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Indian Express
06-05-2025
- Science
- Indian Express
Bengaluru and the story of Great Trigonometrical Survey undertaken across the country
Maps are something we now take for granted. While driving from one corner of Bengaluru to another, the accuracy of applications such as Google Maps or other GPS devices is not something the average traveller questions. But centuries ago, in the early years of the British Raj, the making of accurate maps was the business of empires–in the case of India, it was an immense endeavour that would take a lifetime to complete. It also pays to consider the background against which the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India was undertaken. Even in death, the spectre of Tipu Sultan would have loomed over the British. Barely 20 years earlier, Hyder Ali and Tipu had trapped and destroyed a British force at Pollilur, with over 2,000 fatalities. A thorough mapping of the country they aimed to rule would therefore be imperative. To simplify a rather complex process, the Great Trigonometrical Survey involved measuring a series of immense triangles across the country to enable the proper mapping of the land and the verification of latitudes and longitudes of specific places. In these calculations, the baseline of the triangle would be crucial in maintaining the accuracy of the overall measurements. As recorded by British civil servant F C Danvers, the original intent was to 'throw a series of triangles across from Madras to the opposite coast, for the purpose of determining the breadth of the peninsula in that latitude, and of fixing the latitudes and longitudes of a great many important places'. The mind behind this project was then Captain ( and later Lt Col) William Lambton, who had previous survey experience in America and had joined the 33rd Regiment in 1797. While he formally began what would become the Great Survey in 1802 in Madras, it seems that a trial run of sorts was carried out by measuring a baseline near Bengaluru in 1800. The measurement for this baseline was a chain of blistered steel measuring 100 ft exactly at 62 degrees Fahrenheit. The chain had an interesting history–it was originally rejected as a gift by the emperor of China. Some of the survey instruments that were used are on display at the Science Gallery in Hebbal. The official survey in the Bengaluru area was done in 1804. The Great Trigonometrical Survey across the country would take seventy years to complete–outliving Lambton. The precision measurements made by the survey proved well worth the effort and unearthed several problems with the old measurements. As Danvers put it, 'The distance from Madras to the opposite coast, in the same parallel, was ascertained to be very nearly 360 miles; whereas, until then, the best maps made it exceed 400 miles. All the principal places on the old maps, which had been fixed astronomically, were also found considerably out of position: for example, Arcot was out 10 miles.' Engineer P L Udaya Kumar, who heads the Mythic Society's 3D digitisation efforts for ancient inscriptions, has also researched the history of the Great Trigonometrical Survey in Bengaluru. Speaking to he said, 'The original line was between Krishnarajapuram and Agara…wherever he measured in Bengaluru, he left marks. There are such marks from Kolar, Magadi, Hosur and other places.' He explained, 'Sometimes there would be a cross marked on stones. If there was no boulder, they would place a mound there.' Udaya Kumar noted that as far as Bengaluru is concerned, the original structures from Lambton's time have not survived. 'Those points were measured multiple times and if the marker was crumbling, they would have been rebuilt,' he said. Within Bengaluru itself, two of the structures that remained in Bengaluru were a structure on the Hennur-Bagalur road in Kannuru and a tower in Sampigehalli. Regrettably, the former, dating back to 1865, was largely demolished in June last year overnight. The revenue authorities had also filed a case against unknown people in the matter. Lalbagh also has an interesting, if indirect, connection to the project. At some point in the 1800s, it had come into the private possession of one Gilbert Waugh for several years. His son Andrew would go on to head the Great Trigonometrical Survey project after Sir George Everest and may have indeed named the mountain after him.
