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New York Times
a day ago
- General
- New York Times
Sure, France Helped the Colonists. So Did Spain.
Good morning. It's Monday. Today we'll look at whether the Americans would have won the Revolutionary War without help from Spain, a topic that is the subject of a discussion tonight aboard a Spanish ship docked in Manhattan. Move over, Lafayette. Spain helped the colonials in the Revolutionary War, too. In fact, Spanish arms and munitions were sent across the Atlantic first, before aid from France — and before the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Three scholars may not put it exactly that way at a presentation tonight, but the subtext is that Spain was essential to the plucky colonists' fight for independence 250 years ago. The New York-based Queen Sofía Spanish Institute planned the invitation-only gathering tonight, aboard the Spanish training ship Juan Sebastián de Elcano, docked at a pier in Manhattan. For its 'America&Spain250 Initiative,' the institute is spotlighting 'the significant yet little-understood role of Spain in America's war of independence.' Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria, is scheduled to attend the event. 'It's not a matter of getting the credit' for Spain, said Gonzalo Quintero, a historian who is to give a talk at the event. 'Credit is not a thing we historians are concerned about. In the community of historians, it's well recognized that without the help of Spain, American independence would never have taken place.' Want all of The Times? Subscribe.
Express Tribune
6 days ago
- Politics
- Express Tribune
Shehbaz hails Trump as 'man of peace'
Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif addresses a ceremony organized on the eve of 249th anniversary of Independence Day of United States of America on June 4, 2025. Photo: PID Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif on Wednesday said that the recent four-day armed conflict between Pakistan and India, proved the "Pahalgam incident was a false flag operation". "If it were otherwise," he said, "India should have presented solid evidence to the world to prove its case." Addressing a ceremony at the US Embassy marking the 249th anniversary of American Independence, the prime minister recalled that during the Kakul Academy event, he had offered an international, credible and transparent probe into the Pahlagam incident, so that the world could sift through fact and fiction. "Our sincere offer was met with aggression," he said. "But Pakistan responded with patience and restraint." He said that on May 6-7, Indian aggression martyred 33 Pakistanis, including children and elders, and injured many others. "In our right to self-defence, we shot down six Indian planes," he noted, adding that US officials in contact with Pakistan at the time acknowledged the response and urged de-escalation. He reiterated Pakistan's commitment to peace, saying, "Despite our offer of de-escalation, India chose conflict." The event was attended by Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar, ministers, parliamentarians and members of the diplomatic corps. Appreciating the role of US President Trump in securing the ceasefire, the prime minister said that Trump has proven himself to be a man of peace, committed to avoiding both cold and hot wars, and promoting trade and prosperity globally. The US president had advised both Pakistan and India to go for trade, investment and give up war and de-escalate, he added. He also lauded the role of the friendly and brotherly countries in the Middle East that proactively coordinated and supported Trump's genuine efforts. He expressed the hope that the truce would prove long-lasting. The PM also extended felicitations to US President Trump and the people of the US on their Independence Day. He expressed that the US-Pakistan ties were entering into a renewed friendship mode, and close contacts were being revived. Tonight, Pakistani nation joined the US people in paying homage to the US founding fathers, whose foresight and wisdom had changed the course of history, he said, adding that their democratic struggle, rule of constitution and equality equally resonate with the ideals of Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founding father of Pakistan. The prime minister also mentioned the Pak- US enjoyed historic, long standing and broad-based ties spanning over centuries. The US had supported Pakistan with construction of dams and other development projects. After 9/11, Pakistan faced a war on terror, its valiant forces and people laid down their lives and during the year 2018, they had comprehensively defeated terrorism. About 90,000 valuable lives were lost, besides the country suffered economic losses worth $150 billion, he said, adding there could not be a bigger manifestation of their commitment and resolve to fight terror in all its shades and colours. He expressed the hope that Pak-US bilateral trade would grow in volumes in the fields of IT, agriculture, education, health, etc., as both countries were discussing the tariff issue. He said that he was really inspired by Trump's vision for trade, investment and growth. Earlier welcoming the distinguished guests, US Chargé d'Affaires Natalie Baker reaffirmed the strength of Pakistan-US relations and expressed optimism about the future of bilateral