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- General
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'Truly magical': The 17-year cicada is ready to rock
Woo! Science is a column of science news and newsmakers in Worcester and the region. Got a science news idea? Email Margaret Smith at msmith@ With their bright red eyes and dapper, red-veined wings, the males are truly putting on the ritz, but is it enough to dress to impress? Maybe as Cass Elliot once sang, "Words of love, soft and tender, won't win a girl's heart anymore." Nevertheless, they'll be ready to sing loud, sing proud, and even if humans hear a reedy, frantic cacophony, remember: there's lots of different love languages. We can only be talking about one spectacular insect, and one event: the periodic, 17-year emergence of cicadas. And we as humans are dazzled, delighted, but sometimes confused and maybe a little worried, as we so often are when lots and lots of insects show up all at once. The so-called periodical cicada is emerging now on parts of Cape Cod and the southeastern part of the state, said Tawny Simisky, entomologist with UMass Extension's Landscape, Nursery and Urban Forestry Program. Simisky specializes in insects that may damage trees and shrubs, but not to fear as we shall see, cicadas that depend on trees also give back. "There is a lot of anticipation about the periodical cicadas in Massachusetts," said Simisky. Dubbed "Brood XIV, " or "Brood 14," by means of record-keeping parlance, Simisky said, "These are all cicadas in a given geographic area, expected to emerge at the same time." The female cicada lays her eggs in the stems or twigs of trees, by means of an ovipositor, a sharp organ that can slice a hole in which the female can lay her eggs. And so, for 17 years, the young cicadas move from larval to nymph or adolescent phase, before emerging, ready to shed their juvenile skin, and carefully inflating their newfound, grownup wings. Simisky said, "We have folks reporting them coming up from beneath the ground in Eastern Sandwich, Mass., on May 17." This is when so-called exit holes appear in the ground, small and perfectly dime-sized. Where can you find them? "Some areas on Cape Cod, in Barnstable County, and possibly a much smaller area of Plymouth County," Simisky said. "This past Friday, prior to the long weekend, I went out there, and brought my entire family." Simisky returned with photos, including those of newly-emerged cicadas. If it seems like a curious career, spending most of your existence in the juvenile phase, emerging only for a short time in the hopes of finding a mate and passing on that cicada DNA, it puzzles scientists, too, but from a species survival standpoint, they say it makes sense. "We have hundreds of species of cicadas, but only nine species that do this periodicity thing," said Sebastián Vélez, entomologist and biology professor at Worcester State University. "It's all natural selection. There is something called 'stragglers.'" Some may emerge after 12 years, some at 14, some after 13 years, and in the case of the current emergence, 17 years. This may increase the odds of more cicadas surviving long enough to reproduce, and even if many get eaten by birds and other predators. Over time, there will simply be too many for hunters to eat so many of them that it jeopardizes the next generation. Another hypothesis, said Vélez, is that a lengthy period of living beneath the earth is a sensible adaptation from a time when glaciers are believed to have covered much of the region. "Neither of these two ideas are fool proof, and no one has been able to test it," said Vélez. In a time when invasive species have caused great damage to our forests, it's natural to have concerns about an insect that depends on trees. "The only harm they do is lay their eggs in the roots of trees. That weakens the tree. When the first molt comes out of the ground, they have a little straw that punctures a plant ... they tap into that, like a little straw. But, they don't harm crops. They won't kill your trees," said Vélez. And, they're not interested in your vegetable garden. "The nymphs of the periodical cicadas feet on tree roots, but there is no evidence that they negatively impact trees," Jennifer Forman Orth, environmental biologist of the state Department of Agricultural Resources. Orth said there is some evidence that in the long run, the cicadas may benefit trees, due to the nutrient cycling, as well as the shell left behind in the process of reaching the adult stage. And, after the cicada dies, it will enrich the soil, Orth said. Simisky agrees. "Actually, it makes the canopy of trees healthier over time. You can cover immature trees with bird nettings, with openings less than half an inch, and that will keep the adult cicadas from laying eggs in those small trees." Simisky said, "Adults laying eggs on mature, established trees, actually act like a pruning for them," Simisky added, "One side effect of having adult periodical cicadas above ground and in folks' yards, is trees like oak, apple, ash, birch, is the females will be laying their eggs in