Latest news with #science
Yahoo
7 hours ago
- Health
- Yahoo
The Most Consumed Veggie In The U.S. Is Full Of Pesticides, Per New Report
You've probably heard of the "Dirty Dozen" list. Each year, the Environmental Working Group (EWG) uses data from the USDA to pinpoint the produce with the most pesticides. Last year, strawberries have took the lead. But in the new Shopper's Guide to Pesticides in Produce, which was released on June 12, strawberries have been knocked out of their number one spot. And there are two newcomers to the list. So what's the "dirtiest" fruit or veggie? In this year's list, spinach swapped places with strawberries for the number one spot. The leafy green was found to have "more pesticide residues by weight than any other type of produce," according to the site. 75% of non-organic samples contained permethrin, a neurotoxic insecticide banned in Europe. New to the list are blackberries, which were tested by the USDA for the first time in 2023. And, potatoes, the most-consumed vegetable in the country, also made it to the Dirty Dozen. 90% of potato samples tested positive for chlorpropham, a chemical that prevents sprout growth—and a chemical that's banned in the European Union. "EWG's Shopper's Guide is a tool to inform consumers and help them with their produce shopping choices, with the goal of everyone eating more fruits and vegetables,' says Alexis Temkin, PhD, EWG Vice President for Science, in the press release. Other fruits and veggies that made it to the Dirty Dozen include dark leafy greens such as kale, collard greens, and mustard greens; grapes; peaches; cherries; nectarines; pears; and apples. Produce with the lowest amounts of pesticide residue made it to the "Clean Fifteen." The top five include pineapples, sweet corn, avocados, papayas, and onions. To determine the list, the EWG looks at pesticide residue from tests performed by the USDA. These tests included over 53,000 samples of 47 washed fruits and vegetables. This year's list used a new methodology to get a more accurate depiction of just how harmful dirty some fruits and veggies may be. In addition to the amount of pesticides, the study looked at toxicity, meaning how harmful the pesticides could be. 'Our research takes into account the potency of each chemical and can help shoppers reduce their overall pesticide burden," says Dayna de Montagnac, MPH, an associate scientist for the EWG. You Might Also Like Jennifer Garner Swears By This Retinol Eye Cream These New Kicks Will Help You Smash Your Cross-Training Goals
South China Morning Post
7 hours ago
- Health
- South China Morning Post
What next for He Jiankui, the human gene editor locked in limbo?
He Jiankui looked a little tired and worn as he contemplated his future. With no home and no institution to host his research, the 41-year-old biophysicist and self-proclaimed 'pioneer of gene editing ' was weighing up what to do next while staying at an upmarket hotel in Beijing late last month. He, who caused a global uproar in 2018 with his announcement of the world's first gene-edited babies, planned to move to the United States to continue his research into gene-editing embryos to combat diseases such as Alzheimer's and cancer. 'My new lab in Austin, Texas is being prepared and I'll be settling down there,' he said. But with his wife barred from entering China and He banned from leaving it, those plans were in disarray. Nevertheless, the scientist was unbowed and determined to continue the work he had started.
CBS News
10 hours ago
- Science
- CBS News
Resonant frequency fun
If you have ever rubbed a clean, wet finger on the edge of a wine glass, you may have heard the wine glasses make a singing sound. They say you can't hear pictures, but I bet you can hear this one! Ray Petelin As your finger moves along the rim of the glass, it sticks and slides. This causes the glass to vibrate. According to if you reach the glass's resonant frequency, or the natural frequency at which the glass will vibrate the most and create a sound of the same frequency. You can change that frequency by adding or removing water. This makes the sound higher and lower in the glass by changing the resonant frequency and lowering the pitch. A simple experiment that you probably have seen before. We are going to take this experiment an additional step. Alright, right now, there are no vibrating molecules in the air, so it's quiet! Ray Petelin We can't hear anything if molecules in the air aren't vibrating. We know the glass is vibrating to create a sound, but those sound waves are traveling through the air molecules for us to be able to hear them. This means, if we have another glass with a similar resonant frequency, we can send vibrations from one glass to another through the air. So we need another wine glass. Some call this a party, I call it science! Ray Petelin If we set the glasses next to each other, but don't allow them to touch. Make sure to fill them as close to the same amount as you can. Set a toothpick or two on the rim of one of the glasses. This toothpick is key to our high-pitched experiment. Ray Petelin Then, wet your finger and create sounds with the other glass. You will see the toothpicks fall into the glass! This happens because the vibrations from one glass travel to the other through the air. Down goes the toothpick! Ray Petelin Since they both have the same resonant frequency, they both vibrate! You can test your friends by saying you bet they can't make the toothpicks fall into the glass without touching or blowing them in. When they can't figure out how to do it, perform the experiment. Sweet music and science!