cooperation. Marking the 249th anniversary of the United States' Declaration of Independence here at the US Embassy in Islamabad, she said, "Tonight is not only a celebration of our independence, but a reflection of the shared values that bind our two nations – liberty, equality, self-governance, and the pursuit of happiness." The event was attended by a large gathering of dignitaries, including Prime Minister Muhammad Shehbaz Sharif, senior Pakistani government officials, members of the diplomatic corps, business leaders, civil society representatives, and cultural icons, Baker paid tribute to the enduring friendship between the two countries. Baker, highlighting the historic nature of the relationship, noted that the US was among the first countries to recognize Pakistan's independence in 1947. "For the last 78 years, our partnership has grown in depth and dimension, rooted in mutual respect and a common vision of opportunity and prosperity," she added. She recalled how US development cooperation, through institutions such as USAID, had contributed to strengthening Pakistan's education, health, agriculture, and infrastructure sectors, and lauded the long-standing people-to-people ties that have been at the heart of bilateral engagement. Baker praised the contribution of US and Pakistani military officers who have jointly trained and served, saying their efforts have enhanced regional security and saved lives. "Our cooperation on defense and counterterrorism has brought tangible results," she said, citing Pakistan's recent capture and extradition of the ISIS-K operative responsible for the deadly 2021 Abbey Gate attack in Afghanistan. She appreciated the Pakistani government and security leadership for their role in fostering regional peace and stability, particularly acknowledging the efforts of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Chief of Army Staff Field Marshal General Asim Munir. Touching upon economic engagement, she highlighted the recent Pakistan Critical Minerals Investment Forum and the growing collaboration in digital innovation and emerging technologies. She also referenced joint investments in cryptocurrency and other forward-looking initiatives that point to a 'shared vision for sustainable growth.' In a diplomatic nod to recent regional developments, Baker credited joint Pakistan-US efforts in helping broker a ceasefire between Pakistan and India, describing it as a testament to the power of constructive cooperation. "Together, we are charting new frontiers – in trade, security, culture, technology, and yes, even cricket," she remarked with a smile, referencing her engagement with Pakistani society on and off the field. The event, featuring traditional American culinary flavors and a musical performance by the United States Air Force band, celebrated not just US national identity but also the enduring bonds between the American and Pakistani peoples. In conclusion, Baker thanked all participants and reaffirmed Washington's commitment to a robust, mutually beneficial relationship. "Our relationship is strong – and the best is yet to come," she said. "May the United States and Pakistan continue to thrive together." The reception reflected the vibrancy of bilateral ties and the evolving nature of a partnership aimed at promoting regional peace, economic growth, and global cooperation.
New York Times
25-05-2025
- Politics
- New York Times
These Founding Fathers Were Frenemies. Maybe We Can Learn Something.
Thomas Jefferson's Monticello is one of the most beloved sites in America, drawing more than 300,000 visitors a year up a steep mountain road to enjoy majestic views of the Virginia Piedmont and house tours that can feel like stepping into its creator's complicated mind. But in 1775, it was a muddy construction site — and, as a guide told a tour group gathered on its front portico on a recent morning, a pretty good metaphor for the not-quite-born United States itself. 'Things were just getting started, and they weren't going great,' the guide said. After a decade of escalating tensions between Britain and the colonists, a shooting war had broken out in Massachusetts. The Continental Congress formed an army, appointing an upstanding Virginian, George Washington, to lead it. 'Which, by the way,' the guide noted wryly, 'was John Adams's idea.' Virginia may be a purple state these days, but the area around Monticello is still rock-ribbed Jefferson country. Heading south, you can follow Thomas Jefferson Parkway to Jefferson Vineyards. Go a few miles north, to downtown Charlottesville, and you hit 'Mr. Jefferson's university,' as some still reverentially call it. But as the 250th anniversary of American independence approaches, his fellow founder and sometime nemesis is getting prominent billing up at Monticello, thanks to 'Founding Friends, Founding Foes,' a new tour built around the fraught 50-year relationship between Jefferson and Adams. The tour uses spaces in the magnificent house Jefferson designed, and items he kept close to him, to unpack their lifelong frenemyship. That often-fractious relationship stretched from their collaboration on the Declaration of Independence to Jefferson's defeat of Adams in the 1800 presidential election to their deaths, hours apart, on July 4, 1826. The tour explores the vicious partisan politics of the 1790s, and the rise of the two-party system we know (and may love or