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Al Jazeera
17-03-2025
- Business
- Al Jazeera
Turkiye's booming defence industry
Turkiye has always placed a premium on its defence, initially buying then developing its own weapons. The owner of NATO's second-largest standing army has also emerged as a notable weapons exporter, with some iconic products on the international market. Turkiye's exports increased year on year to reach $7.1bn in 2024 – from $1.9bn a decade prior – with customers across Europe and the Middle East. What's behind this growth? What are Turkiye's capabilities? And why is it important? Here's what we know: When did Turkiye move to domestic production? Turkiye has sought military self-sufficiency for a while, a gradual process that saw it establish the Defence Industry Development and Support Administration Office (SAGEB) in 1985. For years, SAGEB focused on international collaboration in research and development. But as Turkiye came up against restrictions on what weapons it could purchase and how it could use them, that switched to local production. In the 2010s, it switched focus to domestic design, resulting in a huge increase in domestic defence production. Today, thousands of Turkish defence manufacturers span land, air, and naval capabilities, which is being increasingly recognised internationally. Have you heard about Turkish drones? Perhaps the most famous Turkish unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is the iconic Bayraktar TB2, first deployed in 2014, one of the most widely purchased Turkish defence products. There are several others, however, including the medium-altitude long-endurance Anka-S, which has a payload of 200kg (441lb), and the Vestel Karayel tactical UAV with a 70kg (154lb) payload. The country is also working on its 'Steel Dome' (Celik Kubbe), described as a system that, augmented by AI, can identify and intercept any airborne threat. Additionally, work is ongoing on the first domestic fifth-generation fighter, the Turkish KAAN, which aims to replace aging American F-16s in the Turkish Air Force. What else is in Turkiye's catalogue? On the ground, Turkiye's armoured vehicle production is spearheaded by the Altay main battle tank, designed to rival Western models such as the German Leopard or the US Abrams. The army also has a mine-resistant vehicle, the Kirpi (Hedgehog), widely used in counterinsurgency operations, as well as modern infantry fighting vehicles like the FNSS Defence Systems' Kaplan and the Pars. There's also naval production, with MILGEM (Milli Gemi Projesi, or the National Ship Project), which was set up in 2004 to produce the next generation of Turkish naval class ships. MILGEM has produced state-of-the-art Ada-class corvettes and Istanbul-class frigates, with plans for more advanced warships and submarines. Most remarkable is the amphibious drone-carrying assault ship, the TCG Anadolu, the largest ship in the Turkish navy, which was deployed in 2023. Finally, there's a long list of smart munitions, air defence systems, and missiles, such as the Bora short-range ballistic missile and the long-range Atmaca (Hawk) missiles. Why the interest in arms manufacturing? Turkiye's push to develop military hardware can be said to be as much a result of outside forces as internal drivers. In the mid-1970s, the United States put an arms embargo on Turkiye over its military intervention in Cyprus. In the early 1990s, Germany instituted an export ban on arms to Turkiye, saying armoured cars it sold to Turkiye had been used domestically when the contract had specified they could only be used against an attack by a non-NATO state. Then in 2020, the US sanctioned Turkiye over its purchase of the Russian S-400 air defence system, by which time Turkiye was already established as an arms manufacturer. Today, there are about 3,000 weapons companies in Turkiye. So how much is Turkiye exporting? Exports have increased so they now comprise 1.7 percent of global arms exports, putting the country in 11th place for the period from 2020 to 2024 in the ranking of the world's defence exporters, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). According to monitors, during the last year, Turkiye's exports reached 178 countries, marking a 103 percent increase compared with 2015-2019. Its main customers in the 202-2024 period were the United Arab Emirates, Pakistan and Qatar, according to SIPRI. As for its most famous export, the Bayraktar medium-altitude long-endurance drone has reportedly been exported to at least 31 countries, including Iraq, Ukraine, Kenya, Bangladesh and Japan. Last year, its manufacturer Baykar announced the investment of $300m in developing its own jet engines, aiming to take on more component production and avoid international supply chain challenges. It aims to develop an in-house engine for its Akinci drone, then a turbofan engine for Kizilelma, an unmanned air-to-air combat vehicle that is under development. So far, both use Ukrainian engines.
