One Minnesota public health agency, which had provided 1,400 shots for children at clinics last year, immediately stopped those clinics when the directive arrived, court records show. A federal judge temporarily barred HHS from enacting the cuts, but the ruling, which came more than a week after the grants were terminated, was too late for programs that had already been canceled and employees who had already been laid off. Lawyers for HHS have asked the judge to reconsider her decision in light of a recent Supreme Court ruling that allowed the Department of Education to terminate grants for teacher training while that case is being argued in lower courts. The judge in the HHS case has not yet ruled on the motion. But in tiny storefronts and cozy homes, at school fairs and gas stations, many residents in West Texas, near where the measles outbreak has taken hold, appear unfazed. 'I don't need a vaccine,' one man sitting on his porch said recently. 'I don't get sick.' 'It's measles. It's been around forever,' said a woman making her way to her car. 'I don't think it's a big deal.' When asked why they weren't planning on vaccinating their baby, a husband walking alongside his wife who was 27 weeks pregnant simply said, 'It's God's will.' In word and deed, Kennedy has sown doubt about immunizations. In response to the measles outbreak, Kennedy initially said in a column he wrote for Fox News that the decision to vaccinate is a 'personal one.' HHS sent doses of vitamin A alongside vaccines to Texas, and Kennedy praised the use of cod liver oil. Only the vaccine prevents measles. About a week later, in an interview on Fox News, while Kennedy encouraged vaccines, he said he was a 'freedom of choice person.' At the same time, he emphasized the risks of the vaccine. Only after the second measles death in Texas did Kennedy post on X, formerly known as Twitter, that the 'most effective way to prevent the spread of measles is the MMR vaccine.' But even that is not the unequivocal message that the head of HHS should be sending, said Ratner, the infectious diseases doctor in New York. It is, he said, a tepid recommendation at best. 'It gives the impression that these things are equivalent, that you can choose one or the other, and that is disingenuous,' he said. 'We don't have a treatment for measles. We have vitamin A, which we can give to kids with measles, that decreases but doesn't eliminate the risk of severe outcomes. It doesn't do anything for prevention of measles.' In the past, Kennedy has been a fierce critic of the vaccine. In a foreword to a 2021 book on measles released by the nonprofit that he founded, Kennedy wrote, 'Measles outbreaks have been fabricated to create fear that in turn forces government officials to 'do something.' They then inflict unnecessary and risky vaccines on millions of children for the sole purpose of fattening industry profits.' A spokesperson for HHS said, 'Secretary Kennedy is not anti-vaccine — he is pro-safety, pro-transparency and pro-accountability.' Kennedy, the spokesperson said, responded to the measles outbreak with 'clear guidance that vaccines are the most effective way to prevent measles' and under his leadership, the CDC updated its pediatric patient management protocol for measles to include physician-administered vitamin A. Kennedy, the spokesperson added, 'is uniquely qualified to lead HHS at this pivotal moment.' Late last month, leaders at the CDC ordered staff to bury a risk assessment that emphasized the need for vaccines in response to the measles outbreak — in spite of the fact the CDC has long promoted vaccinations as a cornerstone of public health. While a CDC spokesperson acknowledged that vaccines offer the best protection from measles, she also repeated a line Kennedy had used: 'The decision to vaccinate is a personal one.' Among the approximately 2,400 jobs eliminated at the CDC was a team in the Immunization Services Division that partnered with organizations to promote access to and confidence in vaccines in communities where coverage lagged. The National Institutes of Health, which is also under HHS, recently ended funding for studies that examine vaccine hesitancy. In early April, researchers, the American Public Health Association and one of the largest unions in the country sued the NIH and its director, Jay Bhattacharya, along with HHS and Kennedy, alleging they terminated grants 'without scientifically-valid explanation or cause.' The government hasn't filed a response in the case. The NIH cancellation notices stated that the agency's policy was not to prioritize research that focuses on 'gaining scientific knowledge on why individuals are hesitant to be vaccinated and/or explore ways to improve vaccine interest and commitment.' 'These grants are being canceled in the midst of an outbreak, a vaccine-preventable outbreak,' said Rupali Limaye, an associate professor at George Mason University who has spent the past decade studying vaccine hesitancy. 'We need to better understand why people are not accepting vaccines now more than ever. This outbreak is still spreading.' That vaccines prevent diseases is settled science. For decades, there was a societal understanding that getting vaccinated benefited not only the person who got the shot, but also the broader community, especially babies or people with weakened immune systems, like those in chemotherapy. An investment in public health and a sustained, large-scale approach to vaccines is what helped the country declare the elimination of the measles in 2000, said Lori Tremmel Freeman, the CEO of the National Association of County and City Health Officials. But she has watched both deteriorate over the last few months. Nearly every morning since notices of the federal funding cuts began going out to local public health agencies, she has woken up to texts from panicked public health workers. She has led daily calls with local health departments and sat in on multiple emergency board meetings. Freeman has compiled a list of more than 100 direct consequences of the cuts, including one rural health department in the Midwest that can no longer carry out immunization services. That's vital because there are no hospitals in the county and all public health duties fall to the health department. 'It's relentless,' she said. 'It feels like a barrage and assault on public health.' More than 1,600 miles away from Washington, D.C., in Lubbock, Texas, the director of the city's health department, Katherine Wells, sighed last week when she saw the most recent measles numbers. She would have to alert her staff to work late again. 