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Scoop
2 days ago
- Politics
- Scoop
Who, Neither Politician Nor Monarch, Executed 100,000 Civilians In A Single Night?
Answer: Curtis LeMay, American Air Force General, in the wee hours of 10 March 1945. While authorised by his immediate superior, this firebombing of Tokyo was a decentralised military operation which received subsequent popular approval. It was called 'Operation Meetinghouse'. While Japanese civilians were aware that they had become a collateral target to the encroaching American military machine, these victims had no prior idea of the murderous danger they faced that night. Le May went on to execute at least another 120,000 Japanese civilians in the next five months and five days; from 10 March until 15 August. The method of execution was to burn people alive. LeMay's inflammatory instrument was napalm. The politicians approved, but did not fully comprehend. They had been softened up by bureaucratic-speak, and they did not see burning people on their TV screens. (In that August there was an additional couplet of mass executions; nuclear executions. This parallel military operation was not under the command of LeMay, but used the same airfields and the same B29 aircraft type. Contrary to impressions given that the atomic bomb was planned for Germany, pilot Paul Tibbets was chosen in 1944, and was doing test manoeuvres from Cuba at the end of that year. And there were five cities LeMay had been asked not to firebomb, and did not bomb, knowing that these were 'reserved' targets. An additional 120,000 people were summarily executed by the untested 'Little Boy' [Hiroshima] and the New Mexico tested 'Fat Man' [plutonium bomb dropped on Nagasaki], with thousands more suffering lingering executions. These bombings – rubber-stamped by President Truman – were arranged by technocrats and military bureaucrats. The American authorities were preparing to give a repeat larger dose when more 'Fat Men' would become available towards the end of 1945.) In the middle centuries of the last millennium, one particularly appalling form of execution was to burn 'heretics' and 'witches' at the stake. These executions peaked in the sixteenth century. The most renowned perpetrator was Bloody Mary, Queen of England during the 1550s. Her tally, those burned while she was queen, was about 500 people. Unlike the citizens of Tokyo, most of Queen Mary's victims had options, albeit unsatisfactory options, to escape their fates. We think of such executions-by-fire as the epitome of terror. (And we note that some Holocaust victims, in places such as Belarus, were burned in wooden buildings locked by their Nazi executioners.) It is 200 kilometres from Auckland to Tauranga via SH2. (For an international example, try London to Cambridge.) Just imagine 20,000 stakes, faggots at the ready, 10 metres apart, all the way along the highway between those two cities. Now imagine a family being burned at each of those 20,000 stakes. That is, in essence, what General Curtis LeMay achieved in one spring night, in central Tokyo. (And, as we have noted, he was only warming up. His total civilian kill count was 'limited' because putative victims, now forewarned, were more able to take measures to save their lives though not their homes. He firebombed literally hundreds of Japanese cities.) Did we remember this event in March this year, its 80th anniversary? No. This literal holocaust was barely remembered, even in Japan. Indeed, in the 1960s, political leaders in the new Japan presented him in 1964 with a prestigious accolade for his supposed sine qua non role in making the new Japan possible. 1945 was not LeMay's first participation in megadeath; not his first rodeo. He earned his stripes in the European 'bombing theatre' in 1942 and 1943, where he took on board the 'atrocities may be more effective' approach of the British RAF. He also operated out of Bengal in 1944, during the Bengal famine which resulted from food being diverted away from millions of Bengali civilians to facilitate war objectives, in an earlier attempt to bomb Japan via India and China. In addition to starving Indians – a somewhat wretched people, in LeMay's view – the American military was willing to sustain huge American losses, eg flying over the Himalayas, for minimal military success. A mitigating factor for LeMay, then, was that he was implementing other people's plans. On 10 March 1945, Operation Meetinghouse was his scheme. Why? What was the purpose of this mass execution, this collective punishment of civilians who happened to live in a country that was losing a war? Japanese civilians were neither fascists nor communists nor anti-semites nor anti-hamites nor anyone else 'deserving' of immolation. Their government was however guilty of good old-fashioned imperialism, and the usual atrocities that come with conquests of other people's lands. There were two officially-stated arguments used to justify these executions. One was that, as civilian victims of such suffering, they, demoralised, might somehow convince their political masters to end the war sooner. The second justification was that the civilian victims were either workers in factories producing military goods, or were involved in 'cottage industries' which contributed to the production of military goods; this really amounts to some