Latest news with #Janzen
Yahoo
5 days ago
- Science
- Yahoo
‘Half the tree of life': ecologists' horror as nature reserves are emptied of insects
Daniel Janzen only began watching the insects – truly watching them – when his ribcage was shattered. Nearly half a century ago, the young ecologist had been out documenting fruit crops in a dense stretch of Costa Rican forest when he fell in a ravine, landing on his back. The long lens of his camera punched up through three ribs, snapping the bones into his thorax. Slowly, he dragged himself out, crawling nearly two miles back to the research hut. There were no immediate neighbours, no good roads, no simple solutions for getting to a hospital. Selecting a rocking chair on the porch, Janzen used a bedsheet to strap his torso tightly to the frame. For a month, he sat, barely moving, waiting for his bones to knit back together. And he watched. In front of him was a world seething with life. Every branch of every tree seemed to host its own small metropolis of creatures hunting, flying, crawling, eating. The research facility lay in a patchwork of protected rainforest, dry forest, cloud forest, mangroves and coastline covering an area the size of New York, and astonishingly rich in biodiverse life. Here, the bugs gorged, coating the leaf litter with a thick carpet of droppings. But the real show was at night: for two hours each evening, the site got power and a 25-watt bulb flickered on above the porch. Out of the forest darkness, a tornado of insects would flock to its glow, spinning and dancing before the light. Lit up, the side of the house would be 'absolutely plastered with moths – tens of thousands of them', Janzen says. [The walls would be] absolutely plastered with moths – tens of thousands of them Daniel Janzen Inspired, he decided to erect a sheet for a light trap with a camera – a common way to document flying insect numbers and diversity. In that first photograph, taken in 1978, the lit-up sheet is so thickly studded with moths that in places the fabric is barely visible, transformed into what looks like densely patterned, crawling wallpaper. Scientists identified an astonishing 3,000 species from that light trap, and the trajectory of Janzen's career was transformed, from the study of seeds to a lifetime specialising in the forest's barely documented populations of caterpillars and moths. Now 86, Janzen still works in the same research hut in the Guanacaste conservation area, alongside his longtime collaborator, spouse and fellow ecologist, Winnie Hallwachs. But in the forest that surrounds them, something has changed. Trees that once crawled with insects lie uncannily still. The hum of wild bees has faded, and leaves that should be chewed to the stem hang whole and un-nibbled. It is these glossy, untouched leaves that most spook Janzen and Hallwachs. They are more like a pristine greenhouse than a living ecosystem: a wilderness that has been fumigated and left sterile. Not a forest, but a museum. Over the decades, Janzen has repeated his light traps, hanging the sheet, watching for what comes. Today, some moths flutter to the glow, but their numbers are far fewer. 'It's the same sheet, with the same lights, in the same place, looking over the same vegetation. Same time of year, same time of the moon cycle, everything about it is identical,' he says. 'There's just no moths on that sheet.' The declines witnessed by Janzen – and described by others around the world – are part of what some ecologists call a 'new era' of ecological collapse, where rapid extinctions occur in regions that have little direct contact with people. Reports of falling insect numbers around the world are not new. International reviews have estimated annual losses globally of between 1% and 2.5% of total biomass every year. Widespread use of pesticides and fertilisers, light and chemical pollution, loss of habitat and the growth of industrial agriculture have all carved into their numbers. Often, these were deaths of proximity: insects are sensitive creatures, and any nearby source of pollution can send their populations crumbling. But what Janzen and Hallwachs are witnessing is a part of a newer phenomenon: the catastrophic collapse of insect populations in supposedly protected regions of forest. 