West Nile virus: deadly disease found in UK mosquitoes
A life-threatening tropical virus has been found in mosquitoes in Britain for the first time, which scientists attributed to climate change spreading the disease to cooler regions.
The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) detected fragments of the West Nile virus in mosquitoes collected from wetlands on the River Idle near Retford, Nottinghamshire.
The virus can cause flu-like symptoms and further dangers including coma. It is endemic across Africa, Asia and the Americas and in recent years has moved to parts of Europe.
The UKHSA said the risk to the public was 'very low' and that the virus was not widely circulating. However, it has increased its surveillance efforts and is advising health workers to test patients with symptoms including brain swelling for the virus as
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The Sun
28 minutes ago
- The Sun
Does honey really do anything to ease hay fever symptoms? I tried it for a week and grilled experts to find out
HAY fever season has well and truly arrived. And with a staggering 16million Brits affected, it's no wonder we are always on the lookout for a miracle cure. 4 A growing number of TikTok influencers - and some family members - claim local honey is the wonder hack guaranteed to ease your itchy eyes and runny nose. And a quick social media or Google search brings up dozens of posts claiming that a spoonful is all it takes to provide the relief you need. The theory is that local honey contains small amounts of pollen from nearby plants, and by consuming it, your immune system becomes accustomed to the pollen, reducing sensitivity and the severity of reactions over time. But is there any scientific research to back up the claims? Sadly, GP Dr Helen Wall says the evidence is 'slim'. 'Some small studies and anecdotal reports suggest that locally sourced, unprocessed honey might reduce symptoms,' she tells Sun Health. 'It is based on the idea that it could act like a natural desensitisation process. 'Desensitisation is a therapy that can be used to cure allergies by slowly introducing the allergen in small amounts so the immune system can get used to it. 'But controlled clinical trials are lacking and systematic reviews do not support honey as an effective treatment for hay fever.' Despite what you may hear, honey does not work like an antihistamine. When your hay fever symptoms could really be signs of cancer 'Antihistamines are medications that block histamine receptors which then prevent the release of a chemical called histamine, which is released when your body thinks it has come across a threat,' Dr Wall says. 'It is meant to be a protective mechanism, but in people with allergies, histamine is triggered unhelpfully and this is what causes allergy symptoms. 'Honey does not block histamine receptors so it doesn't work in the same way as many medications would.' And if you stop taking your usual medicine, you may find your symptoms worsen. 'If someone relies solely on honey, they may suffer from poorly controlled hay fever which can impair sleep, concentration and quality of life,' Dr Wall says. 'It often builds up over time, so getting on top of it early can be beneficial. 'I recommend starting antihistamines and steroid sprays four weeks before hay fever starts in those known to suffer. 'In people with allergic asthma, untreated hay fever can worsen respiratory symptoms and trigger asthma.' Dr Sophie Farooque, a consultant allergist at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and one of the UK's leading allergy experts, says that while local honey may be 'delicious' and soothe a scratchy throat, there is little scientific evidence that it will reduce symptoms. 'The theory that honey may help stems from the idea that pollens contained in honey will desensitise you,' she says. 'However the pollen in honey is from flowers and not from the pollen that causes hay fever, which is from tree, grass and weed pollens.' 4 A 2002 study by the University of Connecticut compared taking a tablespoon of locally produced, unfiltered honey with a tablespoon of nationally produced pasteurised honey, and honey flavoured corn syrup (the placebo) in patients with hay fever. None of the three groups noticed a reduction in the symptoms. Further research in Malaysia evaluated 40 patients with hay fever and divided them into two groups. Half ate honey and half did not. 'Those who consumed the honey noticed a very slight reduction in symptoms compared to those that didn't, but participants had to eat a jar a week every day for months and the pollen in Malaysian honey will be different to the UK,' Dr Farooque adds. 'Some patients will swear by local honey, and I don't doubt their experience, but medically I can't explain it nor recommend it. 'There isn't good data and scientifically, it doesn't make sense. 'If patients want to go drug-free then saline rinses have far stronger evidence and I often suggest these. 