kind of 'revenge' justification masked as 'normal warfare'. And this second justification is uncannily like the 'Hamas' argument used at present by the Israeli government to justify executions of civilians in Gaza. The American bombing culture in Europe had been more reserved than that of the British. The Americans, including LeMay, witnessed the British firebombing of German cities during 1942 to 1944 – especially in the west of Germany where Nazi support was the least – which had conspicuously failed to create conditions facilitating popular revolution in Germany. Dead people tended to be passive, and survivors tended to channel their despair towards the perpetrators of their anguish. Indeed, among victimised communities, murderous bombing campaigns generally reinforced propaganda perpetuated by the victims' governments. Further, despite calling their tactic 'morale bombing', the British already knew that the morale narrative was false, having been able to closely evaluate the morale effects of comparatively small amounts of German bombing in 1940 upon British civilians. Overall, it comes across that the main reason for the executions was some kind of 'impunity'; they did it because they could. The more they failed to bring the war to an end, the more they persevered in doing the executions that hadn't achieved their stated goals. Just one more city. And then another. And another. The impunity argument was augmented by the 'scientific' rationalisations. Applied scientists developing ever more efficient methods of execution would never be satisfied unless they could see the success of their own apparatus 'in the field'. Sky-executions this century: Iraq from 2003, Afghanistan, and Gaza from 2023 In the last decade (or so) of the twentieth century, most people believed that humans – except perhaps a few terrorists (who indeed perpetrated a sky-execution in 2001) – could never repeat such atrocities upon civilians. Then we saw, in 2003, based on false claims about 'weapons of mass destruction' held by Saddam Hussein, executions similar to those of WW2 were perpetrated upon the civilians of Iraq. And a huge bunker bomb – the Mother of All Bombs"the most powerful non-nuclear bomb ever used" – was dropped on a village in eastern Afghanistan in 2017. (A comment to this recent Al Jazeera news clip says: "Americans tested their weapons on innocent civilians' villages". And see BBC: The Mother of All Bombs: How badly did it hurt IS in Afghanistan? 27 April 2017.) These executions were seen to be a mix of 'revenge' and 'impunity', although once again cloaked as being part of a higher purpose; in this case the higher purpose being the export of western-style 'Democracy'. We saw in Iraq that the main consequence of western sky-executions – the 'shock and awe' bombing campaign – was the formation of terror-group ISIL, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan dragged on for twenty years before the eventual humiliation of the United States in Afghanistan in 2021. Since 2023 in Gaza we have seen a constant stream of airborne executions of civilians; mostly people who by fate were born into that occupied or encircled ghetto; a piece of real estate, densely populated by the descendants of refugees, coveted by the descendants of comparatively recent European colonisers making bizarre historical claims of entitlement. The young people of this world were shocked to see that their political leaders were indifferent, and that many were actually prompting these executions; executions by explosion and fire. Admittedly the scale of what is happening in Gaza is much less than the scale of Curtis LeMay's murderous firebombs. But otherwise it is much the same. Our elders, some of whom protested against the Vietnam War, by and large couldn't care less. This indifference is facilitated by the fact that the victims' fates are simply too graphic to show on television. There is no lack of footage; it's just too horrible. But now, there is footage that's less horrible – though still very horrible – of emaciated starving children. I don't think that those western elites who were indifferent to the live burnings are really any less indifferent to the starvations perpetrated, not by Jews, but by the state of Israel. But the elites are sensitive to the impact of detrimental optics on their ability to garner political support from non-elites. G-Hats and B-hats It must be hard for young people to explain why there is so much indifference among their elders, especially their elite elders, towards the sky-executions that appear on daily news feeds (though commonly at about 6:25pm – after two sets of advertisements – on the nightly six o'clock news). My explanation is this. We put hats (ie labels) on various groups of people. Especially 'Goody' and 'Baddy' hats. Hats labelled G (for good or for God), and hats labelled B (for bad, or evil). Sometimes there is a D-hat; western liberal 'Democracy', the imperialism we most see today. Following westerners' contrition for The Holocaust, the first people in line to be awarded G hats were the Jewish citizens of the newly created state of Israel. We gave out many G and B hats to various other people of course. And, of course, just about every identity group issues themselves with G-hats, reserving B-hats for distinct others. One of the problems with the human brain is