hate) today. And it invites guests to reflect on parallels with today's toxic politics and hyperpolarization, whether on the drive home or during special dinner table civic conversations — or as Jefferson would have put it, 'feasts of reason' — held on the grounds after some tours. These days, the Mountaintop, as Jefferson called the upper reaches of his 5,000-acre estate, is in exquisite condition, thanks to a multiyear effort to restore its buildings, gardens and fields to the way they looked in his retirement years. But down below, in the country he helped create, many fear that the grand edifice of American democracy is teetering. And Monticello is asking a question: Can leaning into the messy, complicated, nasty, origins of our partisan political system save us? A Complicated Legacy Monticello, which is owned and operated by the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, a private nonprofit group, has dealt with difficult questions before, if not always willingly. For decades, it presented a hagiographic image of Jefferson, saying little about the nearly 400 people enslaved there over his lifetime. That started to shift in the early 1990s, when the foundation created its first tour focused on slavery, even as some accused it of continuing to downplay the darker side of Jefferson's story. But things changed drastically after 2000, when the foundation announced, in the wake of DNA research and scholarship by historians led by Annette Gordon-Reed, that it had accepted longstanding claims that Jefferson had fathered six children with Sally Hemings, an enslaved woman. Today, Monticello is seen as a leader among historical houses grappling with slavery. It runs a continuing oral history project about the enslaved community there and its descendants, who have gathered here for reunions. And it offers various in-depth tours and exhibits dedicated to slavery, a subject that is also woven into every tour, including 'Founding Friends, Founding Foes.' At Monticello, the new tour is described not as a pivot, but a continuation of its commitment to difficult conversations — and to meeting its diverse stakeholders where they are. Jane Kamensky, a historian of the American Revolution who left Harvard last year to become president of Monticello, said the new tour grew out of research showing that many visitors wanted more political history, and more about Jefferson's career. It also reflects her conviction that Monticello can be a 'civic engine' for thinking about our current divides — and modeling how, as she puts it, to disagree better. 'On the tour, you hopefully feel a sense of inspiration around the possibility of this political friendship recovering itself, this civic friendship recovering itself,' Kamensky said. 'And then maybe you're inspired to call your uncle who you fell out with over Thanksgiving because you supported Trump and he supported Harris.' That might sound like 18th-century pie in the sky thinking, even without the ratcheting tensions of the second Trump administration. In a much-noted 2019 paper on partisanship, two political scientists reported survey data showing that 16 percent of Republicans and 20 percent of Democrats had sometimes thought the country would be better off if large numbers of people from the other side 'just died.' But for Kamensky, the fact that Jefferson himself is a lightning rod, who draws defenders, haters and everything in between, gives Monticello an advantage. 'I don't envy the president of the Lincoln presidential library,' she said. 'Everyone knows how they feel about Lincoln and feels affirmed in their admiration of him. But Jefferson is a nonconsensus figure.' Monticello's research shows it draws a broad mix of visitors from across the political spectrum, including more conservatives than other historic houses and museums, whose visitors skew more liberal than American adults as a whole. For some here, that reality was driven home on Jan. 7, 2021, when people stopped by for tours on their way home from Washington, wearing shirts and hats from the 'Stop the Steal' rally the day before. Sam Saunders, a retired civil engineer who has been a guide for nine years, said that was a challenging day at Monticello, though there were no incidents, and it was impossible to know if any of those visitors were among those who had gone on to storm the Capitol after the rally. 'Maybe some of the fuss was in our own emotions,' he said. And even on normal days, he added, it was important not to pass judgment on visitors based on hats, clothing or other cues. 'You can't assume people feel a certain way,' he said. Holly Haliniewski, a guide here for nearly seven years, said that in the intense months since President Trump returned to office, Monticello had been a tonic. 'It's been so good to come to work here, rather than sitting at home in my silo,' she said. 'This is one of the last places where people do come together, which makes me hopeful.' Bridging the Divide Guides at Monticello are familiar with emotional, and sometimes hostile, visitor reactions, particular around slavery. Still, at a recent all-day training session, some guides expressed nervousness about inviting a conversation about 2025 politics, even on a tour whose overt content stays firmly in the past. Brandon Dillard, Monticello's director of historic interpretation and audience engagement, offered reassurance. 