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Hindustan Times
8 hours ago
- Science
- Hindustan Times
Bleeding blue: All that we are looking to extract from the oceans
We know the ocean covers over 70% of the planet. What most of us don't really think about is that more than 60% of that vast expanse lies outside national boundaries, an unregulated immensity known as the high seas. For most of human history, oceans have been mythologised rather than mapped. The dividing lines that do exist have been drawn in intriguing and somewhat arbitrary ways. In the 18th century, for instance, a Dutch jurist proposed that a country's sovereign waters should extend as far as a cannon could fire from its coast, which turned out to be about three nautical miles (about 5.5 km). It was a brilliantly pragmatic solution: state control where defence was plausible, and freedom beyond. The so-called 'cannon-shot rule' became law, and lived on until the 20th century. Then came oil rigs, trawlers and submarines, which called for upgrades in maritime monitoring. In 1982, after years of Cold War-era wrangling, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was signed, dividing waters into zones of control. (UNCLOS was ratified in 1994.) Territorial waters were now considered to extend 12 nautical miles (about 22 km) from the coast. Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) extended to 200 nautical miles (about 370 km). Beyond that remain the high seas: vast, largely ungoverned, and increasingly contested. Fruit of the sea? Meanwhile, we famously have better maps of Mars than we do of Earth's oceans. Despite efforts made with satellites, submersibles and robots, an estimated 80% of the ocean remains unexplored. It doesn't help that light begins to dwindle rapidly beyond depths of 200 metres, and pressure builds. The Mariana Trench, for reference, sits at about 11,000 metres below sea level (deeper than Mount Everest is high). It isn't just mystery that lives in these deeps. It is priceless utility. The ocean is our thermostat, our oxygen engine, our pantry and, increasingly, our vault. We have been drilling for oil and gas reserves for decades. Now we are eyeing reserves of metals such as cobalt, nickel and manganese, vital to current green-energy technology. With nodules of these metals just sitting on the floor, there is talk of robots gliding about beneath the seas, gathering them up like underwater fruit. Except one must first determine whose nodules they are, and how to safely reach them. That safety, of course, relates primarily to the marine ecosystems themselves. Hidden treasure In 2023, after years of diplomatic inertia, the UN brokered the High Seas Treaty (officially, the Agreement on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction; it's a good thing it has a nickname.) The treaty aims to create protected marine areas, mandate environmental assessments, and determine how to share the benefits of marine resources. This is a document born of rising anxiety: over vanishing species, collapsing ecosystems and the accelerating commodification of the deep. The treaty is not yet law. It has not been ratified and it is unclear how many countries will eventually sign on. Meanwhile, the high seas are already being commercially explored. What lies beneath is considered too tempting. Just one area, the 4.5-million-sq-km Clarion-Clipperton Zone between Hawaii and Mexico — an area larger than the European Union — is said to hold more battery-grade metals than all known land reserves. UNCLOS also created the International Seabed Authority (ISA), to regulate mining in international waters. ISA, headquartered in Jamaica, has already issued 31 exploration licences worldwide. Its dual role, to regulate and promote, is an open contradiction. A new gold rush is underway. Our final frontier The biggest risk? That it is already too late to ask the right questions. Unlike forests, the deep-sea floor has no history of human interference. Sediments settle over centuries. Scar them, and the wound may never heal. In a study published in 2020, German researchers returned to a small patch of seabed off the coast of Peru, which they had disturbed 26 years earlier. Their tracks remained. Microbial life hadn't returned. Time had not healed the area; it had simply fossilised the damage. We have no idea how the ocean responds to disturbance. Other recent findings suggest that the nodules that are the focus of our newest gold rush aren't simply inert 'fruit' waiting to be collected. They are biological scaffolds, hosting microbes that may play a crucial role in nutrient cycles and oxygen production. Still, the push continues. Many deep-sea mining companies promise cleaner extraction than on land. Better this, they argue, than poisoned villages and jungles razed to stubble as a result of mining activity. They are not entirely wrong. But the framing is false. The choice may not be a binary. There are other paths: battery innovation, material substitutes, recycling. What we lack isn't cobalt. It is patience, and perhaps humility. And for what? In research labs around the world, new battery chemistries are taking shape: sodium-ion systems that sidestep cobalt entirely, solid-state designs with safer materials. The very need driving seabed mining may disappear, not in decades but in years. There is precedent. In the 1800s, whale oil was essential… for lamps, lubrication, industry. Then came electricity, the lightbulb and fossil fuels. Demand collapsed. Whales didn't survive because we found compassion. They survived because we found something better. What if we're solving for the wrong scarcity? Yet, the machines are already descending. China, the US and the EU are testing new devices. India has secured two ISA exploration licences. Tiny Pacific Island countries are looking forward to profiting from holding the keys to the most accessible expanses, even as sea levels rise to what could be, for them, island-extinction levels. There is a photograph that captures something of the conundrum: a deep-sea octopus guarding its