'In the parts of Costa Rica that are heavily hit by pesticides, the insects are completely wiped out,' Hallwachs says. Run that forward four decades, that's nearly half the tree of life disappearing in a lifetime … catastrophic David Wagner 'But what we see here in the preserved areas – that as far as we can tell, are free of even these destructive insecticides and pesticides – even here, the insect numbers are going down horrifyingly dramatically,' she says. Long-term data for insect populations – particularly less charismatic species – is still patchy, but Janzen and Hallwachs join a number of scientists that have recorded huge die-offs of insects in nature reserves around the world. They include in Germany, where flying insects across 63 insect reserves dropped 75% in less than 30 years; the US, where beetle numbers dropped 83% in 45 years; and Puerto Rico, where insect biomass dropped up to 60-fold since the 1970s. These declines are occurring in ecosystems that are otherwise protected from direct human influence. When David Wagner stepped out into the US's southern wilderness this spring, he found landscapes emptied of life. The entomologist has devoted much of his career to documenting the vast diversity of US insect life, particularly rare caterpillars. He traverses the country to find specimens, often on long road trips searching for caterpillars by day and moths by night. Now, he finds himself coming home empty-handed. 'I just got back from Texas, and it was the most unsuccessful trip I've ever taken,' he says. 'There just wasn't any insect life to speak of.' It was not only the insects missing, he says, it was everything. 'Everything was crispy, fried; the lizard numbers were down to the lowest numbers I can ever remember. And then the things that eat lizards were not present – I didn't see a single snake the entire time.' Wagner recalls when a series of international reviews began hitting headlines in 2019, saying global insect biomass was declining at a rate of 1% a year (although some estimates put it as high as 2.5%). 'We [entomologists] were thinking conservatively,' he says, looking at the data that has emerged in the five years since then. 'I now think that that's too low. Now I would say that 2% is happening in some areas, and we're seeing some places threatened by climate change or urbanisation or agriculture get as high as 5% decline per year.' A few percentage points a year may not have the ring of disaster. 'But if you run that forward just four decades,' Wagner says, 'we're talking about nearly half the tree of life disappearing in one human lifetime. That is absolutely catastrophic.' Developing a clear picture of how many insects we have lost is complicated by a lack of baseline data for many species: while some eye-catching insects, such as butterflies, have been collected and monitored for decades, others have been mostly ignored. And within the overall declines, the picture is not homogeneous: populations and losses vary by species, by location, by habitat. The same heat that destroys the living conditions of one butterfly, for example, could expand the range of a mosquito or help a cricket species thrive. 'No matter what we do in nature, there will be winners and losers,' Wagner says. 'But we are seeing a lot of losers.' And those who doubt there is sufficient species data to prove the 'insectageddon' can now track it by proxy, Wagner says: via the sharp declines in birds, lizards and other creatures that depend on them for food. Scientists in the US, Brazil, Ecuador and Panama have now reported the catastrophic declines of birds in 'untouched' regions – including reserves inside millions of hectares of pristine forest. In each case, the worst losses were among insectivorous birds. At one research centre – falling within a 22,000-hectare (85 sq mile) stretch of intact forest in Panama – scientists comparing current bird numbers with the 1970s found 70% of species had declined, and 88% of these had lost more than half of their population. When I arrived here in 1963 the dry season was four months. Today, it is six months Daniel Janzen In 2019, researchers found that almost a third of US birds – about 3 billion – had disappeared from the skies since the 1970s. The losses, however, were not evenly distributed: those birds that ate insects as their main food had declined by 2.9 billion. Those that didn't depend on insects had actually gained, increasing by 26 million. More recent research from the US found a decline in three-quarters of nearly 500 bird species studied – with the steepest downward trend in stronghold areas, where they once thrived. In Puerto Rico's Luquillo rainforest, scientists in 2018 mapped how the loss of insects set other dominoes falling: as bugs declined, so too did the populations of lizards, frogs and birds. Their disappearance, they wrote, had triggered 'a bottom-up trophic cascade and consequent collapse of the forest food web'. In Costa Rica, Janzen described the fall in numbers of insectivorous birds in the reserve as 'cratering'. A colony of about 20 nectar-eating bats have long nested in the dark nooks of Janzen and Hallwachs' house, but Janzen has noticed the flowers they used to feed from are now failing to bloom. Hallwachs began to find their small, emaciated bodies lying on the floor. 