'There's a lot of cases,' she said, 'and we continue to see more and more cases.' She didn't know it at the time, but that night would mark the state's second measles death this year. An earlier death in February was the country's first in a decade. Both children were not vaccinated. Kennedy said he traveled to Gaines County to comfort the family who lost their 8-year-old daughter and while there met with the family of the 6-year-old girl who died in February. He also visited with two local doctors he described as 'extraordinary healers,' he said in his post on X. The men, he claimed, have 'treated and healed some 300 measles-stricken Mennonite children' using aerosolized budesonide — typically used to prevent symptoms of asthma — and clarithromycin — an antibiotic. Medical experts said neither is an effective measles treatment. State health officials have traced about two-thirds of the measles cases in Texas to Gaines County, which sits on the western edge of the state. Seminole, one of the county's only two incorporated towns, has emerged as the epicenter of the outbreak, with Tina Siemens acting as a community ambassador of sorts. Siemens, a tall woman with glasses and a short blonde bob, runs a museum that combines the area's Native American history and Mennonite community with traditional skills like calligraphy and canning fruit. On a recent Tuesday, atop the museum's dark coffee table, notes scrawled onto white paper listed the latest shipments of vitamin C and Alaskan cod liver oil. The supplies, Siemens said, were for one of the local doctors who met with Kennedy. As measles tears through the community, Siemens said families have to decide whether to get vaccinated. 'In America, we have a choice,' she said, echoing Kennedy's messaging. 'The cod liver oil that was flown in, the vitamin C that was flown in, was a great help.' Dr. Philip Huang, director and health authority for the Dallas County Health and Human Services Department, is working to keep the measles outbreak from reaching his community, just five hours east of Seminole. He wrote letters to the public school superintendents and leaders of private schools that had large numbers of unvaccinated or undervaccinated students offering to set up mobile vaccine clinics for them. 'Overall, the rates can look OK,' he said, 'but when you've got these pockets of unvaccinated, that's where the vulnerability lies.' Huang has had to lay off 11 full-time employees, 10 temporary workers and cancel more than 50 vaccine clinics following the HHS cuts. The systemic dismantling of the CDC and other federal health agencies, he said, will have a grave and lasting impact. 'This is setting us back decades,' Huang said. 'Everyone should be extremely concerned about what's going on.' Across the country, pediatricians are petrified, said Dr. Susan Kressly, who serves as president of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the largest professional organization of pediatricians in the country. 'Many of us are losing sleep,' Kressly said. 'If we lose that progress, children will pay the price.' She's carefully watching the spread of several vaccine-preventable diseases, including an increase in whooping cases that far outpace the typical peaks seen every few years. Although the whooping cough vaccine isn't as effective as the ones for measles and protection wanes over time, the CDC says it remains the best way to prevent the disease. Babies under the age of 1 are among the most at risk of severe complications from whooping cough, including slowed or stopped breathing and pneumonia, according to the CDC. About one-third of infants who get whooping cough end up in the hospital. Newborns are especially vulnerable because the CDC doesn't recommend the first shot until two months. That's why experts recommend pregnant mothers and anyone who will be around the baby to get vaccinated. The number of whooping cough cases dropped significantly during the pandemic, but it exploded in recent years. In 2021, the CDC reported 2,116 cases; last year, there were 35,435. The numbers this year appear set to eclipse 2024. So far in 2025, 7,111 cases have been reported, which is more than double this time last year. Cases tend to spike in the summer and fall, which adds to experts' concern about high numbers so early in the year. States on the Pacific Coast and in the Midwest have reported the most cases this year, with Washington leading the country with 742 cases so far, more than five times as many as at this time last year. The Washington child who died of whooping cough had no underlying medical conditions, according to a spokesperson for the Spokane Regional Health District. The death was announced in February but occurred in November. While Washington's overall vaccination rate for whooping cough has remained relatively steady over the last decade at around 90%, pockets of low vaccination rates have allowed the disease to take root and put the wider community at risk, said Dr. Tao Sheng Kwan-Gett, a pediatrician and chief health officer of the Washington State Department of Health. This is the time to strengthen the public health system, he said, to build trust in those areas and make it easier for children to get their routine vaccines. 'But instead, we're seeing the exact opposite happen,' he said. 'We're weakening our public health system, and that will put us on a path towards more illness and shorter lives.' Washington was one of 23 states and the District of Columbia that sued HHS and Kennedy following the $11 billion cuts, which rescinded approximately $118 million from the state. Doing so, the state said in court records, would impact 150 full-time employees and cause an immediate reduction in the agency's ability to respond to outbreaks. Washington's Care-A-Van, a mobile health clinic that travels across the state to provide vaccinations, conduct blood pressure screenings and distribute opioid overdose kits, was a key element in the department's vaccination efforts. But that, too, has been diminished. An alert on the department's website cataloged the impact. 'Attention,' it began. As a result of the unexpected decision to terminate grant funding, 'all Care-A-Van operations have been paused indefinitely, including the cancellation of more than 104 upcoming clinics across the state.' The department had anticipated providing approximately 2,000 childhood vaccines as part of that effort. The frustration came through in Kwan-Gett's voice. Many people think that federal cuts to public health mean shrinking the federal workforce, he said, but those clawbacks also get passed down to states and cities and counties. The less federal support that trickles down to the local level, the less protected communities will be. 'It really breaks my heart,' he said, 'when I see children suffering from preventable diseases like whooping cough and measles when we have the tools to prevent them.' Agnel Philip contributed data analysis.
