1947 India Pakistan war to Operation Sindoor: A look at the conflict so far
Since Independence, India and Pakistan have engaged in war at least three times apart from border skirmishes escalating to war-like conditions. Tensions between the two nations have been rising again since the Pahalgam terror attack.
Here's a look at the troubled history of the two neighbours:
Jammu and Kashmir became a flashpoint between the two countries, leading to a war. The UN brokered a ceasefire in 1948.
Territorial disputes in Kashmir led to full-scale war and intense fighting between India and Pakistan. The Tashkent Agreement was signed in January 1966, leading to a return to pre-war positions and the establishment of a peace framework.
India intervened in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) following the Bangladesh Liberation War, resulting in the creation of Bangladesh. India won a decisive military victory over Pakistan.
India conducted Operation Brasstacks, raising concerns of a potential war after Pakistani mobilisation. Diplomatic engagements helped de-escalate tensions conflict.
Kashmiri dissidents, backed by Pakistan, launched an armed insurgency against the Indian government. India deployed a large number of troops to suppress the rebellion.
Pakistani troops, disguised as terrorists, infiltrated the Kargil region of Jammu and Kashmir. India responded with full military force, leading to intense fighting. India successfully repelled the intruders and re-established control over the territory. The conflict ended with return to status quo along LoC.
The Indian Parliament was attacked by Pakistan-based terrorists, leading to a massive military standoff between India and Pakistan, with both nations mobilising troops along the border.
After Mumbai attacks, India accused Pakistan-based groups of involvement, and both sides readied military forces along LoC. While military confrontation was avoided, diplomatic ties between the two countries were strained.
On the Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir, five Indian soldiers and three Pakistani soldiers were killed in a skirmish, with both sides blaming each other. The incident heightened tensions and calls for restraint from both sides.
After beheading of an Indian soldier in Jammu & Kashmir, skirmishes broke out, leaving 22 soldiers dead.
India carried out surgical strikes on terrorist camps across the LoC in response to the Uri attack, a series of cross-border skirmishes. They were followed by retaliatory strikes from Pakistan.
Following the Pulwama attack, India conducted airstrikes in Balakot, Pakistan, leading to a dogfight between the air forces of both countries.
A major exchange of gunfire and shelling along the LoC left at least 22 dead, including civilians. The ceasefire violations led to increased casualties and displacement of civilians. A ceasefire agreement was reached in February 2021.
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