the small branches of these trees. It will cause some leaves to turn dry or brown. That is a natural process." The sound of the cicada is like a theme song of summer: that long, reedy hum on a hot, drowsy day. But how do they do that? They don't have vocal cords. And when the male sings, how does the female hear? Firstly, that sound is mostly associated with the so-called "dog day" cicadas, the ones that emerge every year, perhaps not as spectacular in appearance as their periodic relatives, but still making their presence known. "The cicadas that folks all across Massachusetts might be more familiar with are the annual 'dog day' cicadas," Simisky said. With dark brown, black or green features, and black eyes, "Their timing is a little bit different," with appearances in July or August. The male periodic cicadas tend to cluster in a group, and all try really, super hard to attract females by way of really loud sounds. Simisky said, "I can see how some people might be intimidated. Their singing can be loud. The cicada in eastern Massachusetts is one of the quieter cicadas. But when all the males are singing, they are quite loud." How do they do that, anyway? Simisky said, "They have organs on their bodies, called tymbals, on the first segment of their abdomen." Contracting these membranes produces the sound. If you've ever told someone, "You're as cute as a bug's ear," maybe it's time to say, "cute as a bug's typana." What? They're membranous organs that both males and females have, found on the underside of their abdomens, and which register sound. So, I'm that person at a party who, when the subject of insects come up, says without reserve, "All bugs are insects, but not all insects are bugs." Bug is the informal name of everyone in the order, hemiptera, "half wing," basically, the bug club, to which cicadas have membership. By the way, they are edible, but perhaps that's best for a different party. This is maybe a good time to clear the air, as it were: we humans have a peculiar relationship to insects. Unless it's a butterfly, a ladybug (which is really a beetle), or a cute little cricket, something in our primordial brain wants to know: will these things bite, sting or eat me? And if they're plant eaters, are they going to lay waste to our crops? "We do have a natural insect against insects, spiders and snakes, and that makes sense," said Vélez. Because some insects do bite or sting, or carry pathogens, and some insects can devastate crops, and striking a balance is difficult. Simisky said from time to time, someone on social media postulates that those red eyes surely signify a demon in flight. But if anything, the cicada is a vulnerable creature in many ways. Climate change may bring temperature fluctuations that can confuse creatures, cicadas included. Orth said if a building is constructed over a site where cicada nymphs are lying, they may not be able to make that vertical tunnel to the surface, and instead have travel horizontally until they can find an opening. The cicada asks nothing from us, except to live out its life cycle without interference. "Maybe it's unique to me as an entomologist," said Simisky. "I enjoy seeing this insect. It's truly magical that they are only above ground every 17 years. It gives you a sense of the resilience of life on Planet Earth." Every cicada counts. If you find periodic cicadas in your neck of the woods, so to speak, you can reach out to the Department of Agricultural Resources' Brood XIV Project on iNaturalist. This article originally appeared on Telegram & Gazette: Woo! Science: Why cicadas will not go quietly
Boston Globe
19-05-2025
- General
- Boston Globe
The beauty and joy of May
At the Arnold Arboretum, May is the busiest month, averaging nearly 60,000 visitors. On Lilac Sunday, 16,000 fans took in the intoxicating scent. The blossoming flowers and trees are spectacular. Emory Watson,6, climbs a tree in the arboretum and proudly takes in the view with her dad. She's told she gets one wish. 'I would climb as many trees as I can because I'm not scared,' she says one recent day. Advertisement Nearby, others are timid around the flowers, where the bees are busy. Experts say just let them be. Emory Watson,6, climbs a tree in the Arnold Arboretum. 'For a lot of people these can evoke fear when you see insects flying about. It's like 'Oh no, am I going to get stung?'' Nicolle Bell a UMass Extension pollinator specialist says by telephone. 'Most of these bees are disinterested in people. They're just trying to survive. And it's a beautiful thing to see bees persisting and making a go of it in these really fragmented urbanized habitats.' Honeybees, which are not native to the United States, have suffered major losses this year, says Bell. 