Latest news with #LateOrdovician
Yahoo
15-04-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
Scientists Found a 444-Million-Year-Old Inside-Out Fossil With Its Guts Perfectly Intact
Discovered 25 years ago, a 444-million-year-old marine arthropod fossil stumped paleontologists, as they couldn't identify its exact species. Sarah Gabbot, who originally discovered the specimen, realized that the fossil had been preserved inside-out, meaning its muscles, tendons, and guts were exquisitely preserved while its limbs, carapace, and even head had dissolved away. Gabbot named the specimen Keurbos susanae—nickname 'Sue'—in honor of her mother, whom she said always supported her love of paleontology. Arthropods are the most successful animal group on the planet. These varying invertebrates make up roughly 85 percent of all animal life on the planet, and they have one of the most extensive and well-preserved fossil records of any animal group, with examples dating back some 518 million years ago to the Cambrian era—a.k.a. when complex life really boomed for the first time. Fast forward some 73 million years to the end of the next geologic period (the Ordovician), and life meets its first bust. The first of five (or possibly six) mass extinctions in Earth history, the Late Ordovician mass extinction wiped out roughly 85 percent of all life on Earth, making it the second most deadly (after the Permian extinction—you don't get the nickname 'The Great Dying' for nothing). It was during this tumultuous biological period, that a certain arthropod met its end, eventually becoming entombed and fossilized in Soom Shale—a band of silts and clays located 250 miles north of Cape Town, South Africa. Although intense glaciation laid waste to the planet, this small pocket of the world continued to thrive even under icy threat. Some 444 million years later, paleontologists unearthed this particular specimen, but it's appearance didn't match anything in the fossil record. That is, until Sarah Gabbott, a lead author on a study published in the journal Paleontology detailing this new species (named Keurbos susanae after the lead author's mother, Sue), made the surprising discovery—the fossil was actually preserved inside-out. ''Sue' is an inside-out, legless, headless wonder,' Gabbott said in a press statement. 'Remarkably her insides are a mineralised time-capsule: muscles, sinews, tendons and even guts all preserved in unimaginable detail. And yet her durable carapace, legs and head are missing—lost to decay over 440 million years ago.' Although this fossil's resting place included an anoxic environment (a necessary ingredient for fossilization to occur), it also contained hydrogen sulphide dissolved in the water. The researchers believe this chemistry likely dissolved away the carapace. Yet the mineral that perfectly preserved the marine arthropods insides—calcium phosphate—is the same mineral found in our bones and teeth. Gabbott told IFLScience that she's still trying to work out the exact details of how this strange inside-out preservation took place. Although 'Sue'—not to be confused with another famous fossil of the T. Rex persuasion—provides an incredible glimpse at the organs and guts of an ancient arthropod, it's difficult to know where to place the specimen on the tree of life—even 25 years after Gabbott first discovered it. 'This has been an ultramarathon of a research effort,' Gabbott said in a press statement. 'In a large part because this fossil is just so beautifully preserved there's so much anatomy there that needs interpreting. Layer upon on layer of exquisite detail and complexity.' While the mystery remains, the naming of the species at least checks off one to-do on Gabbott's list: 'Recently my mum said to me 'Sarah if you are going to name this fossil after me, you'd better get on and do it before I am in the ground and fossilized myself.'' You Might Also Like The Do's and Don'ts of Using Painter's Tape The Best Portable BBQ Grills for Cooking Anywhere Can a Smart Watch Prolong Your Life?