'Over a period of five days, I found three of these bats dead,' she says. Researchers at another site 20 miles away told her they were witnessing the same thing. Behind the steepening declines, a clear culprit is beginning to emerge: global heating. A tropical forest ecosystem is 'a finely tuned Swiss watch', Hallwachs says – perfectly engineered to sustain a vastly biodiverse system of creatures. Each element is delicately tuned and interlocks with the rest: the heat, the humidity, the rainfall, the unfolding of leaves, the length of the seasons, the start and stop of the life cycles of insects and animals. With each incremental turn of one cog, the rest of the system responds. Insects and animals have evolved to time their hibernations and breeding times precisely to small signals from the system: a change in humidity, a lengthening of the light hours of the day, a small rise or fall in temperature. But now, the system has one gear spinning wildly out of time: the climate. 'When I arrived here in 1963 the dry season was four months. Today, it is six months,' Janzen says. Insects that typically spend four months underground, waiting for the rains, are now forced to try to survive another two months of hot, dry weather. Many are not succeeding. The major drivers of biodiversity losses were land degradation and habitat loss … Now climate change is by far exceeding that David Wagner Alongside the changing seasons are other shifts, such as in rainfall or humidity. 'It's just a general disruption of all the little cues and synchronies that would be out there,' Janzen says. Across the entire clock of the forest, plants and creatures are falling out of sync. In the background, the temperature is rising. 'The killer – the cause that's pulling the trigger – is actually water,' says Wagner. For insects, staying hydrated is a unique physiological challenge: rather than lungs, their bodies are riddled with holes, called spiracles, that carry oxygen directly into the tissue. 'They're all surface area,' says Wagner. 'Insects can't hold water.' Even a brief drought lasting just a few days can wipe out millions of humidity-dependent insects. Some ecologists now believe these declines could mark a new era in which the changing climate overtakes other forms of human damage as the biggest driver of extinction. 'We're at a new point in human history,' Wagner says. Up until the last decade, 'the major drivers of biodiversity losses around the planet were really land degradation and land loss, habitat loss. But I think now that climate change is by far exceeding that.' Last month, the journal BioScience published new research examining how the five biggest drivers of biodiversity loss were affecting the US's endangered creatures. For the first time – albeit by a very slim margin – the climate crisis emerged in front, driving the decline of 91% of imperilled species. Heat-driven declines could have repercussions far beyond their immediate surroundings. In the past, even if pesticides wiped out insects over an agricultural region, as long as healthy populations remained elsewhere, species could return if the spraying stopped. Related: 'It's a warning': UK nature chief sounds alarm over ecosystem collapse as butterfly numbers halve 'Climate change is impacting all those different little spots at the same time. It doesn't just affect one particular spot that gets a pesticide dose or gets a tree cut down,' Janzen says. 'If the insect population collapses and it happens everywhere, you don't have a residual population.' Today, as well as being an ecologist Wagner feels he has taken on a second role – as an elegist for disappearing forms of life. 'I'm an optimist, in the sense that I think we will build a sustainable future,' Wagner says. 'But it's going to take 30 or 40 years, and by then, it's going to be too late for a lot of the creatures that I love. I want to do what I can with my last decade to chronicle the last days for many of these creatures.' Decades on from his months spent bound to the rocking chair, Janzen still watches. He records the yearly data, the shifts in dominant species. But today, there is so much less to see. Once, when he and Hallwachs would type up their notes in the night, they would pitch a tent in the living room to protect their computers from thousands of moths that flocked to the blue glow. Now, they work with the house open to the forest air. 'I find myself saying, 'Winnie! A moth has arrived at the light on my laptop,'' Janzen says. 'One moth.' Elsewhere in their profession, some scientists are starting to look away. 'We know quite a number of entomologists who have experience dating back to the 70s, 80s or 90s,' Hallwachs says. 'One of our very good friends – he now does not have the emotional courage to hang up a sheet to collect moths at night. It is too devastating to see how few there are.' Find more age of extinction coverage here, and follow the biodiversity reporters Phoebe Weston and Patrick Greenfield in the Guardian app for more nature coverage
