ICC cites evidence of ‘war crimes' in Sudan's Darfur

Boston Globe

11-07-2025

Most of Darfur is held by the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), but the besieged city of El Fashir and a couple of surrounding towns are held by the military and its allies, the Joint Forces, a group of former rebels who have now allied with Sudan's government.
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The areas held by the RSF have been indiscriminately bombed by the military, and non-Arab ethnic civilians there have been subjected to rape and ethnic cleansing by the RSF, the United Nations and other organizations have found.
In El Fashir, RSF forces are preventing food from entering the city. An RSF attack on the sprawling Zamzam displacement camp nearby, previously home to 400,000 people, killed 11 aid workers.
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One woman, speaking to The Washington Post, described the RSF attack on Zamzam in April and how she had sought shelter in the Sheikh Farah Mosque.
'Soldiers from the Rapid Support Forces stormed the mosque and started taking men from inside,' then shooting them, she said. Of 16 men and boys, 14 died immediately, including her brother, a blind man, and the son of the mosque sheikh. The soldiers shot her in the foot when she tried to help her brother.
'The soldiers went to the Relief International center,' she said. 'I heard them discussing things with the team. Minutes later, I heard gunfire, killing nine people, including a woman and doctor.' Two other aid workers died later of their injuries.
In a report released this month on the attack, Doctors Without Borders said 'survivors of ground operations have reported systematic looting, the random or deliberate killing of civilians, and the burning of civilian buildings including private houses and markets. Sexual violence has been perpetrated on a large scale.'
'Abductions … have been a source of income for the RSF and their affiliates,' it added.
That trend has been documented by The Post by speaking to families whose relatives — including children — were seized for forced labor, sexual slavery, or ransom.
One woman who recently escaped from Zamzam to El Fashir, almost 10 miles away, said she had been stopped by RSF soldiers on the way. 'They called us 'town women,' meaning army women,' she said. She had been molested, and others had been taken away and raped. 'They were doing whatever they wanted to the women after killing the men.'
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Most of the water towers and water pumps in El Fashir and Zamzam have been destroyed or don't work anymore, the report said, fueling disease outbreaks. Hospitals in the city have been repeatedly bombed and shelled, and all but one have stopped functioning.
Doctors Without Borders warned that mass, ethnically based killings of civilians are likely if El Fashir falls. 'The RSF and their allies have deliberately targeted non-Arab communities,' the humanitarian group said. 'Witnesses report that RSF soldiers spoke of plans to 'clean El Fashir' of its non-Arab, and especially Zaghawa, community.'
When the city of Geneina fell to the RSF in 2023, the UN reported, 10,000 to 15,000 people were killed in similar circumstances.
Starvation is also spreading in Darfur. Since war erupted in April 2023, Sudan has become the scene of the world's largest humanitarian crisis. More than 30 million people need aid, but both warring parties frequently block access for humanitarian groups. Warehouses full of aid have been looted, and aid workers kidnapped and murdered. Last month, five drivers were killed as the World Food Program tried to deliver a convoy of food to El Fashir. The UN has called for an investigation.
In its fight against the RSF, the military has relied on often indiscriminate aerial bombings that have frequently hit markets, homes, and infrastructure. Human Rights Watch found that bombings of the city of Nyala hit residential and commercial neighborhoods and a grocery store, killing dozens of civilians each time. A bombing of Turra village, about 25 miles northwest of El Fashir, killed at least 126 people in March, according to the Darfur Victims Support Organization, a local human rights group.
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For decades, the military has used 'barrel bombs' —barrels filled with fuel, shrapnel, and explosives — to target civilian areas. The market at Turra was hit by 10 such bombs on its busiest day, the organization said. An Amnesty International investigation into the military's December bombing of Kabkabiya also found that dozens of people were killed.