Yahoo
29-03-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
Scientists uncover 'inside-out, legless, headless wonder' that lived long before the dinosaurs
When you buy through links on our articles, Future and its syndication partners may earn a commission. Scientists have found two specimens of a 444 million-year-old "inside-out" fossil with well-preserved soft tissue, according to a new study. Unlike most fossils, the creature's muscles and guts — but not its more durable shell — are preserved in ancient sediment that turned to stone. The fossil, found 250 miles (402 kilometers) north of Cape Town in South Africa, is a new species of multisegmented arthropod that may have lived in oxygen-poor waters, according to the study, published March 26 in the journal Papers in Palaeontology. Researchers named the new species Keurbos susanae and nicknamed the fossil "Sue" after its discoverer's mom. "Sue is an inside-out, legless, headless wonder," lead author Sarah Gabbott, a paleontologist at the University of Leicester in the U.K., said in a statement. "Remarkably, her insides are a mineralized time-capsule: muscles, sinews, tendons and even guts all preserved in unimaginable detail. And yet her durable carapace, legs and head are missing — lost to decay over 440 million years ago." The researchers found the fossils in the Soom Shale, a site known for producing fossils with well-preserved soft tissues, more than 20 years ago. They had hoped to find additional specimens, but fossils of the species turned out to be quite rare. The silt, clay, and mud in which Sue was preserved were deposited on an ancient seafloor, beneath an ocean low in oxygen but high in dissolved, acidic hydrogen sulfide — suggesting that K. susanae may have been adapted for a low-oxygen environment. Sue dates back to the Late Ordovician mass extinction (443 million years ago), when cold temperatures and glacier advancement eliminated nearly 85% of marine species. Researchers are still working to understand how soft tissues in fossils like K. susanae are preserved in the Soom Shale. Clay minerals may have played a role, as could calcium phosphate, a compound commonly found in fossilized muscles. On the other hand, the shells and exoskeletons of species preserved in Soom Shale likely dissolved in the acidic ocean. Because the K. susanae specimen was fossilized inside out, scientists still aren't sure of the species' evolutionary history or how it compares to other fossils from the same time period. "We are now sure she was a primitive marine arthropod, but her precise evolutionary relationships remain frustratingly elusive," Gabbott said in the statement. The fossil's segmented trunk suggests it had limbs of some kind — but comparing Sue to known fossil species would require a sample with part of the exoskeleton preserved. RELATED STORIES —Sponges Ruled the World After Second-Largest Mass Extinction —Rare fossils reveal basketball-like skin on duck-billed dinosaur —Ravenous meat-eating dinosaur's guts preserved in exceptionally rare fossil Recent quarrying activity has buried the site where Gabbott and her colleagues found Sue, so it's unlikely they'll find other examples of the same species with intact legs or a head, the team said. "I'd always hoped to find new specimens, but it seems after 25 years of searching this fossil is vanishingly rare — so I can hang on no longer," Gabbott said. "Especially as recently my mum said to me, 'Sarah, if you are going to name this fossil after me, you'd better get on and do it before I am in the ground and fossilized myself'." Gabbott joked that she named the fossil after her mom because she's a "well-preserved specimen." But the true reason, she said, is that "my mum always said I should follow a career that makes me happy — whatever that may be. For me that is digging rocks, finding fossils and then trying to figure out how they lived what they tell us about ancient life and evolution on Earth."
CNN
20-03-2025
- Science
- CNN
Supernovas may have played a role in two of Earth's largest mass extinctions, study suggests
Summary Researchers suggest supernovas may have caused two major mass extinctions on Earth, possibly factors during the Late Devonian and Late Ordovician periods. The findings of this new study highlight how colossal stars can both create and destroy life, lead study author Alexis Quintana says. Scientists theorize a supernova may have stripped the ozone layer, triggering catastrophic events leading to widespread species extinction. Scientists note tangible evidence linking these cosmic events to specific extinctions is still needed. Study coauthor Nick Wright says the goal of his team's work was to draw attention to the new supernova timescale the researchers had identified. Violent supernovas may have caused two of Earth's largest mass extinctions that have never been completely explained, according to a theory put forward in new research. During the final stages in the life of a gargantuan star, its death throes culminate in a powerful thermonuclear blast — a supernova — that typically destroys the celestial object, unleashing material and radiation. A research team linked nearby stellar explosions to at least one, possibly two, mass die-offs after calculating the supernova rate of stars closest to the sun — within 65 light-years — in the past 1 billion years. The work was part of a wider survey in the Milky Way galaxy of rare, massive O- and B-type stars that are relatively short-lived, using data from the European Space Agency's Gaia space telescope. The calculations suggested 2.5 supernovas might affect Earth in some way every 1 billion years, equating to one or two in the past 500 million years during which life evolved on the planet. The rate is lower than previously thought, said Nick Wright, coauthor of the study published Tuesday in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. This realization led Wright and his coauthors to connect the cosmic phenomenon with mass extinctions on Earth. Cataclysmic events have taken place five times in the past 500 million years, killing off most species from water and land over a relatively short geological interval. 