19-05-2025
Seeking answers through epistemology!
Epistemology, derived from the Greek words episteme, meaning knowledge, and logos, meaning reason or argument, is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature, scope, and sources of knowledge. It is also known as the theory of knowledge.
It seeks to answer questions such as: What is knowledge? And how do we know what we know? Apart from influencing philosophical thought, these fundamental questions have an impact on a wide range of fields, including science, education, law, and artificial intelligence.
Understanding epistemology better
At its core, epistemology is concerned with distinguishing knowledge from belief. Traditionally, knowledge has been defined as 'justified true belief'. This definition suggests that for someone to know a proposition, three criteria must be met:
1. Belief – The person must believe the proposition.
2. Truth – The proposition must be true.
3. Justification – The person must have good reasons or evidence for the belief.
This definition, long accepted in philosophical circles, was famously challenged by Edmund Gettier in his 1963 paper 'Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?' Gettier presented cases in which individuals had beliefs that were justified and true but arrived at by accident or through faulty reasoning, raising doubts about whether such beliefs constitute knowledge.
For example, if someone sees a clock that has stopped but it happens to be showing the right or correct time by coincidence, they have a belief that is both justified and true, but intuitively, we hesitate to say they know the time. They just accidentally got to know the right time by pure coincidence.
Sources of Knowledge
Epistemologists also examine the sources through which knowledge is obtained. These include perception, reason, testimony, memory and introspection.
Epistemology in the modern world
Epistemology is extremely important in the 21st Century amid concerns about misinformation, propaganda, and the proliferation of digital media. Questions about who we trust and why we trust them, how knowledge is validated, and the role of expertise all hinge on epistemological principles. Social epistemology, a growing subfield, examines knowledge as a collective achievement and explores how institutions, social norms, and technologies influence knowledge production and dissemination.
Epistemology and equality
Feminist epistemology argues that one's social position affects what and how one knows certain knowledge. They emphasise the importance of diversity in knowledge practices. For example, taking into consideration the experiences of someone from the queer community is extremely important while analysing the knowledge they have.
Epistemology, as the study of knowledge, is both a foundational and dynamic area of philosophy. From ancient enquiries into truth and belief to contemporary challenges like fake news and epistemic injustice, epistemology remains vital to understanding how we navigate the world and make informed decisions. Whether we are evaluating scientific claims, engaging in public debate, or simply wondering what we can trust, epistemological questions are never far away. As such, epistemology not only enriches philosophical inquiry but also empowers individuals and societies to think critically and responsibly.
On a more personal level, the philosophy also helps you see knowledge as a journey rather than a destination. It helps you be less quick to judge others, realising that everyone interprets reality through their epistemic lens, built from upbringing, culture, and experience. It helped you stop seeing opposing views as wrong and start seeing them as differently justified.
Epistemology teaches one to be curious rather than dogmatic, to listen rather than assume, and to approach every claim, not with cynicism, but with careful, compassionate scepticism. It teaches you that knowing is not about conquering doubt but learning to live with it—gracefully, honestly, and humbly. And maybe, just maybe, that's the truest kind of knowledge we can hope for!
