01-05-2025
Look inside ‘Mad' King Ludwig's refurbished Venus Grotto
The Venus Grotto, an artificial dripstone cave built for Ludwig II of Bavaria, has been reopened after a ten-year, €60 million refurbishment to restore its romantic splendour.
Here, the eccentric 19th-century monarch rowed around a pool in a gilded shell-shaped boat as he gazed around the rock chamber, colourfully lit to variously resemble the cave from the first act of Wagner's opera Tannhäuser, or the Blue Grotto on the island of Capri.
The cost of the repairs, borne by the state of Bavaria, spiralled from an original estimate of almost €25 million in 2014 and included the construction of entrance pipes for bats.
ALAMY
The expenses made it into a 'black book' of so-called wasteful spending compiled by the German Federation of Taxpayers, which lobbies for tax cuts and deregulation. However, there was no mention of waste at the reopening ceremony on Wednesday when Markus Söder, the Bavarian premier, lauded the cave as a 'unique place of longing'.
The grotto, which is in the park of Linderhof Palace about 60 miles southwest of Munich, set new technical standards in creating a 'real dream world,' Söder said. 'We have painstakingly restored this treasure and preserved its radiance for future generations'.
Like all Ludwig's fairytale palaces including the famous Neuschwanstein, the cave at Linderhof relied on cutting-edge 19th century technology to ensure that Ludwig could dive into his medieval worlds in the greatest possible comfort.
Made exclusively for his use, it was furnished with a heating system that warmed the lake to temperatures rivalling modern wellness resorts (28C) with two boilers that burnt wood.
Opened in 1877, it boasted one of the world's first electrical power plants, which illuminated the chamber that is 90m long and up to 14m high.
It features a stage backdrop from the first act of Tannhäuser which has also been restored along with the boat, a shell throne, artificial flower garlands and plants, and more than 30,000 artificial stalactites and 465 stalagmites.
JOHANNES SIMON/GETTY IMAGES
JOHANNES SIMON/GETTY IMAGES
The grotto had the world's first coloured illumination system that could bathe it in different colours with the help of interchangeable coloured glass attachments. The glowing hot theatre lights have been replaced with 272 LED lamps. It also has a waterfall and a wave machine.
Albert Füracker, Bavaria's minister of finance and homeland affairs, said: 'We are celebrating an architectural masterpiece and the creative vision of a Bavarian monarch that combines romance and progress in perfect harmony.'
However, the cave suffered from dampness and water ingress almost from the outset and required constant repairs. In 1889-90, a new roof was built above the main grotto but that didn't stop water from entering the cavern after heavy rainfall and snow melts.
Nets were installed in the 1960s to protect visitors from falling debris, and scaffolding was fitted in the 1990s. Full refurbishment began in 2015 with the aim of returning the grotto to its state as Ludwig had savoured it.
A new roof, drainage and ventilation system were built. As the work progressed, more problems came to light, driving up the costs.
Linderhof's 350,000 annual visitor count is eclipsed by the million of Neuschwanstein Castle, which has also undergone restoration in recent years.
Ludwig, an ardent admirer and patron of Wagner, regarded himself as a successor to the knights of Schwangau whose heraldic animal was the swan, and fantasised about being the fictitious swan knight Lohengrin.
He was dethroned in 1886 on the grounds of insanity after running up substantial debts on his lavish projects. His subsequent death in Lake Starnberg was ruled as suicide but that verdict has been disputed. He was 40.
Germany owes him a debt of gratitude for creating some if its greatest tourist attractions. Bavaria has applied for his palaces to be granted Unesco World Heritage status and a decision is expected in the summer.