'It's a lot more feasible to think that this could be an effect that could affect extinction events,' said Wright, a lecturer in physics and astrophysics and Ernest Rutherford Fellow at Keele University in the United Kingdom. The findings highlight how colossal stars can both create and destroy life, lead study author Alexis Quintana said. 'Supernova explosions bring heavy chemical elements into the interstellar medium, which are then used to form new stars and planets,' said Quintana, formerly a postdoctoral researcher at Keele and currently at Spain's University of Alicante, in a statement. 'But if a planet — including the Earth — is located too close to this kind of event, this can have devastating effects.' Unexplained mass extinctions on Earth In the study, the researchers provided no evidence that a supernova caused mass extinctions. Instead, the team hypothesized a stellar explosion may have been a potential factor in the Late Devonian extinction event 372 million years ago and one at the end of the Late Ordovician 445 million years ago. The team suggested a supernova may have stripped the ozone layer that shields the Earth from damaging radiation, resulting in a chain of events that could cause a mass extinction. During the Devonian geological era, life thrived on land for the first time, but early land plants and animals making the transition from water to land were wiped out, along with armored fish and other marine species. A cataclysmic shift at the end of the Ordovician led to the disappearance of about 85% of species at a time when life was mostly limited to the seas. 'Their link to those mass extinctions, especially the Late Ordovician, is because a suggested consequence of such an explosion close to Earth would be glaciation, which we know did happen then. So, it's an open hypothesis, but lacking evidence,' said Mike Benton, a professor of vertebrate paleontology at the UK's University of Bristol, who was not involved in the research. 'I'd like to see a calibration of such historical events to show that one actually occurred at the same time as the mass extinction in question — we have those geological events reasonably well dated, but we need some way of dating supernova explosions of the deep past,' Benton said via email. He is the author of 'Extinctions: How Life Survives, Adapts and Evolves.' Paul Wignall, a professor of paleoenvironments at the UK's University of Leeds, called the research interesting and said it was not the first time that the concept of a supernova-driven extinction had arisen. What is needed, he said, is tangible evidence that the extinctions coincided with supernovas. 'This could come from the exotic elements sourced from the explosion and present in trace amounts in the sedimentary record.' Dino-killing asteroid Celestial events have triggered at least one mass extinction, according to scientific evidence. A city-size asteroid slammed into Earth off the coast of what's now Mexico one fateful day 66 million years ago, dooming the dinosaurs and many other species to extinction. Researchers first identified the cause of the end-Cretaceous extinction by the discovery of the 'iridium anomaly' — a 1-centimeter-thick (0.4-inch-thick) layer of sedimentary rock rich in iridium, an element rare on Earth's surface but common in meteorites. A study describing the finding was published in June 1980. First met with skepticism, the iridium anomaly eventually was spotted in more and more places around the world. A decade later, researchers identified a 200-kilometer-wide (125-mile-wide) crater off the coast of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. 'It was the enrichment of iridium in Cretaceous/Palaeogene boundary sediments that was the highly convincing 'smoking gun' for the dinosaur extinction when (the) idea was first published in 1980. The supernova idea needs its iridium equivalent, iron-60 or plutonium maybe?' Wignall said via email, referring to elements that could be a marker of a supernova. Iron-60 is a radioactive variant of iron that isn't abundant on Earth but is produced in large quantities in supernova explosions. Wright also said it might be possible to measure ozone depletion in rocks and sediments. Recent studies on mass extinction events have shown it was typically a series of consequential events, often triggered by large-scale volcanic eruptions, that got progressively worse, Wignall added. 'It's hard to see how a supernova would fit into such a scenario,' he said. 'At the start, before things got too bad or at the peak when things were already going wrong?' Wright said the goal of his team's work was to draw attention to the new supernova timescale the researchers had identified. 'I think there were a lot of people who will rightfully say, you don't know what caused these extinction events. And then it might be some that say we're speculating too much. What we just want to do is draw attention to the numbers.'