'Massachusetts is a bee haven, with 400 different native species, although some are declining due to habitat loss and other factors…. others have increased.' Advertisement A a male Xylocopa virginica, or eastern carpenter bee, enjoys a southern treat, a pinkshell azalea, Rhododendron vaseyi, a native and endangered shrub of the Southeast, at the Arnold Arboretum. At Crane Beach in Ipswich, thankfully, the nasty greenhead fly season has not started. A fisherman says the stripers are back, but the only one catching anything is one super clean herring gull. It snags a fish but then loses it to a more aggressive juvenile gull who isn't afraid to get down and dirty in the low tide mud. Mr. Clean screams like a baby but does nothing to take it away. Up on Castle Hill on the Crane Estate, the deer outnumber people on the beach. A few scurry away but one doe stands still, watching the evening sun head toward the horizon. (Note to Bambi: Stop by the guard shack and look for info on the controlled bow hunt in October.) A herring gull adult is very vocal about a juvenile gull's theft of a fish, as identified by John Herbert, Mass Audubon director of bird conservation. In Boston this time of year fog, rolls in and out, creating a pillow of serenity until the sun finally wins out. A fleet of 420s, with Boston College sails, cruises in formation in Dorchester Bay past the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. The young president loved to sail. 'We are tied to the ocean. And when we go back to the sea - whether it is to sail or to watch it - we are going back from whence we came,' said the president in Newport, R.I., in 1962. Sailboats glide by the JFK Library in Dorchester. In 1967, the Rolling Stones sang about the praises of 'Dandelions' a trippy nursery room tune written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards with backup vocals by Lennon and McCartney. 'Dandelion don't tell no lies Dandelion will make you wise Tell me if she laughs or cries, Blow away dandelion, blow away dandelion.' Advertisement Increasingly the dandelion has been public enemy number one for lawn owners who have been brainwashed into pummeling it with pesticides. It didn't use to be that way. Dandelions were used by the ancient Egyptians, Chinese, Romans, and Greeks. The Puritans intentionally brought it to the New World aboard the Mayflower for their 'medicinal and sustenance value,' according to the National Park Service. They continue to be a good source for pollinators. Just ask the bees. Dandelion puffballs glisten in the setting sun as motorists drive down Victory Road. Lawn owners hate the spreading of their seeds, but kids love to blow them and make a wish. But dandelions nowadays are more damned than weeds. The exception is the legendary retired Red Sox senior director of grounds David Mellor. 'Dandelion is definitely my favorite flower,' says Mellor. 'Anytime I see one, I think of our girls picking bouquets for my wife. When the dandelions would turn into puffy seed heads the girls would be giggling and chasing each other around the yard blowing the seeds and having fun. If they were happy, I was happy. In fact, they make me smile, so I don't worry about them or the clover on my home lawn anymore. Instead, we started looking for four leaf clovers.' @font-face { font-family: BentonSansCond-Regular; src: url(" format('woff2'), url(" format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family: BentonSansCond-Bold; src: url(" format('woff2'), url(" format('woff'); } .dipupnext_hed { font-family: "MillerHeadline-Bold", "Times New Roman", Times, Georgia, serif; letter-spacing: .75px; text-align: center; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1; margin-top: 3px; color: #000; width: 100%; font-weight: 600; } .dipupnext_cap_cred { font-family: "BentonSansCond-Regular", "Times New Roman", Times, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: .5px; text-align: left; margin: 3px 0px 5px 0px; font-weight: 200; color: #000; text-decoration: none; text-align: center; } .dipupnext_photo { max-width: 100%; height: auto; padding-top: 15px; opacity: 1; } .dipupnext__form:hover { opacity: .5; text-decoration: underline .5px; } .dipupnext__form{ opacity: 1; } .picupnext__container { width: 100%; position: relative; margin: 0 auto; } .dipupnext__content { width: 100%; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 3fr; } .cdipupnextcontainer { display: block; width:100%; height: auto; margin:0 auto; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; } .upnext { font-family: "BentonSansCond-Bold", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-align: center; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.15; margin-top: .5rem; letter-spacing: 0px; color: #000; padding: 8px 8px 4px 8px; margin-top: 5px; letter-spacing: .5px; } .upnext:before, .upnext:after { background-color: #000; content: ""; display: inline-block; height: 1px; position: relative; vertical-align: 4px; width: 32%; } .upnext:before { right: 0.3em; margin-left: -50%; } .upnext:after { left: 0.3em; margin-right: -50%; } .theme-dark .upnext:before { background-color: #fff; } .theme-dark .upnext:after { background-color: #fff; } .theme-dark .upnext { color: #fff; } .theme-dark .dipupnext_cap_cred { color: #fff; } .theme-dark .dipupnext_hed { color: #fff; } @media screen and (min-width: 800px){ .dipupnext__content { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr; grid-column-gap: 40px; } } UP NEXT Stan Grossfeld can be reached at