Voice of America
13-02-2025
- Business
- Voice of America
Pakistan, Turkey to boost strategic ties
Pakistan and Turkey pledged to deepen cooperation in defense, mining, energy and other sectors during the seventh round of the Pakistan-Turkey High Level Strategic Cooperation Council in Islamabad on Thursday. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan co-chaired the highest-level bilateral discussion forum with Pakistani Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif. After the closed-door delegation-level talks Thursday, the two sides exchanged 24 signed documents, including a joint declaration, a few agreements, and several memoranda of understanding. 'We have agreed to further strengthen our relations,' Erdogan said in remarks broadcast live after the talks. The text of the joint declaration was not released. However, a brief statement from Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs said it 'gives a roadmap for further deepening, diversifying and institutionalizing the strategic partnership between Pakistan and Turkey." Sharif and Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari welcomed the Turkish leader Wednesday night at a military airbase near the capital with much fanfare. From a 21-gun salute to a fighter jet flyby and traditional Pakistani dancers on the motorcade's route, to a special song honoring Erdogan blaring across TV channels, Islamabad pulled out all the stops for the Turkish president, who returned after five years for a brief visit ending Thursday night. Broad cooperation Both sides agreed to cooperate in air force electronic warfare and to collaborate on defense production, with a memorandum of understanding, or MoU, signed between Turkey's Secretariat of Defense Industries and Pakistan's Ministry of Defense Production and another MoU between Turkey's state-owned Aerospace Industries and Pakistan's Naval Research and Development Institute. Over the last decade Pakistan and Turkey have ramped up defense production cooperation. That cooperation includes joint production of four MILGEM corvette warships for delivery to Pakistan, helping the South Asian country upgrade its aging fighter jet fleet, and the sharing and transfer of defense technologies. Pakistan and Turkey also agreed to upgrade their existing trade agreement and reiterated a past pledge to boost annual bilateral trade volume to $5 billion from roughly $1.5 billion. In May 2023, the two signed a Preferential Trade Agreement, reducing Pakistani tariffs on 130 product categories, while Turkey cut down tariffs on 261 product lines. Sharif announced Turkish firms will build a special economic zone in Pakistan for industrial production, despite Pakistan's struggle to attract investment to special economic zones set up as part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Both sides agreed on a protocol to amend their existing agreement of cooperation in the field of hydrocarbons and signed an MoU to help Pakistan's energy transition. The South Asian country is aiming to decrease reliance on expensive foreign fuel and transition to affordable and abundant green energy. Pakistan reached an MoU with Turkey on mining cooperation as well, a sector Islamabad is anxious to bring foreign investment to. Under the bilateral strategic cooperation council, six joint standing committees cover a broad array of sectors, including trade, investment, banking, finance, culture, tourism, energy, defense, agriculture, transportation, communication, IT, health, science and technology, and education. Both sides signed cooperation documents in almost all the fields. In his brief remarks after the talks, Sharif pledged to fight terrorism jointly with Turkey. The Pakistani leader then singled out Afghanistan as a source of the violence. 'Afghanistan is a neighboring country, and we expect that Afghanistan will cooperate in fighting terrorism and not spreading terrorism and in that we are together,' Sharif said. Although Erdogan expressed support for Pakistan's fight against terrorism in his remarks, the Turkish leader stopped short of naming Afghanistan as a root cause. Afghanistan's Taliban rulers reject accusation of harboring anti-Pakistan fighters on their soil. Critical timing The two allies held their highest-level dialogue at a critical time in the Middle East. 'We discussed not only our bilateral relations but also regional and global developments extensively,' Erdogan said. The fall of Bashar al-Assad's regime in Syria has strengthened Ankara's position in the region, but it has also put Turkey in direct competition with Israel, whose troops have advanced into Syrian territory. 'Turkey understands that increasing defense and strategic ties with countries like Pakistan, another established middle-sized defense power, are even more for interest for Turkey,' Umer Karim, a researcher at the University of Birmingham, told VOA. 'Sharing bilateral defense production technologies and learning is a key aspect,' Karim said. The civil war in Syria also has deeply affected militancy in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Fighters from those countries fought alongside Syrian militias. But Islamic State Khorasan, or ISIS-K, a regional offshoot of the terror outfit IS, has brought more violence to the two South Asian neighbors. With Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham, or HTS, a U.S.-designated foreign terrorist organization, now controlling Syria, security observers say Ankara and Islamabad need help from each other to manage nonstate actors. 'With Shia militias and movement from various nonstate actors, from Sunni militias moving into Syria as well, and now that the conflict has subsided, their ultimate return and its impact on the region is going to play a tremendous amount of role,' Iftikhar Firdaus, editor of The Khorasan Diary, told VOA. The online platform monitors militant activity. A delegation of Turkish corporate leaders joined Erdogan on the visit to boost trade ties with Pakistan. Sharif and Erdogan also addressed the Pakistan-Turkey Business Forum in Islamabad on Thursday. 'Turkey can explore Pakistan in two ways,' Khurram Schehzad, advisor to Pakistan's finance minister, told VOA. 'One is as an investment corridor; the second is that Pakistan can become Turkey's export hub into the Asia-Pacific region.' Schehzad acknowledged that despite deep strategic and people-to-people ties, Pakistan and Turkey have failed to develop a strong economic relationship. 'What I would like to have is, how the follow-up is done post-MoUs and how that MoU is converted into value,' Schehzad said. The previous session of the Pakistan-Turkey High Level Strategic Cooperation Council was held in Islamabad in February 2020.