Yahoo
20-03-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
Supernovas may have played a role in two of Earth's largest mass extinctions, study suggests
Sign up for CNN's Wonder Theory science newsletter. Explore the universe with news on fascinating discoveries, scientific advancements and more. Violent supernovas may have caused two of Earth's largest mass extinctions that have never been completely explained, according to a theory put forward in new research. During the final stages in the life of a gargantuan star, its death throes culminate in a powerful thermonuclear blast — a supernova — that typically destroys the celestial object, unleashing material and radiation. A research team linked nearby stellar explosions to at least one, possibly two, mass die-offs after calculating the supernova rate of stars closest to the sun — within 65 light-years — in the past 1 billion years. The work was part of a wider survey in the Milky Way galaxy of rare, massive O- and B-type stars that are relatively short-lived, using data from the European Space Agency's Gaia space telescope. The calculations suggested 2.5 supernovas might affect Earth in some way every 1 billion years, equating to one or two in the past 500 million years during which life evolved on the planet. The rate is lower than previously thought, said Nick Wright, coauthor of the study published Tuesday in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. This realization led Wright and his coauthors to connect the cosmic phenomenon with mass extinctions on Earth. Cataclysmic events have taken place five times in the past 500 million years, killing off most species from water and land over a relatively short geological interval. 'It's a lot more feasible to think that this could be an effect that could affect extinction events,' said Wright, a lecturer in physics and astrophysics and Ernest Rutherford Fellow at Keele University in the United Kingdom. The findings highlight how colossal stars can both create and destroy life, lead study author Alexis Quintana said. 'Supernova explosions bring heavy chemical elements into the interstellar medium, which are then used to form new stars and planets,' said Quintana, formerly a postdoctoral researcher at Keele and currently at Spain's University of Alicante, in a statement. 'But if a planet — including the Earth — is located too close to this kind of event, this can have devastating effects.' In the study, the researchers provided no evidence that a supernova caused mass extinctions. Instead, the team hypothesized a stellar explosion may have been a potential factor in the Late Devonian extinction event 372 million years ago and one at the end of the Late Ordovician 445 million years ago. The team suggested a supernova may have stripped the ozone layer that shields the Earth from damaging radiation, resulting in a chain of events that could cause a mass extinction. During the Devonian geological era, life thrived on land for the first time, but early land plants and animals making the transition from water to land were wiped out, along with armored fish and other marine species. A cataclysmic shift at the end of the Ordovician led to the disappearance of about 85% of species at a time when life was mostly limited to the seas. 'Their link to those mass extinctions, especially the Late Ordovician, is because a suggested consequence of such an explosion close to Earth would be glaciation, which we know did happen then. So, it's an open hypothesis, but lacking evidence,' said Mike Benton, a professor of vertebrate paleontology at the UK's University of Bristol, who was not involved in the research. 'I'd like to see a calibration of such historical events to show that one actually occurred at the same time as the mass extinction in question — we have those geological events reasonably well dated, but we need some way of dating supernova explosions of the deep past,' Benton said via email. He is the author of 'Extinctions: How Life Survives, Adapts and Evolves.' Paul Wignall, a professor of paleoenvironments at the UK's University of Leeds, called the research interesting and said it was not the first time that the concept of a supernova-driven extinction had arisen. What is needed, he said, is tangible evidence that the extinctions coincided with supernovas. 'This could come from the exotic elements sourced from the explosion and present in trace amounts in the sedimentary record.' Celestial events have triggered at least one mass extinction, according to scientific evidence. A city-size asteroid slammed into Earth off the coast of what's now Mexico one fateful day 66 million years ago, dooming the dinosaurs and many other species to extinction. Researchers first identified the cause of the end-Cretaceous extinction by the discovery of the 'iridium anomaly' — a 1-centimeter-thick (0.4-inch-thick) layer of sedimentary rock rich in iridium, an element rare on Earth's surface but common in meteorites. A study describing the finding was published in June 1980. First met with skepticism, the iridium anomaly eventually was spotted in more and more places around the world. A decade later, researchers identified a 200-kilometer-wide (125-mile-wide) crater off the coast of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. 'It was the enrichment of iridium in Cretaceous/Palaeogene boundary sediments that was the highly convincing 'smoking gun' for the dinosaur extinction when (the) idea was first published in 1980. The supernova idea needs its iridium equivalent, iron-60 or plutonium maybe?' Wignall said via email, referring to elements that could be a marker of a supernova. Iron-60 is a radioactive variant of iron that isn't abundant on Earth but is produced in large quantities in supernova explosions. Wright also said it might be possible to measure ozone depletion in rocks and sediments. Recent studies on mass extinction events have shown it was typically a series of consequential events, often triggered by large-scale volcanic eruptions, that got progressively worse, Wignall added. 'It's hard to see how a supernova would fit into such a scenario,' he said. 'At the start, before things got too bad or at the peak when things were already going wrong?' Wright said the goal of his team's work was to draw attention to the new supernova timescale the researchers had identified. 'I think there were a lot of people who will rightfully say, you don't know what caused these extinction events. And then it might be some that say we're speculating too much. What we just want to do is draw attention to the numbers.'