BBC News
12 hours ago
- Science
- BBC News
'There's a huge amount that we don't understand': Why sperm is still so mysterious
How do sperm swim? How do they navigate? What is sperm made of? What does a World War Two codebreaker have to do with it all? The BBC untangles why we know so little about this mysterious cell. With every heartbeat, a man can produce around 1,000 sperm – and during intercourse, more than 50 million of the intrepid swimmers set out to fertilise an egg. Only a few make it to the final destination, before a single sperm wins the race and penetrates the egg. But much about this epic journey – and the microscopic explorers themselves – remains a mystery to science. "How does a sperm swim? How does it find the egg? How does it fertilise the egg?" asks Sarah Martins da Silva, clinical reader of diabetes endocrinology and reproductive biology at the University of Dundee in the UK. Almost 350 years on from the discovery of sperm, many of these questions remain surprisingly open to debate. Using newly developed methods, scientists are now following sperm on their migration – from their genesis in the testes all the way to the fertilisation of the egg in the female body. The results are leading to groundbreaking new discoveries, from how sperm really swim to the surprisingly big changes that occur to them when they reach the female body. "Sperm – or spermatozoa – are 'very, very different' from all other cells on Earth," says Martins da Silva. "They don't handle energy in the same way. They don't have the same sort of cellular metabolism and mechanisms that we would expect to find in all other cells." Due to the huge range of functions demanded of spermatozoa, they require more energy than other cells. Plus sperm need to be flexible, to be able to respond to environmental cues and varying energetic demands during ejaculation and the journey along the female tract, right up until fertilisation. Sperm are also the only human cells which can survive outside the body, Martins da Silva adds. "For that reason, they are extraordinarily specialised." However, due to their size these tiny cells are very difficult to study, she says. "There's a lot we know about reproduction – but there's a huge amount that we don't understand." One fundamental question that remained unanswered over almost 350 years of research: what exactly are sperm? "The sperm is incredibly well-packaged," says Adam Watkins, associate professor in reproductive and developmental physiology at Nottingham University in the UK. "We typically thought of the sperm as a bag of DNA on a tail. But as we've started to realise, it's quite a complex cell – there's a lot of [other] genetic information in there." The science of sperm began in 1677, when Dutch microbiologist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek looked through one of his 500 homemade microscopes and saw what he called "semen animals". He concluded, in 1683, that it wasn't the egg that contained the miniature and entire human, as previously believed, but that man comes "from an animalcule in the masculine seed". By 1685, he had decided that each spermatozoon contains an entire miniature person, complete with its own "living soul". Almost 200 years later, in 1869, Johannes Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss physician and biologist, was studying human white blood cells collected from pus left on soiled hospital bandages when he discovered what he called "nuclein" inside the nuclei. The term "nuclein" was later changed to "nucleic acid" and eventually became "deoxyribonucleic acid" – or "DNA". Aiming to further his studies of DNA, Miescher turned to sperm as his source. Salmon sperm, in particular, were "an excellent and more pleasant source of nuclear material" due to their particularly large nuclei. He worked in freezing temperatures, keeping laboratory windows open, in order to avoid deterioration of salmon sperm. In 1874, he identified a basic component of the sperm cell that he called "protamine". It was the first glimpse of the proteins that make up sperm cells. It took another 150 years, however, for scientists to identify the full protein contents of sperm. Since then, our understanding of sperm has moved on leaps and bounds. But much still remains a mystery, says Watkins. As scientists have started to better understand early embryonic development, he adds, they are realising that sperm doesn't just pass the father's chromosomes on, but also epigenetic information, an extra layer of information that affects how and when the genes should be used. "It can really influence how the embryo develops and potentially the lifelong trajectory of the offspring that those sperm generate," says Watkins. Sperm cells begin to form from puberty onwards, made in vessels within the testicles called seminiferous tubules. "If you look inside the testes where the sperm are made, it starts as just a round cell that looks pretty much like anything else," says Watkins. "Then it undergoes this dramatic change where it becomes a sperm head with a tail. No other cell within the body changes its structure, its shape, in such a unique way." It takes sperm about nine weeks to reach maturity within the male body. Unejaculated sperm cells eventually die and are reabsorbed into the body. But the lucky ones are ejaculated – and then the adventure begins. After ejaculation, each of these tiny cells must propel themselves forward (alongside their 50 million competitors) using their tail-like appendages to swim for the egg. And while you may have seen plenty of videos of tadpole-like sperm swimming around, in fact scientists are only just beginning to understand how sperm really swim. It was previously thought that the sperm's tail – or flagellum – moved side to side like that of a tadpole. But in 