CNN
14-04-2025
- Health
- CNN
‘Not just measles': Whooping cough cases are soaring as vaccine rates decline
This story was originally published by ProPublica, a nonprofit newsroom that investigates abuses of power. Sign up to receive its biggest stories as soon as they're published. In the past six months, two babies in Louisiana have died of pertussis, the disease commonly known as whooping cough. Washington state recently announced its first confirmed death from pertussis in more than a decade. Idaho and South Dakota each reported a death this year, and Oregon last year reported two as well as its highest number of cases since 1950. While much of the country is focused on the spiraling measles outbreak concentrated in the small, dusty towns of West Texas, cases of pertussis have skyrocketed by more than 1,500% nationwide since hitting a recent low in 2021 amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Deaths tied to the disease are also up, hitting 10 last year, compared with about two to four in previous years. Cases are on track to exceed that total this year. Doctors, researchers and public health experts warn that the measles outbreak, which has grown to more than 600 cases, may just be the beginning. They say outbreaks of preventable diseases could get much worse with falling vaccination rates and the Trump administration slashing spending on the country's public health infrastructure. National rates for four major vaccines, which had held relatively steady in the years before the COVID-19 pandemic, have fallen significantly since, according to a ProPublica analysis of the most recent federal kindergarten vaccination data. Not only have vaccination rates for measles, mumps and rubella fallen, but federal data shows that so have those for pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B and polio. In addition, public health experts say that growing pockets of unvaccinated populations across the country place babies and young children in danger should there be a resurgence of these diseases. Many medical authorities view measles, which is especially contagious, as the canary in the coal mine, but pertussis cases may also be a warning, albeit one that has attracted far less attention. 'This is not just measles,' said Dr. Adam Ratner, a pediatric infectious diseases doctor in New York City and author of the book 'Booster Shots: The Urgent Lessons of Measles and the Uncertain Future of Children's Health.' 'It's a bright-red warning light.' At least 36 states have witnessed a drop in rates for at least one key vaccine from the 2013-14 to the 2023-24 school years. And half of states have seen an across-the-board decline in all four vaccination rates. Wisconsin, Utah and Alaska have experienced some of the most precipitous drops during that time, with declines of more than 10 percentage points in some cases. 'There is a direct correlation between vaccination rates and vaccine-preventable disease outbreak rates,' said a spokesperson for the Utah Department of Health and Human Services. 'Decreases in vaccination rates will likely lead to more outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases in Utah.' But statewide figures alone don't provide a full picture. Tucked inside each state are counties and communities with far lower vaccination rates that drive outbreaks. For example, the whooping cough vaccination rate for kindergartners in Washington state in 2023-24 was 90.2%, slightly below the U.S. rate of 92.3%, federal data shows. But the statewide rate for children 19 to 35 months last year was 65.4%, according to state data. In four counties, that rate was in the 30% range. In one county, it was below 12%. 'My concern is that there is going to be a large outbreak of not just measles, but other vaccine-preventable diseases as well, that's going to end up causing a lot of harm, and possibly deaths in children and young adults,' said Dr. Anna Durbin, a professor in the Department of International Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health who has spent her career studying vaccines. 'And it's completely preventable.' The dramatic cuts to public health funding and staffing could heighten the risk. And the elevation of Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a longtime vaccine critic, to the secretary of the federal Department of Health and Human Services, several experts said, has only compounded matters. The Trump administration has eliminated 20,000 jobs at agencies within HHS, which includes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the nation's public health agency. And late last month, the administration also cut $11 billion from state and local public health agencies on the front lines of protecting Americans from outbreaks; the administration said the money was no longer necessary after the end of the pandemic. Several city and county public health officials had to move quickly to lay off nurses, epidemiologists and disease inspectors. Some ceased vaccination clinics, halted wastewater surveillance programs and even terminated a contract with the courier service that transports specimens to state labs to test for infectious diseases. One Minnesota public health agency, which had provided 1,400 shots for children at clinics last year, immediately stopped those clinics when the directive arrived, court records show. A federal judge temporarily barred HHS from enacting the cuts, but the ruling, which came more than a week after the grants were terminated, was too late for programs that had already been canceled and employees who had already been laid off. Lawyers for HHS have asked the judge to reconsider her decision in light of a recent Supreme Court ruling that allowed the Department of Education to terminate grants for teacher training while that case is being argued in lower courts. The judge in the HHS case has not yet ruled on the motion. But in tiny storefronts and cozy homes, at school fairs and gas stations, many residents in West Texas, near where the measles outbreak has taken hold, appear unfazed. 'I don't need a vaccine,' one man sitting on his porch said recently. 'I don't get sick.' 'It's measles. It's been around forever,' said a woman making her way to her car. 'I don't think it's a big deal.' When asked why they weren't planning on vaccinating their baby, a husband walking alongside his wife who was 27 weeks pregnant simply said, 'It's God's will.' In word and deed, Kennedy has sown doubt about immunizations. In response to the measles outbreak, Kennedy initially said in a column he wrote for Fox News that the decision to vaccinate is a 'personal one.' HHS sent doses of vitamin A alongside vaccines to Texas, and Kennedy praised the use of cod liver oil. Only the vaccine prevents measles. About a week later, in an interview on Fox News, while Kennedy encouraged vaccines, he said he was a 'freedom of choice person.' At the same time, he emphasized the risks of the vaccine. Only after the second measles death in Texas did Kennedy post on X, formerly known as Twitter, that the 'most effective way to prevent the spread of measles is the MMR vaccine.' But even that is not the unequivocal message that the head of HHS should be sending, said Ratner, the infectious diseases doctor in New York. It is, he said, a tepid recommendation at best. 'It gives the impression that these things are equivalent, that you can choose one or the other, and that is disingenuous,' he said. 