that it reacts badly to contradiction. Neural pathways short-circuit when we see people with G-hats doing B (bad) – often very bad – things. Most observers will resolve the contradiction in favour of the hat rather than in favour of the observed action. So, if a G-hatted person or institution sky-executes some people, then we rationalise this dissonance by ignoring the action or by presuming that the victims must have been B (effectively converting a grotesque action into a good action). We expect our societal leaders to rise above these forms of neural conflict. Through this kind of dissonance, we both excuse the bad actions of the Good, and fail to acknowledge the good actions of the Bad. (An example of the latter is that, in many contexts, colonisers and their descendants are given B-hats by the descendants of the colonised; and any genuine achievements which may have arisen from a colonised setting are devalued, deamplified, or disregarded.) On the matter of cognitive dissonance, for which my hat explanation is an example, see Social Atrophy on the Rise, France24 26 May 20125, featuring Sarah Stein Lubrano, author of Don't Talk about Politics (published this month). She says: "When people are given new information or new arguments about something about which they already hold beliefs – especially strong beliefs – they experience cognitive dissonance, they feel discomfort between the contradiction between new ideas and existing ideas and this often causes them to re-entrench, to double-down on their existing ideas." Conclusion Some things are so horrible - including inflammatory executions – we cannot compute them. That's no excuse to repeat them. ------------- On Curtis LeMay, my three main sources have been: Richard Overy (2025), Rain of Ruin Malcolm Gladwell (2021), The Bomber Mafia James Scott (2022), Black Snow ------------- Keith Rankin (keith at rankin dot nz), trained as an economic historian, is a retired lecturer in Economics and Statistics. He lives in Auckland, New Zealand. © Scoop Media Keith Rankin Political Economist, Scoop Columnist Keith Rankin taught economics at Unitec in Mt Albert since 1999. An economic historian by training, his research has included an analysis of labour supply in the Great Depression of the 1930s, and has included estimates of New Zealand's GNP going back to the 1850s. Keith believes that many of the economic issues that beguile us cannot be understood by relying on the orthodox interpretations of our social science disciplines. Keith favours a critical approach that emphasises new perspectives rather than simply opposing those practices and policies that we don't like. Keith retired in 2020 and lives with his family in Glen Eden, Auckland.
India.com
7 days ago
- General
- India.com
Not Nagasaki, but this city was first target of atom bomb, US changed its decision due to....
Not Nagasaki, but this city was first target of atom bomb, US changed its decision due to.... In the final phase of World War II, on 6 and 9 August 1945, US caused the worst destruction in history by dropping atomic bombs on two Japanese cities, 'Hiroshima and Nagasaki'. Bombs named 'Little Boy' were dropped on Hiroshima and 'Fat Man' on Nagasaki, killing millions of people and turning both cities into ashes. But do you know that Nagasaki was not US's first target? The second atomic bomb was actually to be dropped on another city in Japan, but at the last moment America changed its target and Nagasaki was destroyed instead of that city. This city was US' first target During World War II, the US planned to use atomic bombs with the intention of forcing Japan to surrender. After dropping the first bomb on Hiroshima, the second target was decided and that target was the Japanese city of Kokura. Kokura was an important industrial city of Japan at that time, where there were large-scale ammunition and weapons manufacturing factories. The US strategy was to further weaken Japan's military power by attacking Kokura. For this, on 9 August 1945, the B-29 bomber aircraft 'Box Car' was sent to Kokura with the 'Fat Man' bomb. How the target changed On the morning of August 9, when the B-29 plane reached over Kokura, the weather was bad there. The sky was covered with thick clouds and smoke, due to which the pilot Major Charles Sweeney could not see the target clearly. According to the rules of the US Army, the atomic bomb was to be dropped only on the basis of vision, so that the target could be hit accurately. When the attack on Kokura was not possible even after several rounds, the plane started running out of fuel. In such a situation, Sweeney had to choose the second option and that option was Nagasaki. 