2023, researchers at the University of Bristol in the UK found that sperm tails follow the same template for pattern formation discovered by mathematician and World War Two codebreaker Alan Turing. In 1952, Turing realised that chemical reactions can create patterns. He proposed that two biological chemicals moving and reacting with each other could be used to explain some of nature's most intriguing biological pattern formations – including those found in fingerprints, feathers, leaves and ripples in sand – an idea known as his "reaction-diffusion" theory. Using 3D microscopy, the Bristol researchers discovered that a sperm's tail – or flagellum – undulates, generating waves that travel along the tail to drive it forward. This is significant as understanding how sperm move can help scientists to understand male fertility. So, now the sperm are on the move. They travel through the cervix, into the womb and up the oviducts – tubes that eggs travel down to reach the womb, known as the fallopian tubes in human females – in search of the egg. But here we hit another gap in knowledge, because scientists don't fully understand how sperm actually find their way to the egg. Spermatozoa which are healthy and take the right route are rare. Many take a wrong turn in the maze that is the female body – and never even make it near the goal line. For the ones that do find their way to the fallopian tubes, scientists think that they may be guided by chemical signals emitted by the egg. One recent theory is that sperm may use taste receptors to "taste" their way to the egg. Once the sperm find the egg, the challenge is not over. The egg is surrounded by a triplicate coat of armour: the corona radiata, an array of cells; the zona pellucida, a jelly-like cushion made of protein; and finally the egg plasma membrane. The sperm cells have to fight their way through all the layers, using chemicals contained in their acrosome, a cap-like structure on the head of a sperm cell containing enzymes that digest the egg cell coating. However, what prompts the release of these enzymes remains a mystery. Next the sperm use a spike on their "head" to try and break their way in to the egg, thrashing their tails to force themselves forwards. Finally, if one sperm makes contact with the egg membrane, it is engulfed and can complete fertilisation. Human cells are diploid. This means they contain two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. If more than one sperm were to fuse with the egg, a condition called polyspermy would arise. Nondiploid cells – ones with the incorrect number of chromosomes – would develop, a condition lethal to a growing embryo. To prevent this from happening, once a sperm cell has made contact with it, the egg quickly employs two mechanisms. First, its plasma membrane rapidly depolarises – meaning it creates an electrical barrier that further sperm cannot cross. However, this only lasts a short time before returning to normal. This is where the cortical reaction comes in. A sudden release of calcium causes the zona pellucida – the egg's "extracellular coat" – to become hardened, creating an impenetrable barrier. So, of millions of sperm that set out on the journey, only one – at most – gets to do its job. The sperm's epic journey culminates in its fusion with the egg. Today, researchers are still attempting to uncover the identity and role of cell surface proteins that could be responsible for sperm-egg recognition, binding and fusion. In recent years, several proteins have been identified – albeit in mice and fish – as being crucial for this process, but many of the molecules involved remain unknown. So, for now, how the sperm and egg recognise each other, and how they fuse are yet more mysteries that remain unsolved. One way researchers are hoping to shed light on sperm is by studying species other than our own, says Scott Pitnick, a professor of biology at Syracuse University in New York. Human sperm cells are microscopic, so we can't see them with the naked eye. But some fruit fly species produce sperm cells 20 times their own body length. That would be like a man producing sperm the length of a 40m (130ft) python. Pitnick engineers the heads of fruit fly sperm so that they glow. This means he can watch them as they travel through dissected female fly reproductive tracts, revealing new details about fertilisation at the molecular level. "Why do males in some species make a few giant sperm?" asks Pitnick. "The answer, it turns out, is because females have evolved reproductive tracts that favour them." That's "not really much of an answer", he adds, because it's just the redirects the question: why have females evolved this way? "We still don't understand that at all." But it does teach us that sperm as they exist in the male body is only half the story, says Pitnick. "There's a massive sex bias historically in science. There's been this obscenely biased male focus on male traits. But it turns out that what's driving the system is female evolution – and males are just trying to keep up." Sperm, Pitnick says, are the most diverse and rapidly evolving cell type on Earth. Why sperm have undergone such dramatic evolution is a mystery that has stumped biologists for more than a century. "It turns out the female reproductive tract is this incredibly, rapidly evolving environment," says Pitnick, "and we don't know much about what sperm do inside the female. That is the big, hidden world. I think the female reproductive tract is the greatest unexplored frontier for sexual selection, theory and speciation [the process by which new species are formed]." The fruit fly's long-tailed sperm, suggests Pitnick, could be considered an ornament – much like a deer's antlers or a peacock's tail. Ornaments are a "sort of a weapon in evolution", explains