'We don't have a treatment for measles. We have vitamin A, which we can give to kids with measles, that decreases but doesn't eliminate the risk of severe outcomes. It doesn't do anything for prevention of measles.' In the past, Kennedy has been a fierce critic of the vaccine. In a foreword to a 2021 book on measles released by the nonprofit that he founded, Kennedy wrote, 'Measles outbreaks have been fabricated to create fear that in turn forces government officials to 'do something.' They then inflict unnecessary and risky vaccines on millions of children for the sole purpose of fattening industry profits.' A spokesperson for HHS said, 'Secretary Kennedy is not anti-vaccine — he is pro-safety, pro-transparency and pro-accountability.' Kennedy, the spokesperson said, responded to the measles outbreak with 'clear guidance that vaccines are the most effective way to prevent measles' and under his leadership, the CDC updated its pediatric patient management protocol for measles to include physician-administered vitamin A. Kennedy, the spokesperson added, 'is uniquely qualified to lead HHS at this pivotal moment.' Late last month, leaders at the CDC ordered staff to bury a risk assessment that emphasized the need for vaccines in response to the measles outbreak — in spite of the fact the CDC has long promoted vaccinations as a cornerstone of public health. While a CDC spokesperson acknowledged that vaccines offer the best protection from measles, she also repeated a line Kennedy had used: 'The decision to vaccinate is a personal one.' Among the approximately 2,400 jobs eliminated at the CDC was a team in the Immunization Services Division that partnered with organizations to promote access to and confidence in vaccines in communities where coverage lagged. The National Institutes of Health, which is also under HHS, recently ended funding for studies that examine vaccine hesitancy. In early April, researchers, the American Public Health Association and one of the largest unions in the country sued the NIH and its director, Jay Bhattacharya, along with HHS and Kennedy, alleging they terminated grants 'without scientifically-valid explanation or cause.' The government hasn't filed a response in the case. The NIH cancellation notices stated that the agency's policy was not to prioritize research that focuses on 'gaining scientific knowledge on why individuals are hesitant to be vaccinated and/or explore ways to improve vaccine interest and commitment.' 'These grants are being canceled in the midst of an outbreak, a vaccine-preventable outbreak,' said Rupali Limaye, an associate professor at George Mason University who has spent the past decade studying vaccine hesitancy. 'We need to better understand why people are not accepting vaccines now more than ever. This outbreak is still spreading.' That vaccines prevent diseases is settled science. For decades, there was a societal understanding that getting vaccinated benefited not only the person who got the shot, but also the broader community, especially babies or people with weakened immune systems, like those in chemotherapy. An investment in public health and a sustained, large-scale approach to vaccines is what helped the country declare the elimination of the measles in 2000, said Lori Tremmel Freeman, the CEO of the National Association of County and City Health Officials. But she has watched both deteriorate over the last few months. Nearly every morning since notices of the federal funding cuts began going out to local public health agencies, she has woken up to texts from panicked public health workers. She has led daily calls with local health departments and sat in on multiple emergency board meetings. Freeman has compiled a list of more than 100 direct consequences of the cuts, including one rural health department in the Midwest that can no longer carry out immunization services. That's vital because there are no hospitals in the county and all public health duties fall to the health department. 'It's relentless,' she said. 'It feels like a barrage and assault on public health.' More than 1,600 miles away from Washington, D.C., in Lubbock, Texas, the director of the city's health department, Katherine Wells, sighed last week when she saw the most recent measles numbers. She would have to alert her staff to work late again. 'There's a lot of cases,' she said, 'and we continue to see more and more cases.' She didn't know it at the time, but that night would mark the state's second measles death this year. An earlier death in February was the country's first in a decade. Both children were not vaccinated. Kennedy said he traveled to Gaines County to comfort the family who lost their 8-year-old daughter and while there met with the family of the 6-year-old girl who died in February. He also visited with two local doctors he described as 'extraordinary healers,' he said in his post on X. The men, he claimed, have 'treated and healed some 300 measles-stricken Mennonite children' using aerosolized budesonide — typically used to prevent symptoms of asthma — and clarithromycin — an antibiotic. Medical experts said neither is an effective measles treatment. State health officials have traced about two-thirds of the measles cases in Texas to Gaines County, which sits on the western edge of the state. Seminole, one of the county's only two incorporated towns, has emerged as the epicenter of the outbreak, with Tina Siemens acting as a community ambassador of sorts. Siemens, a tall woman with glasses and a short blonde bob, runs a museum that combines the area's Native American history and Mennonite community with traditional skills like calligraphy and canning fruit. On a recent Tuesday, atop the museum's dark coffee table, notes scrawled onto white paper listed the latest shipments of vitamin C and Alaskan cod liver oil. The supplies, Siemens said, were for one of the local doctors who met with Kennedy. As measles tears through the community, Siemens said families have to decide whether to get vaccinated. 'In America, we have a choice,' she said, echoing Kennedy's messaging. 'The cod liver oil that was flown in, the vitamin C that was flown in, was a great help.' Dr. Philip Huang, director and health authority for the Dallas County Health and Human Services Department, is working to keep the measles outbreak from reaching his community, just five hours east of Seminole. He wrote letters to the public school superintendents and leaders of private schools that had large numbers of unvaccinated or undervaccinated students offering to set up mobile vaccine clinics for them. 'Overall, the rates can look OK,' he said, 'but when you've got these pockets of unvaccinated, that's where the vulnerability lies.' Huang has had to lay off 11 full-time employees, 10 temporary workers and cancel more than 50 vaccine clinics following the HHS cuts. The systemic dismantling of the CDC and other federal health agencies, he said, will have a grave and lasting impact. 'This is setting us back decades,' Huang said. 'Everyone should be extremely concerned about what's going on.' Across the country, pediatricians are petrified, said Dr. Susan Kressly, who serves as president of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the largest professional organization of pediatricians in the country. 'Many of us are losing sleep,' Kressly said. 