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The Star
2 days ago
- Health
- The Star
Too good to be true ADHD videos on TikTok are often misleading, US study finds.
On TikTok, misinformation about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be tricky to spot, according to a new study, published this month in the scientic journal PLOS One (published by Public Library of Science, based in California, the United States), found that fewer than 50% of the claims made in some of the most popular ADHD videos on TikTok offered information that matched diagnostic criteria or professional treatment recommendations for the disorder. And, the researchers found, even study participants who had already been diagnosed with ADHD had trouble discerning which information was most reliable. About half of the TikTok creators included in the study were using the platform to sell products, such as fidget spinners, or services like coaching. None of them were licensed mental health professionals. The lack of nuance is concerning, said Vasileia Karasavva, a doctoral student in clinical psychology at Canada's University of British Columbia in Vancouver and the lead author of the study. If TikTok creators talk about difficulty concentrating, she added, they don't typically mention that the symptom is not specific to ADHD or that it could also be a manifestation of a different mental disorder, like depression or anxiety. Just because a video or post goes viral doesn't mean it is accurate. "The last thing we want to do is discourage people from expressing how they're feeling, what they're experiencing and finding community online," Karasavva said. "At the same time, it might be that you self-diagnose with something that doesn't apply to you, and then you don't get the help that you actually need." Karasavva's results echo those of a 2022 study that also analysed 100 popular TikTok videos about ADHD and found that half of them were misleading. "The data are alarming," said Stephen P. Hinshaw, a professor of psychology and an expert in ADHD at the University of California, Berkeley, who was not involved in either study. The themes of the videos might easily resonate with viewers, he added, but "accurate diagnosis takes access, time and money." In Karasavva's study, the researchers began by selecting the 100 most viewed videos on a single day in January 2023 and asked two licensed clinical psychologists to review each video. The psychologists were called to assess whether the videos accurately captured the symptoms of adult or adolescent ADHD that are characterised in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which is used by medical professionals in the US to diagnose and classify mental health conditions. If a video's claim didn't match up with the manual, the psychologists then established whether the symptoms in the video better reflected a different type of disorder or something that anyone, including those without ADHD, might experience. Finally, they rated on a scale of one to five whether they would recommend the video to help educate other people about ADHD. One limitation of the study was that it did not rely on a large panel of experts to evaluate the videos. The researchers then asked more than 840 undergraduate students to rate the videos using the same scale used by the psychologists. The study participants who were the most frequent consumers of ADHD-related TikTok content were more likely than the other participants to recommend the top five most reputable videos. But they were also more likely to recommend the bottom five videos. And that was true regardless of whether they had been diagnosed with ADHD or not. Karasavva said this could be because the TikTok algorithm serves videos that are similar to those a person has already watched - and as we come across the same information again and again, it's tempting to think that "all these people can't be wrong." "In the end, you might come to believe things that don't really match up with the science," she said. Notably, the students in the study also vastly overestimated how many people actually had ADHD. In an email, TikTok said that it strongly encourages people to seek professional medical advice if they are in need of support and that the platform directs users to reliable resources when they search for ADHD-related content. The information on TikTok "doesn't always tell you the full story, and it can also lead the loudest voices to be overrepresented,' said Margaret Sibley, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle who was not involved in the study. "People might not be discerning about what aspect of their experience is ADHD versus something else." - ©2025 The New York Times
Euronews
13-02-2025
- Business
- Euronews
Hate speech on X now 50% higher under Elon Musk's leadership, new study finds
Hate speech rose by 50 per cent on social media platform X in the months after billionaire Elon Musk bought it, according to a new study. The study from the University of California Berkeley, which was published in the Public Library of Science journal on Wednesday, used artificial intelligence (AI) to randomly collect X posts that contained terms or phrases that are linked to English hate speech from Musk's acquisition of X (then known as Twitter) in October 2022 until June 2023, when he stepped down as CEO. Researchers then sorted through them to check if each post met the criteria and to get rid of any duplicates or reposts. They also collected a 'control group' of posts from January 2022 onwards to compare the amount of hate on the platform. The analysis found that hate speech doubled in the weeks before Musk's Twitter takeover and lasted through till May 2023. 'I think the increases in hate speech we see are concerning because that may mean… marginalised communities feel unwelcome or unsafe on the platform." Dan Hickey PhD student, Berkeley During this time, the number of likes on posts that used specific homophobic, transphobic, and racist slurs went up by 70 per cent, suggesting that more users were exposed. 'I think the increases in hate speech we see are concerning because that may mean… marginalised communities feel unwelcome or unsafe on the platform,' Dan Hickey, PhD student at Berkeley, told Euronews Next. The report continued that the number of bots and other inauthentic accounts did not decrease during this time despite Musk's public pledges to reduce them. Their study follows others that have noted an increase in hate speech or antisemitism after Musk's 2022 acquisition, including reports from the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) and the Centre for Countering Digital Hate. More transparency needed from X on platform changes Two spikes in hate speech happened before Musk became CEO: one in April 2022 to coincide with a widespread advertising campaign that featured a trans woman, the Berkeley report continued. The second was the few weeks in October ahead of Musk's takeover. The report continued that a 'reshuffling of leadership' happened shortly after Musk became CEO, along with the disbanding of the Trust and Safety Advisory Council that dealt with content moderation. 'To be able to really draw a definitive connection… one would need to know more about exactly what changed and when it changed, and the organisation has not been transparent about that." Daniel Fessler Anthropology Professor, Berkeley However, the researchers say they can't make 'firm conclusions' about whether Musk caused the spike in hate speech on X because of limited information on 'specific internal changes' on the platform. 'To be able to really draw a definitive connection… one would need to know more about exactly what changed and when it changed, and the organisation has not been transparent about that,' Daniel Fessler, anthropology professor at Berkeley and part of the research team, told Euronews Next. After June 2023, Hickey said X started charging for data collected by their Application Programming Interface (API) and they no longer had the budget to extend their study. What is X's stance on hate speech? Days after Twitter's acquisition, Musk said that the company's 'strong commitment to content moderation remains absolutely unchanged,' and that hate speech has declined since his ownership. 'Freedom of speech doesn't mean freedom of reach,' Musk wrote at the time in a post on X. 'Negativity should & will get less reach than positivity'. X's help page says that users 'may not directly attack other people on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, caste, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, religious affiliation, age, disability, or serious disease,' on the platform. The platform's most recent transparency report disclosed that they suspended over 2,000 accounts and took down just under 5 million hateful posts of the more than 66 million hateful conduct user complaints filed between January and June 2024. The company also counts hate speech in its 'abuse and harassment' category. Of the 82 million complaints received, X suspended a million accounts and removed or labelled 2.6 million posts, the report found. More recently, X signed