Pitnick. More than just a defence from predators, ornaments like antlers and horns often have two roles to play. "A lot of these weapons are about sex, and usually male-male competition. The [fruit fly's] long sperm flagellum really meets the definitional criteria of an ornament. We think the female tract has traits that bias fertilisation in favour of some sperm phenotypes over others." We know a lot about pre-mating sexual selection, Pitnick says. "Say, it's prairie chickens dancing out on a grassland, or a bird of paradise displaying in a rainforest. It's motion, it's colour, it's smells?" Processing this sensory input, explains Pitnick, leads to decision making – whether the pair mate or not. But, Pitnick says, the sexual selection that goes on inside the female after mating – and how this drives the evolution of sperm – largely remains a mystery. "We still understand very little about the genetics of ornaments and preferences," he says. To fully understand sperm, we need to think about how the entire lifecycle of the sperm – and the female body, explains Pitnick, plays a huge role in the sperm's development. "Sperm are not mature when they finish developing in the testes, they're not done developing." Complex – and critical – interactions occur between the sperm and the female reproductive tract, he says. "We're now spending a lot of time studying what we call post-ejaculatory modifications to sperm across the whole animal kingdom." Even as scientists are unravelling the many and varied processes a sperm goes through in order to achieve fertilisation, other research is leading to real concern about the current state of human sperm. Men produce close to a trillion sperm during one lifetime, so it might be hard to imagine that sperm are in trouble. But research suggests sperm counts – the number of sperm in a sample of semen – are tumbling globally and the decline appears to be accelerating. More like this:• How pollution is causing a male fertility crisis• Pre-eclampsia: The deadly mystery scientists can't solve• Fewer than half of IVF cycles are successful. These scientists are trying to change that According to a 2023 report published by the World Health Organisation (WHO), around one in six adults worldwide experience infertility – and male infertility contributes to roughly half of all cases. (It's also worth noting that many people around the world are not having as many children as they want for other reasons too, such as the prohibitive cost of parenthood, as a recent United Nation population Fund report highlighted). Pollution, smoking, alcohol, poor diet, lack of exercise and stress are all thought to impact male infertility. Yet for the majority of men with fertility problems, the cause remains unexplained. (Read more about the decline in sperm quality around the world). "With all those moving parts, there are so many things that could go wrong," says Hannah Morgan, a post-doctoral research associate in maternal and fetal health at the University of Manchester, UK. "It could be a mechanism: it doesn't swim very well, so it can't get to the egg. Or it could be something more intricate within the head of the sperm, or other regions of the sperm. It's so specialised in so many different ways, that lots of little things can go wrong." One way to see if a man may be infertile is to look inside the sperm, says Morgan. "How does the DNA look? How is it packaged? How fragmented is it? To break open the sperm, there's a whole range of stuff you could look at. But what is a good or bad measurement? We don't actually know." Perhaps by unravelling the mystery of sperm and how they function, Morgan says, we might begin to understand male infertility too. -- For trusted insights into better health and wellbeing rooted in science, sign up to the Health Fix newsletter, while The Essential List delivers a handpicked selection of features and insights. For more science, technology, environment and health stories from the BBC, follow us on Facebook, X and Instagram.
The Guardian
15 hours ago
- Entertainment
- The Guardian
What was proposed as a basic taste by a chemist in 1908? The Saturday quiz
1 What was proposed as a basic taste by chemist Kikunae Ikeda in 1908?2 At the centre of the Milky Way, what is Sagittarius A*?3 Which Booker prize-winning novel has no named characters?4 Miniminter, KSI and Zerkaa are members of which collective?5 The helots were people subjugated by which city-state?6 Which official censored British theatre until 1968?7 Which sculpture stands by the A1 in Gateshead?8 San Miguel beer and Tanduay, the world's bestselling rum, come from where?What links:9 Laputa; Nublar; Saint Marie; Skull; Sodor; Utopia?10 Castellaneta; Kavner; Cartwright; Smith?11 Frederick of Utrecht, 838; Thomas Becket, 1170; Óscar Romero, 1980?12 Chairman of ways and means; first deputy; second deputy?13 Dubris; Londinium; Verulamium; Venonis; Viroconium?14 Euphoria and Tattoo; What's Another Year and Hold Me Now?15 1858 medical textbook; Shonda Rhimes and Ellen Pompeo? 1 Umami.2 (Supermassive) black hole.3 Milkman (Anna Burns).4 The Sidemen (YouTube personalities).5 Sparta.6 Lord Chamberlain.7 Angel of the North.8 The Philippines.9 Fictional islands: Gulliver's Travels; Jurassic Park; Death in Paradise; King Kong; Thomas the Tank Engine; Thomas More book.10 Voices of The Simpsons: Homer; Marge; Bart; Lisa.11 Archbishops/bishops murdered in their cathedrals (and later canonised): the Netherlands; Canterbury; El Salvador.12 Deputy speakers of the Commons: Nusrat Ghani, Judith Cummins, and Caroline Nokes.13 Roman settlements linked by Watling Street: Dover; London; St Albans; High Cross; Wroxeter.14 Songs by double Eurovision winners: Loreen and Johnny Logan.15 Grey's Anatomy: Gray's Anatomy book; created TV series and played title character.
