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Crepidiastrum Denticulatum Extract
Crepidiastrum denticulatum , a member of the Asteraceae family that is also known as Youngia denticulatum , is traditionally consumed as a vegetable in Korea. The plant is known to confer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity as well as protective effects. Air pollutants exact a toll on the skin, promoting the development of acne, atopic dermatitis, pigmentary changes, and wrinkles. C denticulatum is seen on skin cream labels as Pollux CD to help shield the skin against various stressors found in air pollution, including particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing benzo[a]pyrene, heavy metals, and ultraviolet (UV) B radiation. C denticulatum is included in anti-aging skin care (and found in Zerafite Wrinkle Defense Barrier Cream) because it has been found to increase autophagy and decrease cellular senescence. This column focuses on the available evidence that supports the use of this natural extract in skin care.
Leslie S. Baumann, MD
Autophagy and Protection Against Skin Pollution
In 2019, Yoon et al. screened numerous natural extracts to quantify their autophagy activation efficacy in cultured dermal fibroblasts, given the spate of evidence that autophagy activation can protect the skin from oxidation-induced cellular damage and signs of aging. Cells treated by C denticulatum extracts demonstrated the greatest autophagic vacuole development in the noncytotoxic range. The investigators reported that C denticulatum treatment yielded the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate kinase, although it did not suppress the mammalian target of rapamycin. They also assessed the anti-pollution activity of the extract using model substances, benzo[a]pyrene and cadmium chloride, with the C denticulatum extract treatment of the skin, particularly as anti-inflammatory, antipollution cosmetic agents.
Anti-aging
In 2020, Park et al. studied the influence of various UVB radiation levels on the development of the functional constituents of C denticulatum . They observed that none of the UVB levels (0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.25 W m-2) conferred negative effects on shoot dry weight after 6 days of 6-h exposure. Shoot fresh weight was suppressed by the higher energy treatments (1.0 and 1.25 W m-2). Total carotenoid content was elevated by 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 W m-2 energy levels. Antioxidant capacity, hydroxycinnamic acid content, and multiple sesquiterpenes were augmented on day 4 by 0.25 W m-2 treatment. The researchers determined that they had identified the potential of 0.25 W m-2 UVB to efficiently synthesize bioactive constituents of C denticulatum without suppressing growth.
In a 2015 study, Kim et al. investigated the impact of various youngiaside extracts on extrinsic aging. In evaluating the molecular mechanisms of the extracts in UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts, they found that the C denticulatum constituents reduced matrix metalloproteinase expression and production. Collagen expression and synthesis were also increased in human dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, the investigators observed that the extracts significantly enhanced the antioxidant enzyme expression, thus down-regulating the reactive oxygen species generated by UVB exposure. Other notable results included decreased phosphorylation of I-kappa-B-alphaand IKK alpha/beta , suppressed nuclear factor kappa-B (NF kappa-B) p65 nuclear translocation, and robust inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators. The investigators concluded that the tested substances found in C denticulatum have the potential to prevent and treat cutaneous aging.
Animal Studies Indicate Protective Benefits
In 2014, Ahn et al. found that an ethanol extract of C denticulatum significantly shielded retinal ganglion cells from eradication caused by optic nerve crush in a mouse model of glaucoma. They also determined that the primary active constituents of the herbal extract were the hydroxycinnamic acids chicoric acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, which have demonstrated the capacity to protect from retinal damage in multiple in vivo and in vitro studies.
Later in 2014, Yoo et al. reported on the antioxidant and detoxifying activity of C denticulatum extracts. The researchers found that the botanical agent exerted hepatoprotective benefits against chronic alcohol-induced liver damage in rats. Specifically, rats treated with C denticulatum experienced substantial attenuation of fatty liver symptoms, with normalization of antioxidative capacity and lipid peroxidation of the liver. The functions of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase were also restored through treatment with C denticulatum .
More recently, in 2018, the oral administration of a C denticulatum extract was found to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in improving acute renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice.
Conclusion