74,000 people died due to the bombing Nagasaki was an alternate target on the US list at the time. It was a port city and was also industrially important, but was a lower priority target than Kokura. Weather made it impossible to target Kokura, and the 'Fat Man' bomb was finally dropped on Nagasaki at 11:02 am. The attack killed about 74,000 people, and devastated a large part of the city. Kyoto was also a target, but it survived You will be surprised to know that US had initially included Kyoto city of Japan in the target list. Kyoto was the cultural capital of Japan at that time, where there were many universities, industries, and historical heritages. But American War Minister Henry Stimson got Kyoto removed from the list. The reason was his personal attachment. Stimson had celebrated his honeymoon with his wife in Kyoto and he had many memories associated with this city. Due to his insistence, Nagasaki was included in the list instead of Kyoto. In this way, the memory of a honeymoon saved Kyoto from destruction, but Nagasaki had to pay the price for it. The 'Fat Man' bomb dropped on Nagasaki was even more powerful than Hiroshima's 'Little Boy'. The bomb exploded about 500 meters above the ground, causing a huge mushroom ball of fire to rise into the sky. The explosion was so powerful that 70% of the city's industrial area was completely destroyed. However, the mountains around Nagasaki limited the scope of the devastation to some extent, causing less damage than Hiroshima. Still, the attack took the lives of thousands of people and left a deep impact of radiation on future generations. What do historians say? Many historians believe that Japan was already on the verge of defeat at that time, and the use of atomic bombs was probably not necessary. Some argue that the US demonstrated its military power through these attacks and wanted to send a message to the Soviet Union. At the same time, some say that US President Harry Truman wanted to force Japan to surrender as soon as possible, so that the war could be ended. After these attacks, Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945, and World War II came to an end.
India.com
06-05-2025
- Politics
- India.com
India-Pakistan Tensions: Who will make the final call if India launches nuclear bombs? Cost of an atomic bomb is Massive Rs...,hidden in...
New Delhi: The India-Pakistan relationship has touched a new low after the cowardly terror attack in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama by Pakistan-backed terrorists. The tensions between the two nuclear-armed countries have sparked a global debate around atomic weapons and its usage. In the last few weeks, there has been a series of irresponsible statements by Pakistani leaders, threatening India with nuclear bomb attacks. Nuclear weapons are the most destructive, inhumane and indiscriminate weapons ever created. Both in the scale of the devastation they cause, and in their uniquely persistent, spreading, genetically damaging radioactive fallout, they are unlike any other weapons. It is important to note that a single nuclear bomb detonated over a large city could kill millions of people. The use of tens or hundreds of nuclear bombs would disrupt the global climate, causing widespread famine. But do you know how much a nuclear bomb actually costs? To recall, during World War II, the United States dropped two atomic bombs named 'Little Boy' and 'Fat Man' on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The bombs killed thousands of people and caused damages worth billions of dollars to Japan. Today, the countries around the globe are spending a whopping USD 91.4 billion annually on the maintenance of nuclear weapons. When calculated per second, this amounts to $2,898 — or approximately ₹2.5 lakh — every second. In Pakistan, fighter jets like the F-16 are stationed at Sargodha (Mushaf) Air Base and Shahbaz Air Base. According to the reports, Pakistan's nuclear weapons are stored at the Sargodha Weapons Storage Complex, located about 10 km from this site. The country possesses missiles such as Abdali, Shaheen, Ghauri, Hatf, and Shaheen. In Pakistan, the decision to launch a nuclear attack can be made by the National Command Authority, which is led by the Prime Minister. It is important to note that in any country, the President or the Prime Minister does not directly order a nuclear strike. The decision to carry out a nuclear attack is made based on the advice of top bodies and individuals such as the Cabinet Committee on Security, the National Security Advisor (NSA), and the Chief of Defence Staff. However, the final decision rests with the Prime Minister. The actual execution of a nuclear strike is the responsibility of the team at the final level of the nuclear command, which launches the missile armed with a nuclear warhead. In the United States, the President has access to the 'nuclear football,' while in Russia, the President has a similar briefcase that contains war plans and detailed information on nuclear missiles and their targets. India's defense strength is much more powerful than Pakistan. The country possesses missiles such as Agni, Shaurya, Pralay, and BrahMos, which are capable of carrying out nuclear strikes. The country has the capability to launch nuclear attacks from sea, air, and land — a strategic capability known as the nuclear triad. However, India has stated that it will never initiate a nuclear attack, but will respond decisively and in kind if attacked. There have been several accidents involving nuclear weapons. In 1957, a nuclear bomb accidentally fell from a plane in New Mexico, but it did not detonate, preventing a disaster. In 1958, a U.S. B-47 fighter jet accidentally dropped an atomic bomb over South Carolina, but fortunately, the nuclear warhead remained inside the plane. In 1961, a B-52 aircraft carrying two nuclear bombs crashed in California. In 1965, a nuclear bomb fell into the sea from a U.S. aircraft that had taken off from an aircraft carrier — and that bomb has never been found to this day.