'If we lose that progress, children will pay the price.' She's carefully watching the spread of several vaccine-preventable diseases, including an increase in whooping cases that far outpace the typical peaks seen every few years. Although the whooping cough vaccine isn't as effective as the ones for measles and protection wanes over time, the CDC says it remains the best way to prevent the disease. Babies under the age of 1 are among the most at risk of severe complications from whooping cough, including slowed or stopped breathing and pneumonia, according to the CDC. About one-third of infants who get whooping cough end up in the hospital. Newborns are especially vulnerable because the CDC doesn't recommend the first shot until two months. That's why experts recommend pregnant mothers and anyone who will be around the baby to get vaccinated. The number of whooping cough cases dropped significantly during the pandemic, but it exploded in recent years. In 2021, the CDC reported 2,116 cases; last year, there were 35,435. The numbers this year appear set to eclipse 2024. So far in 2025, 7,111 cases have been reported, which is more than double this time last year. Cases tend to spike in the summer and fall, which adds to experts' concern about high numbers so early in the year. States on the Pacific Coast and in the Midwest have reported the most cases this year, with Washington leading the country with 742 cases so far, more than five times as many as at this time last year. The Washington child who died of whooping cough had no underlying medical conditions, according to a spokesperson for the Spokane Regional Health District. The death was announced in February but occurred in November. While Washington's overall vaccination rate for whooping cough has remained relatively steady over the last decade at around 90%, pockets of low vaccination rates have allowed the disease to take root and put the wider community at risk, said Dr. Tao Sheng Kwan-Gett, a pediatrician and chief health officer of the Washington State Department of Health. This is the time to strengthen the public health system, he said, to build trust in those areas and make it easier for children to get their routine vaccines. 'But instead, we're seeing the exact opposite happen,' he said. 'We're weakening our public health system, and that will put us on a path towards more illness and shorter lives.' Washington was one of 23 states and the District of Columbia that sued HHS and Kennedy following the $11 billion cuts, which rescinded approximately $118 million from the state. Doing so, the state said in court records, would impact 150 full-time employees and cause an immediate reduction in the agency's ability to respond to outbreaks. Washington's Care-A-Van, a mobile health clinic that travels across the state to provide vaccinations, conduct blood pressure screenings and distribute opioid overdose kits, was a key element in the department's vaccination efforts. But that, too, has been diminished. An alert on the department's website cataloged the impact. 'Attention,' it began. As a result of the unexpected decision to terminate grant funding, 'all Care-A-Van operations have been paused indefinitely, including the cancellation of more than 104 upcoming clinics across the state.' The department had anticipated providing approximately 2,000 childhood vaccines as part of that effort. The frustration came through in Kwan-Gett's voice. Many people think that federal cuts to public health mean shrinking the federal workforce, he said, but those clawbacks also get passed down to states and cities and counties. The less federal support that trickles down to the local level, the less protected communities will be. 'It really breaks my heart,' he said, 'when I see children suffering from preventable diseases like whooping cough and measles when we have the tools to prevent them.' Agnel Philip contributed data analysis.
CNN
14-04-2025
- Health
- CNN
‘Not just measles': Whooping cough cases are soaring as vaccine rates decline
This story was originally published by ProPublica, a nonprofit newsroom that investigates abuses of power. Sign up to receive its biggest stories as soon as they're published. In the past six months, two babies in Louisiana have died of pertussis, the disease commonly known as whooping cough. Washington state recently announced its first confirmed death from pertussis in more than a decade. Idaho and South Dakota each reported a death this year, and Oregon last year reported two as well as its highest number of cases since 1950. While much of the country is focused on the spiraling measles outbreak concentrated in the small, dusty towns of West Texas, cases of pertussis have skyrocketed by more than 1,500% nationwide since hitting a recent low in 2021 amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Deaths tied to the disease are also up, hitting 10 last year, compared with about two to four in previous years. Cases are on track to exceed that total this year. Doctors, researchers and public health experts warn that the measles outbreak, which has grown to more than 600 cases, may just be the beginning. They say outbreaks of preventable diseases could get much worse with falling vaccination rates and the Trump administration slashing spending on the country's public health infrastructure. National rates for four major vaccines, which had held relatively steady in the years before the COVID-19 pandemic, have fallen significantly since, according to a ProPublica analysis of the most recent federal kindergarten vaccination data. Not only have vaccination rates for measles, mumps and rubella fallen, but federal data shows that so have those for pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B and polio. In addition, public health experts say that growing pockets of unvaccinated populations across the country place babies and young children in danger should there be a resurgence of these diseases. Many medical authorities view measles, which is especially contagious, as the canary in the coal mine, but pertussis cases may also be a warning, albeit one that has attracted far less attention. 'This is not just measles,' said Dr. Adam Ratner, a pediatric infectious diseases doctor in New York City and author of the book 'Booster Shots: The Urgent Lessons of Measles and the Uncertain Future of Children's Health.' 'It's a bright-red warning light.' At least 36 states have witnessed a drop in rates for at least one key vaccine from the 2013-14 to the 2023-24 school years. And half of states have seen an across-the-board decline in all four vaccination rates. Wisconsin, Utah and Alaska have experienced some of the most precipitous drops during that time, with declines of more than 10 percentage points in some cases. 'There is a direct correlation between vaccination rates and vaccine-preventable disease outbreak rates,' said a spokesperson for the Utah Department of Health and Human Services. 'Decreases in vaccination rates will likely lead to more outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases in Utah.' But statewide figures alone don't provide a full picture. Tucked inside each state are counties and communities with far lower vaccination rates that drive outbreaks. For example, the whooping cough vaccination rate for kindergartners in Washington state in 2023-24 was 90.2%, slightly below the U.S. rate of 92.3%, federal data shows. But the statewide rate for children 19 to 35 months last year was 65.4%, according to state data. In four counties, that rate was in the 30% range. In one county, it was below 12%. 