Researchers uncover how body tolerates food without immune system attack
This discovery sheds new light on oral tolerance, the body's ability to recognize food as harmless and prevent an immune system attack. This vital system stops everyday foods from causing inflammation while still letting the immune system fight off infections.
The breakthrough could pave the way for new treatments for food allergies, sensitivities, and disorders like celiac disease. By understanding how this system works, scientists hope to correct what goes wrong when the body mistakenly attacks food.
For a long time, scientists believed certain immune cells called dendritic cells were responsible for oral tolerance. However, even when these cells were removed in animal studies, the body still tolerated food.
Now, WIS researchers, in a study preprinted by Nature, have identified another group of immune cells, called ROR-gamma-t cells, as the real drivers of this process. These rare cells kick off a chain reaction involving four different cell types, ultimately preventing the body's attack cells, known as CD8 cells, from reacting to food.
When this system fails, it can lead to food allergies, sensitivities, or diseases where the body mistakenly attacks food proteins, such as gluten.
The researchers also found that during an infection, the immune system can temporarily override food tolerance to fight off microbes, before returning to its normal peacekeeping role.
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