The Hindu
30-04-2025
- General
- The Hindu
A graphic novel that brings to life Francis Buchanan's survey of south India
Dr. Sashi Sivramkrishna's recently published graphic novel, A Journey into the Furnace of History: The Dying Embers of Ancient Iron-Smelting in India, has an origin story that spans nearly two decades. The kernel for this book, which documents Sashi's own attempts to retrace the journey of the Scottish physician, botanist and surveyor Francis Buchanan through the erstwhile Mysore State, emerged in the early 2000s when he was working on a documentary on the curse of Talakadu. 'It is an interesting story about the Mysore Maharajas combined with two natural phenomena,' says the Bengaluru-based economist and the chairman of the Foundation to Aid Industrial Recovery (FAIR), a not-for-profit society that focuses on helping the country's under-managed sectors. This 400-year-old curse, which is believed to have been uttered by Queen Alamelamma, the queen of the once-strong but now crumbling Vijayanagara Empire, when the Wadiyars dethroned her husband and took over Mysore, had three parts to it: Talakadu would become a desert, the river Malangi would turn into a whirlpool, and the Mysore Kings would bear no heirs. Although he is someone who 'could not believe that curses come true…I am quite a rationalist', he thought of investigating this story, going into the project with an open mind. 'Wherever we went, in Mysore and places around it, people generally believed in it,' he recalls. And while there appeared to be some anecdotal evidence, with many of the Mysore rulers failing to beget heirs and having to adopt, 'it all seemed very confusing,' says Sashi, who researched the subject, with a colleague, for a year and a half, 'getting stuck along the way, because there was very little evidence about all this.' Meet Buchanan In 2005, as part of his research, Sashi visited the library of the Mythic Society on Bengaluru's Nrupathunga Road, looking through some references, when he came across Buchanan's three-volume survey titled A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, published in 1807. Buchanan, who became a medical officer with the British East India Company in 1794, had been commissioned to survey South India in 1800, following the death of Tipu Sultan and the British's decisive victory over the Kingdom of Mysore. While going through the survey, he discovered this. 'Buchanan had visited Malangi, and he does talk about some curse and states that Talakadu was covered in sand,' says Sashi, who went on to make a film about the curse in 2005. 'That was my introduction to Buchanan.' Sashi then found himself delving deeper into Buchanan's work, becoming increasingly fascinated by this survey. 'Normally, when you look at history, it is about battles and wars,' he says. 'But here, Buchanan touches upon people and the day-to-day life in these places. He talks about farmers, agricultural labourers, people weaving blankets, things we don't usually learn as part of our history education.' That is when he decided that he wanted to trace Buchanan's journey, travelling back and forth, between Bengaluru and the places chronicled in Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, trying to understand whether the occupations Buchanan had described continued to exist and in what form. Iron smelting As Sashi, accompanied by other researchers, travelled to places such as Channarayana Durga, Yelladakere, Chikkanayakanahalli and Gattipura, and talked to the people who inhabited them, they became deeply intrigued by one of the occupations described by Buchanan: iron-smelting. In South India, where iron has been smelted since at least 2000 BCE, going by artefacts at very early iron age sites, they couldn't help but wonder why the traditional craft of smelting has largely disappeared, says Sashi, who worked with Mahadev Nayak, Amalendu Jyotishi and GJ Lingaraj on this project. 'We met people who told us that smelting would happen even in the 1930s and 40s; they remember their grandfathers doing it,' he says, adding that, in India, there is usually a certain continuity of tradition, with things rarely disappearing completely. 'So I started looking for answers to why and when iron smelting disappears from this region,' says Sashi, who was involved in this research till 2010 and has published it in several academic journals, including Environment and History and Economic and Political Weekly. To make his research more accessible and to document his own journey, in 2022, he thought of putting it together into a graphic novel, which eventually became A Journey into the Furnace of History, beautifully illustrated by the Kolkata-based illustrator and a graphic novelist himself, Harsho Mohan Chattoraj. 'I got in touch with a friend in Kolkata who introduced me to Harsho, a renowned artist in this space,' he says. They worked together, with Sashi sending him old pictures, and Harsho slowly creating them, panel by panel, he recalls. 'I wrote the whole script, having an idea of what it needed to be, panel by panel. I could visualise the novel because I come from a documentary space,' he says of the 210-panel-long novel, which took about two years to create and was officially released in 2024. A complex history A Journey into the Furnace of History not only captures Sashi's journey through the region but also offers insights into Buchanan's thoughts, perspectives and experiences, and examines the craft, tradition and legacy of iron-smelting. Starting with a description of an encounter with a blacksmith, Marappa, who takes Sashi and his colleagues to an iron-smelting site a little outside Channarayana Durga, the book touches on other fascinating insights about this tradition, including how Tipu Sultan's ongoing battle with the British upped demand for iron, how tribes like the Asur and Agaria played a massive role in the development of this technology, the origin of the famous Wootz steel or ukku and the surprising relationship between smelting and deforestation. 'From these findings, a larger narrative of iron smelting evolved,' states the book's introduction, pointing out that Indian environmental history has missed the scale and importance of proto-industrial development in South India, viewing medieval economies as agrarian, consisting of self-sufficient villages. And yet, the centrality of a war economy in the feudal period and the need for arms and ammunition were too large to be brushed aside, continues the introduction, which goes on to argue that there is a need to rethink our environmental history by 'integrating military and mettallurgical history, with elements of anthropology, economics and sociology.' Making charcoal Since iron smelting requires larger amounts of wood to make charcoal, the fuel for the activity, it leads to excessive deforestation, says Sashi, who believes that while many environmental historians attribute the destruction of forests in India to a colonial enterprise, connected to the advent of railways, the reality is a bit more complicated. 'Typically, environmental history is not connected to iron and steel, but imagine armies of 50-100,000, carrying a sword, shield…elephants with armour… canons,' he says, pointing out that even making a small canon would require 1000-1500 tonnes of wood to make. In Sashi's opinion, there is a desperate need to connect the environment, the military, the social and the political history of the nation, and to reach a larger audience, which the graphic novel attempts to do. 'We can write technical or academic papers and get them published, but how many people are interested in reading them?' he asks. Graphic novels, on the other hand, are well suited to convey research and are also very accessible, in his opinion. Besides, he admits, he has personally always loved graphic novels. 'I grew up on Batman, Tintin. Even my knowledge of Indian history started with comics,' he says. 'Comics have always been able to communicate with me, so I thought if I made one, I could communicate with others.' To know more about the graphic novel or to get a hard copy, log in to the FAIR India website