'My concern is that there is going to be a large outbreak of not just measles, but other vaccine-preventable diseases as well, that's going to end up causing a lot of harm, and possibly deaths in children and young adults,' said Dr. Anna Durbin, a professor in the Department of International Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health who has spent her career studying vaccines. 'And it's completely preventable.' The dramatic cuts to public health funding and staffing could heighten the risk. And the elevation of Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a longtime vaccine critic, to the secretary of the federal Department of Health and Human Services, several experts said, has only compounded matters. The Trump administration has eliminated 20,000 jobs at agencies within HHS, which includes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the nation's public health agency. And late last month, the administration also cut $11 billion from state and local public health agencies on the front lines of protecting Americans from outbreaks; the administration said the money was no longer necessary after the end of the pandemic. Several city and county public health officials had to move quickly to lay off nurses, epidemiologists and disease inspectors. Some ceased vaccination clinics, halted wastewater surveillance programs and even terminated a contract with the courier service that transports specimens to state labs to test for infectious diseases. One Minnesota public health agency, which had provided 1,400 shots for children at clinics last year, immediately stopped those clinics when the directive arrived, court records show. A federal judge temporarily barred HHS from enacting the cuts, but the ruling, which came more than a week after the grants were terminated, was too late for programs that had already been canceled and employees who had already been laid off. Lawyers for HHS have asked the judge to reconsider her decision in light of a recent Supreme Court ruling that allowed the Department of Education to terminate grants for teacher training while that case is being argued in lower courts. The judge in the HHS case has not yet ruled on the motion. But in tiny storefronts and cozy homes, at school fairs and gas stations, many residents in West Texas, near where the measles outbreak has taken hold, appear unfazed. 'I don't need a vaccine,' one man sitting on his porch said recently. 'I don't get sick.' 'It's measles. It's been around forever,' said a woman making her way to her car. 'I don't think it's a big deal.' When asked why they weren't planning on vaccinating their baby, a husband walking alongside his wife who was 27 weeks pregnant simply said, 'It's God's will.' In word and deed, Kennedy has sown doubt about immunizations. In response to the measles outbreak, Kennedy initially said in a column he wrote for Fox News that the decision to vaccinate is a 'personal one.' HHS sent doses of vitamin A alongside vaccines to Texas, and Kennedy praised the use of cod liver oil. Only the vaccine prevents measles. About a week later, in an interview on Fox News, while Kennedy encouraged vaccines, he said he was a 'freedom of choice person.' At the same time, he emphasized the risks of the vaccine. Only after the second measles death in Texas did Kennedy post on X, formerly known as Twitter, that the 'most effective way to prevent the spread of measles is the MMR vaccine.' But even that is not the unequivocal message that the head of HHS should be sending, said Ratner, the infectious diseases doctor in New York. It is, he said, a tepid recommendation at best. 'It gives the impression that these things are equivalent, that you can choose one or the other, and that is disingenuous,' he said. 'We don't have a treatment for measles. We have vitamin A, which we can give to kids with measles, that decreases but doesn't eliminate the risk of severe outcomes. It doesn't do anything for prevention of measles.' In the past, Kennedy has been a fierce critic of the vaccine. In a foreword to a 2021 book on measles released by the nonprofit that he founded, Kennedy wrote, 'Measles outbreaks have been fabricated to create fear that in turn forces government officials to 'do something.' They then inflict unnecessary and risky vaccines on millions of children for the sole purpose of fattening industry profits.' A spokesperson for HHS said, 'Secretary Kennedy is not anti-vaccine — he is pro-safety, pro-transparency and pro-accountability.' Kennedy, the spokesperson said, responded to the measles outbreak with 'clear guidance that vaccines are the most effective way to prevent measles' and under his leadership, the CDC updated its pediatric patient management protocol for measles to include physician-administered vitamin A. Kennedy, the spokesperson added, 'is uniquely qualified to lead HHS at this pivotal moment.' Late last month, leaders at the CDC ordered staff to bury a risk assessment that emphasized the need for vaccines in response to the measles outbreak — in spite of the fact the CDC has long promoted vaccinations as a cornerstone of public health. While a CDC spokesperson acknowledged that vaccines offer the best protection from measles, she also repeated a line Kennedy had used: 'The decision to vaccinate is a personal one.' Among the approximately 2,400 jobs eliminated at the CDC was a team in the Immunization Services Division that partnered with organizations to promote access to and confidence in vaccines in communities where coverage lagged. The National Institutes of Health, which is also under HHS, recently ended funding for studies that examine vaccine hesitancy. In early April, researchers, the American Public Health Association and one of the largest unions in the country sued the NIH and its director, Jay Bhattacharya, along with HHS and Kennedy, alleging they terminated grants 'without scientifically-valid explanation or cause.' The government hasn't filed a response in the case. The NIH cancellation notices stated that the agency's policy was not to prioritize research that focuses on 'gaining scientific knowledge on why individuals are hesitant to be vaccinated and/or explore ways to improve vaccine interest and commitment.' 'These grants are being canceled in the midst of an outbreak, a vaccine-preventable outbreak,' said Rupali Limaye, an associate professor at George Mason University who has spent the past decade studying vaccine hesitancy. 'We need to better understand why people are not accepting vaccines now more than ever. This outbreak is still spreading.' That vaccines prevent diseases is settled science. For decades, there was a societal understanding that getting vaccinated benefited not only the person who got the shot, but also the broader community, especially babies or people with weakened immune systems, like those in chemotherapy. An investment in public health and a sustained, large-scale approach to vaccines is what helped the country declare the elimination of the measles in 2000, said Lori Tremmel Freeman, the CEO of the National Association of County and City Health Officials. But she has watched both deteriorate over the last few months. Nearly every morning since notices of the federal funding cuts began going out to local public health agencies, she has woken up to texts from panicked public health workers. She has led daily calls with local health departments and sat in on multiple emergency board meetings. Freeman has compiled a list of more than 100 direct consequences of the cuts, including one rural health department in the Midwest that can no longer carry out immunization services. That's vital because there are no hospitals in the county and all public health duties fall to the health department. 