Yahoo
23-05-2025
- Climate
- Yahoo
Delay at Wichita's new water plant
WICHITA, Kan. (KSNW) — A mechanical problem at Wichita's new Northwest Water Facility will delay the process of getting the plant entirely online. Gary Janzen, director of Wichita Public Works and Utilities, said the treatment plant's clarifiers have performance and mechanical issues. 'Staff has directed that the plant testing be paused until an appropriate solution has been found,' he said. 'Ensuring that the clarifiers meet performance metrics and regulations prior to the plant coming online remains the responsibility of Wichita Water Partners.' When the plant was still in the planning phase, the goal was to have it open this past January. Then the goal was moved to this summer. Janzen says the latest goal continues to be getting the plant fully online by the end of the year. He does not expect the City of Wichita to incur additional costs. Plane from Wichita crashes into San Diego neighborhood Mayor Lily Wu commented on the delay. 'While an extended timeline to bring the water treatment plant operational is not ideal, a project of this size and complexity must be done right, and the City of Wichita looks forward to having a fully operational plant come online later this year,' she said. Janzen had some positive news about what will happen to the water when testing begins again. Instead of test water continuing to pour into the floodway, which upset many people because Wichita is in a drought, the city has found a way to put the water to use. Janzen said the test water will go through the finished pipeline to the Arkansas River. 'Our engineers have found a way to capture that test water for reuse capabilities,' he said. 'In particular, we've been working with Botanica so that they could use some portion of that test water over the summer for irrigation.' For more Kansas news, click here. Keep up with the latest breaking news by downloading our mobile app and signing up for our news email alerts. Sign up for our Storm Track 3 Weather app by clicking here. To watch our shows live on our website, click here. Copyright 2025 Nexstar Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Winnipeg Free Press
21-05-2025
- Health
- Winnipeg Free Press
Get a nutritional boost by consuming these foods together
We've all dipped carrot sticks into hummus or reached for a chocolate-covered almond without really thinking about the nutritional benefits of these snack staples. Supplied Dietitian Jorie Janzen Supplied Dietitian Jorie Janzen As it turns out not only do they taste great together, they're also really good for us. The nutrients in certain foods are better activated and absorbed by the body when consumed together. 'Your body doesn't just need nutrients — it needs the right combinations to use them properly. From boosting sleep to sharpening focus and speeding recovery, the way you pair your food can make all the difference,' says Jorie Janzen, registered dietitian, and director of sports nutrition with the Canadian Sport Centre Manitoba. 'So next time you're planning a meal or reaching for a snack, think like a nutritionist: pair smart to eat better and feel stronger.' Super boost your food by combining these fridge and pantry favourites: Freepik Dark chocolate pairs well with almonds or blueberries. Freepik Dark chocolate pairs well with almonds or blueberries. Who doesn't love a chocolate-covered almond? It's an indulgent snack that combines two powerhouse foods that double their goodness when paired up. The same goes for dark chocolate and blueberries. Just be sure to reach for chocolate that contains 70 per cent or more cocoa. Why it works: 'These are both nice pairings,' Janzen says. 'Flavonoids, specifically flavanols, in the dark chocolate are known to help in terms of heart health. Dark chocolate can also have iron and magnesium and is packed with antioxidants. Adding almonds which have antioxidants and omega-3 fats, further increases the snack's nutritional value. 'Blueberries are full of fibre which helps keep things moving along, and make you feel fuller longer. They are high in antioxidants — the deep blue colour is anthocyanins — and vitamin C. The fruit also helps with brain health, supporting memory and focus.' Mrs. Dash Seasoning Blends Vitamin C in citrus helps the body absorb plant-based irons. Mrs. Dash Seasoning Blends Vitamin C in citrus helps the body absorb plant-based irons. Forget the apple juice the next time you make a smoothie and reach for an orange, or if you're feeling brave, a lovely, fresh lemon. This combination also works well together in a salad. Why it works: 'They are an awesome duo. A lot of people opt for the leafy vegetable because of its iron content, and while it's true spinach has