Hurricane Forecasters Keep Crucial Satellite Data Online after Threatened Cuts
The data come from sensors onboard Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites that detect the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Microwaves are useful in monitoring hurricanes, because their long wavelengths mean they penetrate the tops of clouds, giving forecasters a view of a hurricane's inner workings—particularly changes to its eye and eye wall (the circle of clouds that surrounds the eye and makes up the strongest part of the storm). Such changes can indicate if a hurricane is strengthening or weakening.
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These data are particularly useful for monitoring storms at night, when visible satellite imagery is unavailable, and for catching rapid intensification —when a storm's winds jump by at least 35 miles per hour in 24 hours. The faster forecasters note a storm is quickly ramping up in intensity, the faster they can warn people in harm's way.
Because the microwaves emitted from Earth are weak, they can only be detected by satellites in very low-Earth orbit. (The geostationary satellites that provide visible imagery orbit farther out.) But satellites in these low orbits can only see small portions of the planet at a time, meaning many of them are needed to adequately monitor the planet and there are longer time gaps between when these sensors 'revisit' a given spot.
Those limitations mean microwave data are already scarce. Currently six satellites provide that information for U.S. weather forecasting purposes, and they are useful for hurricane forecasting only if they serendipitously pass overhead at the right time. In June, NOAA announced that data from three would no longer be available to its scientists. The shutoff was deemed necessary because the system that processes the DMSP data is running on an operating system that is too old to update and that posed cybersecurity concerns. It is not clear why the shutoff will no longer take place as planned.
Meteorologists welcome the continued availability of the data, as the Atlantic hurricane season will enter its typical period of peak activity in August. But many have expressed continued concerns about other factors that could affect forecasts and public safety, particularly staffing and budget cuts at the National Weather Service.
'While this is good news, constant uncertainty about decision-making and availability of funding, staffing, and services is a horrible way to operate,' meteorologist Chris Vagasky wrote on Bluesky. 'People, companies, and governments have to be able to look ahead to know what decisions to make, and uncertainty destroys that capability.'
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