'It's relentless,' she said. 'It feels like a barrage and assault on public health.' More than 1,600 miles away from Washington, D.C., in Lubbock, Texas, the director of the city's health department, Katherine Wells, sighed last week when she saw the most recent measles numbers. She would have to alert her staff to work late again. 'There's a lot of cases,' she said, 'and we continue to see more and more cases.' She didn't know it at the time, but that night would mark the state's second measles death this year. An earlier death in February was the country's first in a decade. Both children were not vaccinated. Kennedy said he traveled to Gaines County to comfort the family who lost their 8-year-old daughter and while there met with the family of the 6-year-old girl who died in February. He also visited with two local doctors he described as 'extraordinary healers,' he said in his post on X. The men, he claimed, have 'treated and healed some 300 measles-stricken Mennonite children' using aerosolized budesonide — typically used to prevent symptoms of asthma — and clarithromycin — an antibiotic. Medical experts said neither is an effective measles treatment. State health officials have traced about two-thirds of the measles cases in Texas to Gaines County, which sits on the western edge of the state. Seminole, one of the county's only two incorporated towns, has emerged as the epicenter of the outbreak, with Tina Siemens acting as a community ambassador of sorts. Siemens, a tall woman with glasses and a short blonde bob, runs a museum that combines the area's Native American history and Mennonite community with traditional skills like calligraphy and canning fruit. On a recent Tuesday, atop the museum's dark coffee table, notes scrawled onto white paper listed the latest shipments of vitamin C and Alaskan cod liver oil. The supplies, Siemens said, were for one of the local doctors who met with Kennedy. As measles tears through the community, Siemens said families have to decide whether to get vaccinated. 'In America, we have a choice,' she said, echoing Kennedy's messaging. 'The cod liver oil that was flown in, the vitamin C that was flown in, was a great help.' Dr. Philip Huang, director and health authority for the Dallas County Health and Human Services Department, is working to keep the measles outbreak from reaching his community, just five hours east of Seminole. He wrote letters to the public school superintendents and leaders of private schools that had large numbers of unvaccinated or undervaccinated students offering to set up mobile vaccine clinics for them. 'Overall, the rates can look OK,' he said, 'but when you've got these pockets of unvaccinated, that's where the vulnerability lies.' Huang has had to lay off 11 full-time employees, 10 temporary workers and cancel more than 50 vaccine clinics following the HHS cuts. The systemic dismantling of the CDC and other federal health agencies, he said, will have a grave and lasting impact. 'This is setting us back decades,' Huang said. 'Everyone should be extremely concerned about what's going on.' Across the country, pediatricians are petrified, said Dr. Susan Kressly, who serves as president of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the largest professional organization of pediatricians in the country. 'Many of us are losing sleep,' Kressly said. 'If we lose that progress, children will pay the price.' She's carefully watching the spread of several vaccine-preventable diseases, including an increase in whooping cases that far outpace the typical peaks seen every few years. Although the whooping cough vaccine isn't as effective as the ones for measles and protection wanes over time, the CDC says it remains the best way to prevent the disease. Babies under the age of 1 are among the most at risk of severe complications from whooping cough, including slowed or stopped breathing and pneumonia, according to the CDC. About one-third of infants who get whooping cough end up in the hospital. Newborns are especially vulnerable because the CDC doesn't recommend the first shot until two months. That's why experts recommend pregnant mothers and anyone who will be around the baby to get vaccinated. The number of whooping cough cases dropped significantly during the pandemic, but it exploded in recent years. In 2021, the CDC reported 2,116 cases; last year, there were 35,435. The numbers this year appear set to eclipse 2024. So far in 2025, 7,111 cases have been reported, which is more than double this time last year. Cases tend to spike in the summer and fall, which adds to experts' concern about high numbers so early in the year. States on the Pacific Coast and in the Midwest have reported the most cases this year, with Washington leading the country with 742 cases so far, more than five times as many as at this time last year. The Washington child who died of whooping cough had no underlying medical conditions, according to a spokesperson for the Spokane Regional Health District. The death was announced in February but occurred in November. While Washington's overall vaccination rate for whooping cough has remained relatively steady over the last decade at around 90%, pockets of low vaccination rates have allowed the disease to take root and put the wider community at risk, said Dr. Tao Sheng Kwan-Gett, a pediatrician and chief health officer of the Washington State Department of Health. This is the time to strengthen the public health system, he said, to build trust in those areas and make it easier for children to get their routine vaccines. 'But instead, we're seeing the exact opposite happen,' he said. 'We're weakening our public health system, and that will put us on a path towards more illness and shorter lives.' Washington was one of 23 states and the District of Columbia that sued HHS and Kennedy following the $11 billion cuts, which rescinded approximately $118 million from the state. Doing so, the state said in court records, would impact 150 full-time employees and cause an immediate reduction in the agency's ability to respond to outbreaks. Washington's Care-A-Van, a mobile health clinic that travels across the state to provide vaccinations, conduct blood pressure screenings and distribute opioid overdose kits, was a key element in the department's vaccination efforts. But that, too, has been diminished. An alert on the department's website cataloged the impact. 'Attention,' it began. As a result of the unexpected decision to terminate grant funding, 'all Care-A-Van operations have been paused indefinitely, including the cancellation of more than 104 upcoming clinics across the state.' The department had anticipated providing approximately 2,000 childhood vaccines as part of that effort. The frustration came through in Kwan-Gett's voice. Many people think that federal cuts to public health mean shrinking the federal workforce, he said, but those clawbacks also get passed down to states and cities and counties. The less federal support that trickles down to the local level, the less protected communities will be. 'It really breaks my heart,' he said, 'when I see children suffering from preventable diseases like whooping cough and measles when we have the tools to prevent them.' Agnel Philip contributed data analysis.