India.com
02-05-2025
- Politics
- India.com
World's most powerful nuclear bomb that can reduce entire city to rubble in seconds is..., under control of..., it is powerful enough to...
New Delhi: Tensions between India and Pakistan along the border are at their peak following the Pahalgam attack. There is also discussion about both countries' stockpiles of nuclear weapons and their nuclear strike capabilities. But do you know which country possesses the largest nuclear bomb in the world and how much damage it can cause? In August 1945, America dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Approximately 200,000 people were killed in this attack. The names of these two atomic bombs were Little Boy and Fat Man. There are 9 countries in the world that possess nuclear weapons. The United States has 5,748, Russia has 5,580, China has 500, France has 290, England has 225, India has 172, Pakistan has 170, Israel has 90, and North Korea has 50 nuclear weapons. In the 1960s, America developed a mini nuclear bomb (Hydrogen Bomb) with a yield of five megatons. America created its mini version for its intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). This Russian bomb is nearly 50 years old and has a power of six megatons. Its advanced version B has already been prepared. Russia conducted its first nuclear test in August 1953 with this bomb. The explosion was conducted in the atmosphere rather than on the ground. The American army has a seven-megaton atomic bomb that makes its enemies tremble worldwide. This nuclear bomb can be launched from a height of 60,000 feet at supersonic speed (Supersonic Missile). It is difficult for radar to detect it. Russia possesses a nuclear bomb from the Soviet era that is eight megatons. It can obliterate even the strongest bunkers. It is said to be a small package with a big blast. America has a nine-megaton bunker buster bomb. During the Cold War, America manufactured over 340 such bombs. This bomb is 12 feet long and weighs more than 4,000 kilograms. Its new version B83 is considered the most powerful bomb in the world. The United States also has the thermonuclear gravity bomb TX-21 Shrimp. This is a large and powerful nuclear weapon. This 15-megaton atomic bomb was created in 1950. The explosion that America conducted on the Marshall Islands in March 1954 made use of this bomb. Instead of an explosion in the sky, it was detonated on the ground. This resulted in an explosion that caused significant devastation. The second largest atomic bomb in the world is with America. The United States has the second most powerful 25-megaton atomic bomb. The United States has several versions of this atomic bomb. Over the past 65 years, America has developed several versions of this atomic bomb. The world's largest and most powerful atomic bomb, Tsar Bomba, is held by Russia. This atom bomb is of 50 megatons. If such a heavy and intense atomic bomb explodes, it could wipe out the existence of a major city. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union first made a bomb with the power of 100 TNT, but seeing the threat to the Earth from testing such bombs, it was reduced to 50 tons. Tsar Bomba has the power of 50 megatons of TNT, and its test was conducted on October 30, 1961, which was the largest nuclear explosion in world history. The atomic bomb that America dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima was only 15 kilotons. This means that Russia's Tsar Bomba was 3,300 times more powerful than that atomic bomb.
India.com
02-05-2025
- Politics
- India.com
If India fires a nuclear missile on Pakistan..., how much area will be destroyed? Figures reveal shocking...