Yahoo
13-03-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
Violent Supernovae Could Have Triggered at Least 2 Extinction Events
Exploding stars in near-solar space may have triggered at least two mass extinction events in Earth's history. An analysis of the frequency of supernova explosions in the Milky Way, led by astrophysicist Alexis Quintana of the University of Alicante in Spain, reveals timing consistent with the Late Ordovician and Late Devonian extinctions; devastating events that saw vast swathes of life wiped out. The conditions that led to these extinction events – numbered among the 'Big Five' that have ravaged the planet – are not well understood. "Supernova explosions are some of the most energetic explosions in the Universe. If a massive star were to explode as a supernova close to the Earth, the results would be devastating for life on Earth. This research suggests that this may have already happened," explains astrophysicist Nick Wright of Keele University in the UK. "We calculated the supernova rate close to Earth and found it to be consistent with the rate of mass extinction events on our planet that have been linked to external forces such as supernovae." Supernovae are a part of the normal life cycle of stars more than eight times the mass of our own Sun. Larger stars live relatively short lifespans, millions of years rather than the billions that stars like the Sun hang around for. Once they run out of fuel to fuse in their cores, these stars become unstable, and finally explode, spraying space with the metallic products of their fusion in a massive burst of light and energy. If such an explosion were to take place close enough to Earth, the results would be pretty devastating, lashing our planet with powerful enough radiation to deplete the ozone layer. The resulting increase in ultraviolet radiation that could then reach the surface would cause irreparable harm to the planet's ecology. The Ordovician and Devonian extinctions occurred around 445 million and 372 million years ago, respectively, each wiping out the majority of species living on Earth at those times. Both were also correlated with a significant depletion in the ozone layer, which has led to speculation that supernovae may be implicated. Quintana and colleagues discovered a plausible link between the extinctions and supernovae when they undertook a census of massive OB-type stars within a kiloparsec (around 3,260 light-year) radius of the Sun. Because these stars live such short lives, a census of their current numbers allows astronomers to calculate the rates at which they are born, and the rates at which they die in a blaze of fury. In their census, the researchers counted 24,706 OB stars, and calculated a supernova rate of 15 to 30 per million years across the entire Milky Way galaxy. In order for a supernova to devastate Earth, it needs to be relatively close to the Solar System, so the team used that figure as a basis to work out the rate of OB supernovae within a 20-parsec radius, or around 65 light-years. This gave a rate of 2.5 near-Earth OB supernovae per billion years – a figure that can explain both the late Ordovician and late Devonian extinction events. Luckily, there are currently no stars nearby that are likely to blow up anytime soon. Red giant stars Antares and Betelgeuse are getting close; but 'close' could be tens of thousands to over a million years in cosmic time, and both are hundreds of light-years away – too far to affect Earth. Luckily, there are plenty of other possible triggers for a catastrophic extinction event, such as a rogue asteroid, or massive volcanic upheaval. Since neither of these can really be prevented, either, we've still got more than enough existential anxiety fuel to keep us trucking. The research is due to be published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, and is available on preprint server arXiv. 4 Rocky Worlds Found Orbiting Earth's Closest Single Star, And They're Tiny Source of Mystery Radio Signal Traced to Clash of Magnetic Titans 128 New Moons Found Orbiting Saturn in Mindblowing Discovery