iron, it is a non-heme (an iron-source that is not animal based). The vitamin C in the citrus will help the body absorb the non-heme, plant-based iron more efficiently,' Janzen says. Monthly What you need to know now about gardening in Winnipeg. An email with advice, ideas and tips to keep your outdoor and indoor plants growing. A staple in many Southeast Asian households — and for good reason, it seems. The vegetable can either be steamed before being tossed in garlic oil or stir fried with the allium for a less labour-intensive dish. Why it works: 'Generally we add garlic to okra because we want to add flavour and aromatics, but it's also a great healthy combo. Garlic is a prebiotic; it really helps the gut. It creates the food source for the probiotic, which we get from yogurt or kefir, so that the probiotic can do its job. Okra has vitamins C and K and a lot of antioxidants, which decrease inflammation in the body. These two ingredients work together to increase gut health and decrease inflammation, which means you have better immune function,' says Janzen. Tammy Ljungblad / Kansas City Star files Dipping carrots in hummus is healthier than a bag of chips. Tammy Ljungblad / Kansas City Star files Dipping carrots in hummus is healthier than a bag of chips. Whoever first thought of dipping their vegetable into the chickpea-based paste was on to something — it's a winning combo. Why it works: 'Carrots contain beta-carotene, which is converted to vitamin A in the body. Fat is essential for absorbing vitamins like K, A D and E. 'Hummus, made with olive oil, has healthy fat. This is an amazing duo. The combo of antioxidants, heart-healthy content, antioxidants and fibre will balance blood-sugar content and keep you feeling fuller longer,' Janzen says. Cheyenne Cohen / The Associated Press Watermelon feta salad is tasty and healthy. Cheyenne Cohen / The Associated Press Watermelon feta salad is tasty and healthy. Easy enough to throw together for a desk-lunch or as part of your dinner, the ingredients work hand-in-hand to hydrate the body and decrease free radicals. Why it works: 'Watermelon is hydrating and it contains lycopene, an antioxidant. Heating will help enhance the absorption of lycopene, so consider grilling your watermelon the next time you have a barbecue. The importance of lycopene is to help decrease free radicals in the body; it prevents the damaging of cells,' Janzen explains. 'Pairing watermelon with feta, which has fat content, will enhance the antioxidant absorption. You do want to use feta in moderation, as it is high in sodium.' Bill Hogan / Chicago Tribune The spice turmeric has anti-inflammatory compounds. Bill Hogan / Chicago Tribune The spice turmeric has anti-inflammatory compounds. Add more spice to your life with this dynamic duo. East Indian recipes often call for both these ingredients, the yellow of the former used in everything from curries to lattes. Fresh turmeric root can be found at Asian groceries stores, while ground turmeric powder is easily located in the spice aisle of most grocery stores. Why it works: 'It is really important to add the black pepper, as the piperin within the black pepper activates the anti-inflammatory compound curcumin in the turmeric. Including black pepper will increase the curcumin absorption in the body by 2,000 per cent,' Janzen says. Jorie Janzen's triple threats for muscle repair after exercise Turkey Slices + Apple Slices + Nut Butter Nutrients: Protein + Antioxidants + Healthy fat and magnesium Why it works: Provides protein for muscle recovery and antioxidants to reduce inflammation. Greek Yogurt + Chia Seeds + Honey Nutrients: Protein + Calcium + Omega-3s + natural sugar Why it works: Supports muscle rebuilding, fights inflammation and provides carbs to replenish glycogen stores. Cottage Cheese + Pineapple Nutrients: Casein protein + Vitamin C + natural sugar Why it works: Casein digests slowly, feeding muscles during rest (it's an especially great pre-bed snack for athletes), and pineapple may reduce muscle soreness (bromelain enzyme). AV KitchingReporter AV Kitching is an arts and life writer at the Free Press. She has been a journalist for more than two decades and has worked across three continents writing about people, travel, food, and fashion. Read more about AV. Every piece of reporting AV produces is reviewed by an editing team before it is posted online or published in print — part of the Free Press's tradition, since 1872, of producing reliable independent journalism. Read more about Free Press's history and mandate, and learn how our newsroom operates. Our newsroom depends on a growing audience of readers to power our journalism. If you are not a paid reader, please consider becoming a subscriber. Our newsroom depends on its audience of readers to power our journalism. Thank you for your support.