eggs, nestled on a bed of manganese nodules. It is a reminder that the sea isn't a vault. It is a nursery. Our world's wondrous balancing engine. And we don't really know how it works. Yet, our engines of extraction won't wait, neither for innovation nor hindsight. There is a pattern here, and it's not a new one. We rush before we reckon. This time, we are rushing into Earth's oldest, largest, possibly most defining biome. Is it more batteries we need, or more balance? *** In Hindu myth, the gods and demons churned the cosmic ocean to retrieve amrit, the nectar of immortality. But before the amrit, this yielded halahala, a poison so potent it threatened to destroy all life. Shiva, the god of destruction, had to swallow it to save the world. It is the oldest story we tell about extraction: treasure and terror, released together. It is wise to fear the ocean. It has never cared for surface designs. (Kashyap Kompella is an industry analyst and author of two books on AI)
Scoop
5 days ago
- Scoop
Operation TUI MOANA 2025 Concludes With Strong Regional Coordination
Press Release – Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency The operation concluded on Friday 23 May 2025, with the successful participation of Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. HONIARA, 27 MAY 2025 – Ten Members of the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) took part in Operation TUI MOANA 2025 (OPTM25), a two-week regional operation targeting illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing across FFA Members' Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and adjacent high seas areas within the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) area. The operation concluded on Friday 23 May 2025, with the successful participation of Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. A key highlight of OPTM25 involved the listing of nine vessels of interest (VOI), including one confirmed apprehension for suspected IUU fishing activities. Furthermore, a total of 76 fishing vessels were boarded – 30 in port and 46 at sea – with an additional 31 vessel sightings and 4,937 satellite detections recorded. FFA Officer in Charge of the Fisheries Operations Division, Jason Raubani, praised the collaborative efforts during OPTM25's final briefing. 'The success of OPTM25 highlights the continued strong regional cooperation that is in place, and the commitment to protecting the rights of Members and their valuable tuna resources.' He noted that follow-up investigations are already underway and emphasized the importance of maintaining momentum through national enforcement efforts and regional coordination. Supporting the operation were the Pacific QUADs – Australia, France, New Zealand, and the United States – along with key monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS) partners. A team of 29 national officers representing the participating Members, along with P-QUAD and partner personnel, were based at the FFA Regional Fisheries Surveillance Centre (RFSC) in Honiara throughout the operation. They coordinated real-time surveillance and intelligence efforts, directing surface and aerial patrols across the region. The RFSC team developed daily intelligence briefings using MCS tools and surveillance data, which were used to guide operations and inspections by national authorities and partner agencies. The operation also reinforced cooperation under the Niue Treaty Subsidiary Agreement, allowing joint action across maritime boundaries and information sharing.
Scoop
5 days ago
- Scoop
Operation TUI MOANA 2025 Concludes With Strong Regional Coordination
Press Release – Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency The operation concluded on Friday 23 May 2025, with the successful participation of Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. HONIARA, 27 MAY 2025 – Ten Members of the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) took part in Operation TUI MOANA 2025 (OPTM25), a two-week regional operation targeting illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing across FFA Members' Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and adjacent high seas areas within the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) area. The operation concluded on Friday 23 May 2025, with the successful participation of Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. A key highlight of OPTM25 involved the listing of nine vessels of interest (VOI), including one confirmed apprehension for suspected IUU fishing activities. Furthermore, a total of 76 fishing vessels were boarded – 30 in port and 46 at sea – with an additional 31 vessel sightings and 4,937 satellite detections recorded. FFA Officer in Charge of the Fisheries Operations Division, Jason Raubani, praised the collaborative efforts during OPTM25's final briefing. 'The success of OPTM25 highlights the continued strong regional cooperation that is in place, and the commitment to protecting the rights of Members and their valuable tuna resources.' He noted that follow-up investigations are already underway and emphasized the importance of maintaining momentum through national enforcement efforts and regional coordination. Supporting the operation were the Pacific QUADs – Australia, France, New Zealand, and the United States – along with key monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS) partners. A team of 29 national officers representing the participating Members, along with P-QUAD and partner personnel, were based at the FFA Regional Fisheries Surveillance Centre (RFSC) in Honiara throughout the operation. They coordinated real-time surveillance and intelligence efforts, directing surface and aerial patrols across the region. The RFSC team developed daily intelligence briefings using MCS tools and surveillance data, which were used to guide operations and inspections by national authorities and partner agencies. The operation also reinforced cooperation under the Niue Treaty Subsidiary Agreement, allowing joint action across maritime boundaries and information sharing.