'Of course eat honey for pleasure, but not in the belief that by doing so you are desensitising yourself and reversing the common immunological processes that cause seasonal allergies. It's a myth.' Hay fever first aid kit Analyse your symptoms and find the best medication kit for you... Antihistamines Antihistamines (cetirizine or loratadine) work by blocking histamine in the body, which is released when the body detects something it thinks is harmful. Histamine causes blood vessels to expand and the skin to swell, but in people with hay fever, also causes an allergic reaction. That's the watering eyes, blocked nose, rashes and so on. Max Wiseberg, airborne allergens expert and creator of HayMax, says that many antihistamines are available on prescription, such as Telfast, which you can see your GP for or get through an online doctor, such as LloydsPharmacy. Telfast, and other prescription-only antihistamine tablets, work in the same way as over-the-counter antihistamines, but are stronger and intended to help with more severe symptoms. 'Get your prescription in advance of the season so you have your medication in time to start taking it at the right time,' he says. 'Some are best taken at least one month before the hay fever season starts." Nasal sprays A nasal spray can be effective in controlling congestion and stuffiness. Pharmacists can advise on nasal sprays (sodium cromoglicate, ipratropium bromide or decongestant), and eye drops, too. Nasal sprays can also help with other symptoms of hay fever 'because the medicine is targeted directly to the nose, which is where the vast majority of allergens enter the body', Max says. Independent pharmacist Rita Ghelani says: 'Try Xlear nasal spray, which contains xylitol, and has anti-bacterial properties and keeps the nasal lining moist. 'If symptoms are more severe, then try an anti-inflammatory nasal spray – sometimes referred to as a steroid nasal spray – which can take a few days to work. 'Start with one that contains beclomethasone, which is used twice a day, in the morning and at night.' Rita also advises cleaning the nose with a saline nasal spray before a steroid spray, saying: 'It will remove sticky mucus from the nasal passage, thus improving the effectiveness of the medication.' Eye drops If itchy eyes are your primary concern, Rita says: 'Try using sodium cromoglicate eye drops. "These make the eyes less sensitive to allergens such as pollen and reduce irritation. "They need to be used four times a day to keep the levels of the active ingredient high enough to be effective. "Keep using them even if symptoms improve. 'Using a good eye drop to lubricate the eyes may also help with dry eyes during the summer months.' While it might not help with your hay fever sniffles, honey does of course have other health benefits. Researchers at the University of Oxford found it can effectively relieve cough and cold symptoms. It also contains vitamins, minerals, enzymes and phytochemicals, which are anti-inflammatory and contain cancer -fighting antioxidants. But that doesn't mean it's good for everyone, as it's also very high in sugar. Dietitian Emma Shafqat said one tablespoon contains around 6g, so she recommends consuming it 'in moderation'. Excess sugar intake can contribute to tooth decay, weight gain and blood sugar spikes, so people with diabetes should take particular care. Emma added that honey should not be given to children under the age of one as there is a risk of botulism - a rare but serious condition where the body's nerves are attacked by a toxin. MY TEST 4 HAVING suffered from hay fever since I was a teenager, I was keen to put this theory to the test. While the evidence is scant, lots of people swear by honey so I was hopeful it might have some effect. First of all, I had to work out how much to take. Researchers recommend around 1g per kilogram of body weight daily. For a person weighing 80kg, this is four tablespoons a day. I weigh about 60kg so that means around 2.8 tbsp. That's quite a lot and I was concerned about the extra sugar in my diet. But if it could stop the itchy eyes and sneezing, I was happy to give it a go! I bought a jar of Kentish honey from a farm shop near me. It wasn't cheap, costing a whopping £8.45. I started taking some in the morning with breakfast and stopped taking my antihistamines. Quercetin is a flavonoid found in apples, onions and berries. It has anti-inflammatory and antihistamine-like effects Dr Helen WallGP I definitely loved having it in my porridge, but I'm not sure it had any effect. The pollen count was exceptionally high on the week of the test and my itchy eyes and sneezing continued as normal. I struggled to sleep because of it too and after seven days, I had to go back on the antihistamines as I looked as though I'd been crying. I admit to being disappointed. I'd far rather have taken honey to ease my symptoms than medication. But it just didn't do the job. 4 DO ANY NATURAL REMEDIES WORK? SO honey doesn't work, but what else can you try? Nasal irrigation is the 'strongest contender' for a natural hay fever remedy, according to Dr Wall. She says a saline rinse may flush out allergens and reduce congestion. As a treatment, it is safe and low risk. But there are other options to try. 'Quercetin is a flavonoid found in apples, onions and berries,' Helen says. 'It has anti-inflammatory and antihistamine-like effects. 'Again there is limited evidence in humans but there have been some positive results in reducing nasal symptoms in particular, and these are foods which are good for you anyway.' Some studies have also found spirulina (blue-green algae) may work as a treatment. It's thought to reduce allergic rhinitis symptoms and it's an anti-inflammatory and an antioxidant. A 2018 Chinese study also recommended acupuncture as an effective treatment, particularly for nasal congestion and sneezing.