'All of you are excellent at talking about racism and the legacy of slavery in America,' he said. 'I think you can handle a conversation about partisanship.' Each of the roughly four dozen guides at Monticello writes their own tour, within set parameters. Earlier this year, as part of the training for 'Founding Friends, Founding Foes,' Monticello organized daylong sessions with historians and political scientists. On this day in late February, the speakers were leaders from BridgeUSA and Living Room Conversations, two of the hundreds of 'bridging' organizations that have sprung up in recent years on campuses and in communities, with the mission of promoting civil disagreement and dialogue. Becca Kearl, the executive director of Living Room Conversations, which was founded in 2010, began by asking everyone to pull out their smartphones and, using a QR code, contribute to a word cloud, using the prompt 'America is….' The screen at the front of the room started to fill with responses like 'under attack,' 'not a democracy,' 'complicated' 'an oligarchy,' 'Trump,' and 'a mess.' But there was also 'an inspiration' and 'my home.' Kearl ran through some discouraging statistics about polarization. But like many in the 'bridging' world, she prefers to emphasize recent research showing that a large majority of people across the political spectrum want honest, fact-based history that honors shared American values without glossing over hard things. 'We feel divided, but a lot of that is coming from the top down,' she said. 'I'm not saying things aren't happening now that are really divisive. But research shows we really want to be united.' What that means on the ground is complicated. One guide asked whether the civic dialogue approach downplays the degree to which people from minority groups may feel less empowered to speak, if they are present at all. (Monticello's visitors, according to its data, skew heavily white, as they do at museum sites as a whole.) Another noted the challenge of navigating the political gap between, say, Charlottesville, which voted 84 percent Democratic in the 2024 presidential election, and Greene County, a heavily rural Republican stronghold only about 20 miles away. Kearl, describing herself as a registered Republican who feels conservative in a national context but 'super-liberal in Utah,' where she lives, said that political identity can be complicated. And for some who are right of center, even well-intentioned efforts by progressive-dominated institutions to reach across the political divide can come off as condescending. 'With conservatives, there's often a sense you are being drawn in to be re-educated, and you are just going to be told how you are wrong,' she said. Dillard reminded the guides that the point wasn't to win a debate or change anyone's mind, but to foster civic connection. 'Do you want to prove a point?' he said. 'Or do you want to make a difference?' Dreams of the Future The following morning, about three dozen students from the University of Virginia and Washington and Lee, a nearby school with a more conservative reputation, arrived for an early test-run of the new tour. 'You're all probably very familiar with Thomas Jefferson,' the guide, Wyatt Falcone, said, kicking things off. But what comes to mind when you think about John Adams? 'Curmudgeon,' one student offered. 'Actually,' Falcone said, 'he had a pretty good sense of humor!' The group, which included some students from campus bridging groups, was primed for dialogue. But there wasn't much time for questions, as Falcone raced to keep the complex story under the tour's one-hour limit. (It clocked in at an hour and 20 minutes.) Stepping into Monticello, with its eccentrically shaped spaces, rich colors and cutting-edge 18th-century gadgets, can feel like entering an Enlightenment version of Willie Wonka's factory. And in the entrance hall, Falcone noted mainstays of every house tour, including a museum-like display of Native American artifacts brought back by the Lewis and Clark expedition and, over the door, the elaborate 'Great Clock' designed by Jefferson, which has been running for more than 200 years. But by the time the group moved into the library, Falcone was deep into the history of the debates of the 1780s over the newly proposed Constitution, and the rifts that began opening over the nature and practice of American democracy. Adams, Falcone explained, believed that the new nation needed a strong executive to contain the class of people who, in every society, would rise above the rest, and seek to accumulate power for themselves. Jefferson, he said, was 'more of an optimist.' 'He believed the American Revolution was the first step in a global revolution that would wipe away the systems and tyrannies of the past and create a new world of freedom and equality,' he said. (Though not for everybody — Jefferson, Falcone noted, was 'horrified' when enslaved Haitians overthrew their masters and established a democratic republic in 1804.) So far, so Jeffersonian. But moving into the bedchamber — where a bust of Adams was tucked into a corner, near the foot of the bed — Falcone described how this civic friendship, and the new democracy's fragile consensus, started to seriously fray. It started with the election to succeed George Washington in 1796, when Adams narrowly defeated Jefferson. And by their 1800 rematch, the brutal politics of the 'factions' that many of the founders had warned against produced what is still seen as one of the nastiest, most bitterly partisan elections in American history. Adams's Federalists accused Jefferson of being an anarchist, an atheist, a traitor and a French spy. Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans, meanwhile, denounced Adams as a warmonger, a monarchist and a tyrant. And then — as fans of 'Hamilton' will remember — the election was thrown into the House of Representatives, where it took more than 30 ballots for Jefferson to prevail. Adams left office in 1801, in the first peaceful transfer of power to a political opponent in American history. But the two men did not exchange a single word for more than a decade. Then, in January 1812, three years after Jefferson had retired to Monticello, a courier — 'probably an enslaved person,' Falcone said — arrived with something unexpected: a letter from Adams. The brief letter included New Year's wishes, and a book written by his son John Quincy Adams, who Jefferson had known as a child. The missives started flying back and forth, and didn't stop. 'You and I ought not to die before we have explained ourselves to each other,' Adams wrote to Jefferson in July 1813. But explaining themselves, Falcone noted, did not mean changing the other's mind. The tour — with its discussions of the partisan press, the deportation of 'enemy aliens,' debates over executive power and racist rumor campaigns — offered plenty of rhymes with our political present, without overtly spelling them out, or telling anyone what to think. Visitors are left to decide what message, if any, they will carry back down from the mountaintop to the messy country below. But Falcone ended the tour with a hopeful line from Jefferson: 'I like the dreams of the future rather than the history of the past.'
Epoch Times
24-05-2025
- Entertainment
- Epoch Times
NTD Invites Photographers to Celebrate America's Birth
Amateurs, students, and professional photographers alike can compete for a new international photography award celebrating an independent America. The NTD International Photography Competition (NIPC) has just announced a special award titled 'Best Work Commemorating the 250th Anniversary of American Independence.' It also announced two new award categories: Best Chinese Photographer and Best Sports Photography. Each of these award's winners will receive $2,000 in cash or $2,000 worth of photography products and equipment. Now in its fifth iteration, the NIPC invites photographers around the world to enter uplifting images of 'beautiful moments.' Amateur and professional photographers who enter two competition categories, Social Relations & Humanity and Nature & Landscape, will compete for the $5,000 Gold Award or $5,000 worth of photography products and equipment. The NIPC, hosted by The Epoch Times' sister media outlet NTD, is one in a series of international art and cultural competitions that celebrate time-honored traditions. The competition's mission is to 'preserve traditional aesthetics,' so each entry must be free of digital editing. However, photographers can adjust the brightness, sharpness, and color balance of their images. The NIPC focuses on photographers' technical skills and manual dexterity, including hand-eye skills when setting up a shot. It invites entrants to submit luminous, naturalistic images that depict beauty and kindness. 'Morning Scene' by Chee-Eam Chua (Malaysia). Nature & Landscapes category Gold Award winner of the 4th NTD International Photography Competition. Courtesy of the NTD International Photography Competition 'Fall Over' by David Wong (Australia). Society & Humanity category Outstanding Technique Award winner at the 4th NTD International Photography Competition. Courtesy of the NTD International Photography Competition Photographers have until July 31, 2025, to register. Related Stories 3/8/2025 1/20/2024 Finalists' work will be featured online and in an exhibition in New York City from Jan. 25 through Jan. 31, 2026. To find out more, visit What arts and culture topics would you like us to cover? Please email ideas or feedback to
Boston Globe
14-04-2025
- Politics
- Boston Globe
Plans to celebrate America's 250th anniversary were underway. Then came the federal funding cuts
Get Starting Point A guide through the most important stories of the morning, delivered Monday through Friday. Enter Email Sign Up 'What is it going to mean for small towns and rural communities who were expecting the possibility of having grants to do special exhibits, special commemorations, their own programs, and speakers and performers? All of that is now extremely tenuous. And those are exactly the kinds of things people have been looking forward to.' Advertisement The head of Washington state's humanities council said the NEH funding cuts appeared at odds with Trump's focus on the commemorations. Earlier this year, the president signed an executive order creating a White House task force to plan a 'grand celebration worthy of the momentous occasion of the 250th anniversary of American Independence.' Advertisement 'The organization that's positioned to do that for America is the National Endowment for the Humanities,' said Julie Ziegler, chief executive and executive director of Humanities Washington. The White House and the NEH did not respond to requests for comment. The humanities