Scoop
5 days ago
- Scoop
Operation TUI MOANA 2025 Concludes With Strong Regional Coordination
HONIARA, 27 MAY 2025 – Ten Members of the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) took part in Operation TUI MOANA 2025 (OPTM25), a two-week regional operation targeting illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing across FFA Members' Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and adjacent high seas areas within the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) area. The operation concluded on Friday 23 May 2025, with the successful participation of Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. A key highlight of OPTM25 involved the listing of nine vessels of interest (VOI), including one confirmed apprehension for suspected IUU fishing activities. Furthermore, a total of 76 fishing vessels were boarded – 30 in port and 46 at sea – with an additional 31 vessel sightings and 4,937 satellite detections recorded. FFA Officer in Charge of the Fisheries Operations Division, Jason Raubani, praised the collaborative efforts during OPTM25's final briefing. 'The success of OPTM25 highlights the continued strong regional cooperation that is in place, and the commitment to protecting the rights of Members and their valuable tuna resources.' He noted that follow-up investigations are already underway and emphasized the importance of maintaining momentum through national enforcement efforts and regional coordination. Supporting the operation were the Pacific QUADs – Australia, France, New Zealand, and the United States – along with key monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS) partners. A team of 29 national officers representing the participating Members, along with P-QUAD and partner personnel, were based at the FFA Regional Fisheries Surveillance Centre (RFSC) in Honiara throughout the operation. They coordinated real-time surveillance and intelligence efforts, directing surface and aerial patrols across the region. The RFSC team developed daily intelligence briefings using MCS tools and surveillance data, which were used to guide operations and inspections by national authorities and partner agencies. The operation also reinforced cooperation under the Niue Treaty Subsidiary Agreement, allowing joint action across maritime boundaries and information sharing.
Newsweek
5 days ago
- Politics
- Newsweek
China Tests US Ally in Disputed Waters
Based on facts, either observed and verified firsthand by the reporter, or reported and verified from knowledgeable sources. Newsweek AI is in beta. Translations may contain inaccuracies—please refer to the original content. South Korea—a United States ally in Northeast Asia—has voiced its concerns over China's unilateral declaration of "no-sail zones" in the disputed waters between the two countries. Newsweek has emailed the Chinese and South Korean foreign ministries for comment. Why It Matters Newsweek previously reported that China declared three zones banning the entry of ships within the Yellow Sea's Provisional Measures Zone (PMZ), an area established under a 2000 agreement where the Chinese and South Korean Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) overlap. These Chinese "no-sail zones" have been in effect since Thursday and are scheduled to end on Tuesday. Two were designated for military exercises, while no reason was assigned for the third—located entirely in South Korea's EEZ—although ships were still prohibited from entering it. This comes as China has installed three structures in the PMZ, which South Korea fears could mark the beginning of Chinese territorial expansion. Beijing is also being accused of "militarizing" the Yellow Sea by maintaining a persistent naval presence there. What To Know Citing a text message from an official at the South Korean Foreign Ministry, the country's Yonhap News Agency reported on Saturday that Seoul has conveyed its concerns to Beijing over a Chinese "no-sail zone" in the PMZ through unspecified diplomatic channels. It was not immediately clear which of the Chinese "no-sail zones" Seoul was referring to. While the South Korean official admitted that both nations are permitted to carry out military drills in the PMZ, he claimed that China's move "excessively" limited freedom of navigation. The South Korean military also told Yonhap News Agency that it was "closely" monitoring a series of moves by China in the PMZ, while adding that it could not make representations regarding military activities carried out by China or other countries in international waters. The report also noted that South Korea, which has often conducted war games with the U.S., previously declared a "no-sail zone" in the same waters for drills, setting a precedent. Chinese J-15 fighter jets are seen on the deck of the aircraft carrier CNS Liaoning during military drills in the Yellow Sea on December 23, 2016. Chinese J-15 fighter jets are seen on the deck of the aircraft carrier CNS Liaoning during military drills in the Yellow Sea on December 23, 2016. STR/AFP via Getty Images Meanwhile, the Chinese aircraft carrier CNS Liaoning has arrived in waters near Japan's southwestern islands after a southward voyage from its home port on China's Yellow Sea coast over the weekend. It remains unclear whether the ship transited the "no-sail zones." What People Are Saying A South Korean Foreign Ministry official said: "The [South Korean] government will continue to actively respond in close cooperation with related ministries to ensure that our legitimate rights and interests are not violated." Guo Jiakun, spokesperson for the Chinese Foreign Ministry, previously said in translated comments provided by China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs: "I would like to point out that what China set up in the provisional measures zone (PMZ) are the aquaculture facilities. And relevant activities of China are consistent with China's domestic law and international law." What Happens Next It remains to be seen whether South Korea will enhance its naval presence in the PMZ or conduct any exercises to assert its EEZ in response to China's "no-sail zones."