If India fires a nuclear missile on Pakistan…, how much area will be destroyed? Figures reveal shocking… New Delhi: Pakistan is a safe haven for terrorists and the roots of terrorist attacks anywhere in the world are always linked to the neighbouring country. Pak, after facing defeat in all four wars (1947 to 1999) with India, realised that it can never win a direct war. It then made terrorism a weapon. Islamabad does terror attacks in India and when New Delhi talks about retaliation, the country threatens with a nuclear attack, knowing the fact that India is a much bigger nuclear power. If the situation ever worsens so much that India has to drop a nuclear bomb in response, then cities such as Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad can be reduced to dust in a few minutes. One nuke bomb and how big a part of Pakistan is destroyed. Let's know. It is noteworthy that, nuclear weapon has been used only once in an actual war. During ] World War II, America dropped nuclear bombs on two Japanese cities—Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These attacks made the world realise the destructive power of nuclear weapons. After seeing the devastating results of the nuclear blast on Hiroshima and Nagasaki every country in the world consider nuclear weapon as a last resort. Hiroshima and Nagasaki Hiroshima: On 6 August 1945, during the Second World War II, American B 29 bomber dropped the world's first atomic bomb on Japan's Hiroshima. Name of the atomic bomb: 'Little Boy' Weight: About 4399.8 Kg Explosion: Occurred at a height of 2,000 feet Power of the bomb: 15 Kiloton or 15,000 tons of TNT. Impact: The city was destroyed up to 12.9 square km. Deaths: About 80,000 people died instantly. Nagasaki: 9 August 1945 Another B 29 bomber dropped a plutonium based bomb on Nagasaki at 11:02 am. Bomb Name: 'Fat Man' Explosion: Occurred at 1,650 feet above sea level. Bomb Power: 21 Kiloton or 21,000 tons of TNT. Explosion: Its power was 40% more than 'Little Boy' Blast: Humans and animals within a radius of 1 km were killed almost instantly. Deaths: About 40,000 people died instantly Aftermath: Tens of thousands of people died from radiation for months and years India's Nuclear Trials Power Notably, India has done two nuclear tests, first in 1974 under the leadership of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and the other was in 1998, during Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee's regime. Pokhran 1 – 'Smiling Buddha' 'On 18 May 1974, India conducted a nuclear explosion for the first time at the Pokhran Test Site, which was given the code name 'Smiling Buddha'. Pokhran I was the first demonstration of India's nuclear technology. This nuk test brought India into the nuclear club. The bomb had a yield of about 15 Kiloton (15,000 tons of TNT). What would happen if Smiling Buddha bomb explodes over Islamabad? If a nuclear bomb of this massive power detonated in the air over Islamabad, it would kill about 75,470 instantly, and about 1,53,410 would be injured. Fireball Radius: 198 m (0.12 km²): The size of the fireball depends on the height of the explosion. Anything inside the fireball will be blown away completely Radiation radius (500 rem): 1.1 km (3.78 km²): 500 rem radiation is extremely dangerous; death can occur within about a month. 15% of survivors may later die of cancer. Pokhran 2 – 'Operation Shakti' India conducted five nuclear tests on 11 and 13 May 1998 and declared itself a nuclear weapon state. The tests included – 45 kiloton thermonuclear bomb, a 15 kiloton fission bomb and a 0.2 kiloton. What will happen if the Operation Shakti bomb explodes on Islamabad If 45 Kiloton nuk bomb is detonated in the air over Islamabad: Estimated deaths: 1,26,070 / Estimated injured: 2,27,140. Fireball Radius: 307 m (0.9 km²): The size of the fireball depends on the height of the explosion. Radiation Radius (500 rem): 1.16 km (4.25 km²): 500 rem radiation is extremely dangerous; death can occur within about a month. 15% of survivors may later die of cancer Medium blast damage radius (5 psi): At 5 psi of pressure, a 19.6 square km area (a radius of approx 2.5 km) would experience widespread building collapse, resulting in significant injuries and fatalities. The increased risk of fire spread in densely populated residential and commercial areas would lead to moderate levels of urban damage. Radius of damage from a mild explosion (1 psi): A nuclear explosion at 1,070 meters altitude can cause glass windows to break within a 7.03 km radius (155 square km area) due to the pressure wave. This level of damage, resulting from the initial flash and subsequent pressure, is considered relatively minor in urban areas, though it poses a significant risk of injury to those nearby.
