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Pride and prose: Novels that illuminate queer lives in Japan
Japan has a long and colorful lineage of same-sex love and non-normative sexualities. As queer communities in Japan continue to fight for social acceptance, equal rights and legal protections, Pride Month is an opportune moment to look at how sexual minorities have been represented in the country's literary domain.
Nowadays, Japanese fiction is more accessible than ever before, thanks to a burgeoning field of literary translators as well as the voracious appetites of readers around the world. While not all of the authors in the list below are queer themselves, their depictions of LGBTQ+ characters and themes illustrate, in some measure, the plight of marginalized communities in modern society.
Storytelling is a bridge to empathy, offering insights into the lives and worldviews of people we might never be able to meet otherwise. If you're not yet familiar with queer narratives and characters from Japan, think of this list as a jumping-off point — and perhaps the beginning of your reading journey.
'Confessions of a Mask' by Yukio Mishima (translated by Meredith Weatherby)
A classic of the modern queer canon, as it were, the significance of 'Confessions of a Mask' is perhaps overshadowed by the controversial legacy of its writer: Yukio Mishima, the ultra-right-wing nationalist, bodybuilder and literary titan who committed seppuku (ritual disembowelment) in 1970 after a failed attempt to overthrow the government. 'Confessions' was published in 1949 and is widely regarded as a semi-autobiographical account of Mishima's childhood and upbringing, relating the experience of a young man who struggles to reconcile with his same-sex attraction in a society of strict mores.
'Kitchen' by Banana Yoshimoto (translated by Megan Backus)
Yoshimoto's 1988 book marked her debut on the literary scene and was the recipient of multiple prizes in Japan. The titular novella follows a young woman named Mikage, who takes up residence with Yuichi, a friend of her late grandmother's. Mikage grows fond of Yuichi as well as Eriko, his transgender mother who owns a nightclub. A meditation on family, food and grief, 'Kitchen' creates a space of solace in spite of the tragedy that shadows Mikage's world.
'Twinkle Twinkle' by Kaori Ekuni (translated by Emi Shimokawa)
Ekuni's novel centers on a marriage of convenience between Shoko, an alcoholic translator, and Mutsuki, a gay physician who remains very much devoted to his partner Kon. Misfits in a society that prizes conformity, Shoko and Mutsuki decide to tie the knot to alleviate the pressures they face individually. When the topic of procreation comes up, the couple delineate the boundaries of their unconventional relationship and, alongside Kon, create a modern family in their own image. Originally published in 1991, Ekuni's debut novel earned her the Murasaki Shikibu Prize for Literature.
'Real World' by Natsuo Kirino (translated by Philip Gabriel)
'Real World' (published in 2003) follows a quartet of teenage girlfriends — Toshi, Yuzan, Terauchi and Kirarin — and their encounter with a boy nicknamed 'Worm,' who is accused of murdering his mother. Shifting between the perspectives of all five characters, Kirino's mosaic novel offers an intimate glimpse of Japanese youth at the turn of the century, including the interior life of a young woman who attempts to hide her sexuality amid the dynamics of her friend group.
'Sputnik Sweetheart' by Haruki Murakami (translated by Philip Gabriel)
One of Murakami's more compact novels, 'Sputnik Sweetheart' is ostensibly a love story between Sumire, an aspiring writer, and the enigmatic Miu, an older Zainichi Korean woman whom she meets at a wedding. Originally published in 2000, the story is narrated by a male protagonist known simply as 'K,' who watches helplessly from the sidelines as Sumire absconds to Europe with Miu. Sumire disappears in Greece and K is compelled to travel afar to aid in her search — his journey revealing more questions than answers, in true Murakami fashion.
'Solo Dance' by Li Kotomi (translated by Arthur Reiji Morris)
Li won the Gunzo Prize in 2017 for her novel about the coming of age of Cho Norie, a Taiwanese lesbian navigating a new life in Japan while haunted by the violence and trauma of her past. Alternating between the present day and Norie's younger years, the narrative presents a psychological portrait of a protagonist on the margins, grappling with a deep-rooted loneliness while holding onto hope for a kinder, softer future.
'The Night of Baba Yaga' by Akira Otani (translated by Sam Bett)
Yoriko Shindo, a young woman with a checkered past, is the reader's avatar in this slim volume from 2020 that explores the bloody underworld of the 1970s. When Yoriko is forced into servitude in a yakuza compound, she becomes the driver and bodyguard for Shoko Naiki, the 18-year-old daughter of the mob boss. Yoriko and Shoko forge an unlikely bond that forms the core of the novel, which ricochets between two storylines as the violence escalates into a subversive and titillating climax.
Untranslated gems in queer literature
Despite the Japanese literature publishing boom of recent years, many more works of queer fiction still don't have English translations (for now). Japanese literacy can unlock a whole world of writers and stories from the LGBTQ+ literary canon.
'Two Virgins in the Attic' by Nobuko Yoshiya
Originally published in 1919, Yoshiya's story about two young women who become roommates at a boarding school is widely considered to be a narrative prototype of and forerunner to yuri manga depicting same-sex romance and attraction between girls.
'A Lovers' Forest' by Mari Mori
Mori, daughter of esteemed novelist Ogai Mori, published this collection of four short stories in 1961, which many credit for inspiring the Boys' Love genre of manga that began to flourish in the following decade.
'Yes, Yes, Yes' by Hisao Hiruma
Hiruma's groundbreaking novel won the Bungei Prize in 1989 and delves into the lives of young men who work as hustlers in Shinjuku Ni-chome, Tokyo's LGBTQ+ neighborhood.
'Egoist' by Makoto Takayama
The basis of the award-winning film of the same name from director Daishi Matsunaga, Takayama's novel centers on the ill-fated love affair between a magazine editor and his personal trainer.
'The Real Life of Julian Butler' by Nao Kawamoto
Kawamoto's novel, published in 2021, is a 'translation' of the biography of Julian Butler — a fictional American writer — and an appraisal of his scandalous public life.
'Dtopia' by Jose Ando
Mixed-race author Ando won the Akugatawa Prize this year for his third novel, which centers on contestants on a reality TV dating show set in Bora Bora. A translation of his debut novel 'Jackson Alone' by Kalau Almony is forthcoming in 2026.