funding cuts come as Trump has targeted cultural establishments from the Smithsonian Institution to the Institute of Museum and Library Services in executive orders. The moves are part of his goals to downsize the federal government and end initiatives seen as promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion. The order directed at the Smithsonian, for example, said it has 'come under the influence of a divisive, race-centered ideology.' To comply with the orders, federal agencies have scrubbed images and information designated as DEI material from websites pertaining to certain parts of American history. That ranges from a webpage highlighting baseball trailblazer Jackie Robinson's military service to the National Park Service removing content about Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. Both were restored after a public outcry. 'I think that what's happening is the administration is trying to shape the history that we're going to tell in a way that's unprecedented,' said James Grossman, executive director of the American Historical Association. 'The expertise of professional historians is being set aside in favor of a narrow, ideologically driven idea of the American past.' State humanities councils across the country have been discussing how to present the myriad histories that make up the United States for the 250th commemoration events. But leaders of those councils say the loss of money from the National Endowment for the Humanities means some events are now unlikely to take place. Advertisement The NEH is a federal agency that awards money appropriated by Congress to a variety of recipients, including state humanities councils, museums, universities, and historic sites. The money supports educational programs, research, and preservation, among other things. This month, the Trump administration's Department of Governmental Efficiency, overseen by billionaire Trump adviser Elon Musk, placed roughly 80 percent of NEH staff members on administrative leave, according to the Federation of State Humanities Councils. The NEH also sent letters to state humanities councils across the country saying their federal grants had been terminated. The halt in funding came during the middle of the fiscal year for thousands of organizations and is causing widespread changes in their programs, including planning for the 250th anniversary. Georgia Humanities, the state's humanities council, has been planning various events for the 250th anniversary, said president Mary McCartin Wearn. They include a statewide 'digital book club' in partnership with the state's public library service, a program for speakers to travel across the state to give lectures and presentations, and a Smithsonian Institution program known as Museum on Main Street, which brings traveling exhibits to small towns and rural areas. But the council has now lost $740,000 in federal funding that had been awarded to it, placing those programs in jeopardy, said McCartin Wearn, who has been fielding calls and emails from people asking about the status of their programming for the anniversary events. 'It's really something that is heartbreaking, because it is a moment for reflection about who we are and who we want to be,' she said. Adam Davis, executive director of Oregon Humanities, said his state had already run trainings at rural libraries and begun conversations about 'freedom, equality, how we remember key events, why we monumentalize or memorialize big things, and how we should do that.' Advertisement 'You can celebrate the 250th by having a commercial at the Super Bowl and waving a big flag,' Davis said. 'You could also do things like get community members talking to each other about the core values in the country and what we hope for, and you can build trust and strengthen the fabric of our democracy.' Without the funding, he said, 'the scale is going to be quite different.' Miranda Restovic, president and executive director of the Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities, said the state's role in the nation's history makes the 250th anniversary 'a really wonderful opportunity.' However, the funding cuts, which amount to $600,000 this fiscal year, put her organization in 'contingency planning mode rather than continuing to think creatively about how we celebrate that important moment for our nation and our history.' In a state that has shaped American history, cuisine, and culture, the group's plan for the 250th anniversary was to 'nudge' people around the state to design programs that would show off the distinct flavors of their communities. 'We were planning to lean into us as a grant maker and support local initiatives that celebrated the 250th so that people can tell their own story,' Restovic said. 'We are likely not going to be able to do that.' Brenda Thomson, executive director of Arizona Humanities, said she had been imagining dramatic readings of the Bill of Rights, theater productions, parades, book readings, and festivals as activities that communities would be putting on 'with a heightened sense of pride' for the 250th anniversary. Advertisement She said the $1 million cut to her organization will mean curtailing those activities in a way that will not allow the telling of the nation's full story. She lamented what would be lost. 'How do you know what you're doing if you don't know where you came from,' she said.