Yahoo
03-04-2025
- Health
- Yahoo
Immune amnesia: Why even mild measles infections can lead to serious disease later
Dr. Adam Ratner has heard a lot of myths and misunderstandings about measles in his decades as a New York City pediatric infectious disease specialist. A troubling untruth he's seen circulating on social media during the current outbreak is that being infected with the virus instead of getting vaccinated confers benefits on the immune system — a strength-training program of sorts for the cells. The truth, Ratner said, 'is exactly the opposite.' Measles is a highly contagious virus that presents as a rash and cold-like symptoms for many patients, and can lead to serious or fatal complications for others. An outbreak that began in west Texas in January has since infected nearly 500 people across 19 states, including eight people in California. An insidious but lesser-known consequence of even a mild measles infection is that it kills the very cells that remember which pathogens the patient has previously fought and how those battles were won. As a result, recurring bugs that might have caused only minor symptoms make patients as sick as if they'd never encountered them before. Measles destroys lymphocytes that defend against other bugs to make way for ones that defend against measles, an immunity won at the cost of other protections. This 'immune amnesia,' physicians say, leaves patients vulnerable to reccurrences of diseases their immune cells were previously able to resist. If a child gets sick with measles, "for the next two or three years, you kind of have to be looking over your kid's shoulder, wondering if some otherwise routine virus or bacteria that they should be very well protected against is potentially going to land them in the hospital,' said Dr. Michael Mina, an epidemiologist who was previously an assistant professor of immunology and infectious diseases at Harvard Medical School. 'Even if your measles virus infection seemed mild and you kind of blew through it, it doesn't mean that it was mild on your immune system," Mina added. Read more: A leading pediatrician was already worried about the future of vaccines. Then RFK Jr. came along Take rotavirus, Ratner said, which causes severe diarrhea that can be life-threatening for children if untreated. A child who has rotavirus once will have antibodies that offer protection against future infections. But a measles infection, said Ratner, author of the recent book "Booster Shots: The Urgent Lessons of Measles and the Uncertain Future of Children's Health,' "could wipe out that immunity and they could be just as vulnerable to rotavirus as if they had never seen it before.' Immune amnesia results from the measles virus' plan of attack. Viral particles travel via airborne droplets of saliva, mucus and cells that make their way into a new body when their unsuspecting host breathes them in. From there, they sneak past the protective barrier lining the respiratory system and head to the lymph nodes in search of cells that express a particular protein called signaling lymphocytic activation molecule, or SLAM. The virus then rides around the bloodstream on these hijacked SLAM-expressing cells, further infecting and destroying other SLAM expressers it meets on the way. Among the SLAM-expressing cells that measles wrecks are memory B and T cells, two crucial players in a functioning immune system. Memory B cells manufacture the right antibodies quickly when a familiar microbe appears. Memory T cells recognize and kill viruses that your cells have encountered in the past. A measles infection feeds on these memory cells. Vaccines, in contrast, stimulate the production of memory B and T cells without consuming others in the process. This was not yet understood in the decades before the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine's approval in 1963, when measles was a common childhood disease that killed some 400 children in the U.S. each year. 'For 100 years or more, we've known that measles does cause an acute susceptibility to other infections,' Mina said. A measles infection temporarily suppresses the immune system, Mina said, and it was long assumed that opportunistic infections around the time of the illness were the result of that short-term suppression. In 2015, Mina and colleagues published a paper that looked at mortality data in the U.S., the United Kingdom and Denmark before and after measles vaccines were introduced. They found that whenever there were measles outbreaks, childhood deaths from all other infectious diseases remained significantly higher for two to three years in outbreak locations, an increase that accounted for up to half of all childhood deaths from infectious disease. Once those countries rolled out the MMR vaccine, measles cases fell, as expected. But so did childhood deaths from other infectious diseases, by about half. Three years later, Mina and his collaborators took blood samples from 77 unvaccinated children in a community in the Netherlands before and then two to six months after the children contracted measles. They found that the virus wiped out 11% to 73% of the children's preexisting antibodies to a host of pathogens. Just as children in preschool fall ill constantly with common diseases they're encountering for the first time, unvaccinated children who contract measles are at higher risk in the ensuing years for common early childhood sicknesses such as respiratory infections, earaches and viruses that cause diarrhea, said Shelly Bolotin, a scientist at Public Health Ontario in Canada and director of the Center for Vaccine Preventable Diseases at the University of Toronto. 'In order to correct that depletion [of B and T cells], you need to be reexposed to everything you were immune to before, and this can take years,' she said. As of late March, 97% of the people sickened in the current outbreak were unvaccinated or didn't disclose their vaccine status. The measles virus is attenuated in the MMR vaccine, meaning that it has been altered to produce the appropriate immune response without triggering the disease itself. In the case of measles, that means no mass destruction of the cells that hold the immune system's memory. 'It doesn't have this very, very damaging effect, which is why we recommend vaccination, because we get all of the immunity with none of the adverse consequences,' Bolotin said. This story originally appeared in Los Angeles Times.