Daily Mail
30-04-2025
- Daily Mail
All hell breaks loose when jealous woman spotted ex's new girlfriend at custody handover
A Florida woman has been sentenced to life in prison after she shot and killed her ex-boyfriend's new girlfriend at a custody handover on Christmas Day. Amanda Janzen, 39, pleaded guilty to the December 2023 shooting of 31-year-old Anna Terrill, reported WCJB. She killed Terrill after meeting up with the father of her 11-month-old child, Thomas Williams, at a Walgreens parking lot in Gainesville. Just five days earlier, a judge ruled Janzen and Williams were to split custody of their baby, according to the Alachua Chronicle. Janzen and Williams had been in a relationship since September 2021, but shortly after she gave birth to their child, she accused him of having an affair. On the day of the shooting, Janzen drove to the Walgreens with her five kids in tow to meet for the custody exchange. Janzen waited in the parking lot with a 'cocked' firearm for Williams to arrive, according to the police report obtained by The Gainesville Sun. Police said Terrill was in the car with Williams, and Janzen walked over to their vehicle with the gun behind her back and then shot Terrill three times. She then shot Williams three times and witnesses reported hearing Janzen say, 'You made this happen.' Terrill, a mother of four, died from her injuries, and Williams survived. Janzen fled from the parking lot and led police on a 13-mile high-speed chase after the shooting. During the pursuit, Janzen reportedly called 911 and confessed to the shooting. Her children could be heard begging her to slow down and pull over. Janzen entered a plea of no contest and was adjudicated guilty on eight counts, including second-degree murder. At sentencing, she asked for 33 years in prison and to be allowed contact with her children. 'There isn't a moment that doesn't go by that I don't deeply regret what I've done,' Janzen said in a letter read to the court by her attorney. 'In all honesty, if I had one wish, it would be for Anna to be here with all her family and friends and for this to have never happened.' After hearing testimony, the judge Janzen to life in prison and no contact with her children unless the children's therapist says it's ok and there's a hearing. Terrill's family celebrated the sentence claiming Janzen was not remorseful for the killing, she was just sorry she got caught. 'But the hardest part for me was her defense, trying to turn it around like it wasn't that big of a deal,' her niece Brittany Wink told WCJB. 'Like it could've been worse. No, it couldn't. And she wasn't remorseful. The only reason she had remorse was because she got caught. She had remorse for herself, not for my aunt.' Terrill was a substitute teacher and volunteer firefighter who loved spending time outdoors and with her family. 'Anna loved all babies, and her children were her whole life. She was a very caring person and always wanted to take care of other people,' her obituary said. 'The water, whether it be the river or the ocean, was one of Anna's favorite things and you could find her boating, fishing, and shrimping whenever she got the chance. 'She also enjoyed shopping, especially at Goodwill and thrift stores. Anna loved football and was an enthusiastic FSU fan.'
Yahoo
29-04-2025
- Yahoo
Woman gets life sentence for fatal 2023 shooting during custody exchange on Christmas Day
The woman accused of fatally shooting another woman and wounding the father of one of her children during a custody exchange in the parking lot of Gainesville Walgreens on Christmas Day 2023 has been sentenced to life in prison. Amanda Marie Janzen, 39, entered a plea of no contest and was adjudicated guilty on eight counts, including second-degree murder, for the fatal shooting of 31-year-old Anna Haslup Terrill. Judge Denise R. Ferrero also found Janzen guilty for attempted homicide, fleeing police and five counts of child neglect. As part of her sentence Janzen is to have no contact with her own children until approved by a licensed therapist and/or court approval. A restitution hearing in the case has been scheduled for June 2. Local news: FHP: 1 dead, 3 critical following head-on collision in northwest Alachua County According to the initial Gainesville Police Department report, Janzen drove from her home in Alachua to the Walgreens at 3909 NW 13th St. to turn over her then-11-month-old child to the child's father, Thomas Lepread Williams, as part of a custody agreement ordered on Dec. 20, 2023. Janzen and the man had been in an intimate relationship since September 2021 and, shortly after the birth of the child, she had accused him of having an affair with a woman, the report said. On the day of the shooting, Janzen arrived at the Walgreens with five children in her vehicle just before 2 p.m., according to the report, and waited with a "cocked" firearm for Williams to arrive. After the vehicle with Williams arrived, Janzen exited her vehicle and walked around to the driver's side door where she fatally shot Terrill three times, the report said. She then went back around to the passenger's side and confronted Williams. He jumped back into the vehicle and was shot by Janzen three times, the report said. "You made this happen!" Janzen reportedly said while shooting at him. She then fled the scene north on Northwest 13th Street with the five children still in the vehicle. A nearby Gainesville Police Department officer heard the gunshots and witnessed the fleeing vehicle. Janzen proceeded to lead officers from GPD, the Alachua Police Department and the Alachua County Sheriff's Office on 13-mile chase that reached speeds up to 100 mph. After finally coming to a stop, Janzen discarded the loaded firearm from the vehicle. During her arrest, officers found two additional loaded magazines on her, the report said. The shooting was captured on surveillance video, the report said. — This article includes information previously published in The Sun. This article originally appeared on The Gainesville Sun: Woman gets life for fatal 2023 shooting on Christmas Day in Florida