The Guardian
2 hours ago
- The Guardian
‘How did it get to this?' What happens when care in a residential home breaks down
'If we had known what was really going on, we'd have taken her out of there straight away,' said Greg Gillespie. 'It makes you question your decision-making. But the real shame of this is we just didn't know. It was hidden so well.' Gillespie's elderly grandmother lived at The Firs, a Nottinghamshire care home that was dramatically shut down by the Care Quality Commission in April due to a catalogue of shocking failures – everything from meeting nutritional and hydration needs, staffing, equipment, fire safety and governance was found to be lacking. The CQC found people were at 'serious risk of harm from overdose' due to poor medicine management, while some were at 'increased risk of developing pressure sores and ulcers', and one person was 'at risk of choking from not having their immediate needs met'. The people living in the care home, who were elderly, vulnerable or receiving end-of-life care, were evacuated in ambulances by the council into the early hours of the morning. One person who was receiving palliative care died within hours of the move. Soon after, the home in Lowdham – which housed 11 people with dementia and physical disabilities – went into liquidation. Staff lost their jobs and have been left with wages unpaid, and many residents are owed thousands of pounds in fees – people paid from £1,250 a week to live there. 'People must be held accountable for this. I don't think anyone who can run a home like this should be allowed to work in the care sector ever again,' said Gillespie, a corporate investigator more accustomed to turning his hand to international cases of public office bribery and fraud than care homes. He is compiling a dossier of evidence on what went wrong at The Firs and why it took so long to act on whistleblowing complaints, which he plans to submit to his local MP and the health secretary. 'I won't be letting the matter go, not just for my own relative and the staff who lost their jobs, but out of principle, because no one's loved ones or their families should have to go through this,' he said. 'I think this situation is so unique and appalling it needs to be looked at a higher level.' Emma Locking's 87-year-old grandfather, Tim, who has dementia, lived at the home. She said her family were shocked when they received a call at 5.30pm on a Friday saying the home was being shut down with immediate effect. 'Obviously my nan, at 85, was panicking, thinking: 'Oh my God, now he's homeless,'' she said. 'It was really stressful. It's awful for all the residents. These are people in their 80s and 90s. Some of them didn't even have family to help. I just think the way it was all handled was disgusting.' They had held concerns about the home for a while, particularly after Tim was left for 15 hours with an open wound on his wrist after a fall in December. His family said they were not informed of the seriousness of the injury until the next morning, when staff asked them to take him to hospital for stitches. When they arrived to pick him up, one staff member said the wound had been 'like a bloodbath'. 'I said: 'Why the hell did no one tell us this last night?' I would have taken him in. The wound was horrific,' she said. 'He's diabetic. He's on blood thinners. He's 87 years old. He could have died from that cut because he could have got sepsis. It makes you think: would he have been better off at home?' She said her grandfather's medication was not stored correctly and was often out of date, and he suffered two other falls at the home due to faulty or missing equipment. Her family considered raising concerns with the CQC, but worried about the repercussions for Tim while he lived there. The CQC report on the failures at The Firs found a number of serious safety breaches. A fridge used to store medicine, including insulin and antibiotics, had been switched off for five days with no one noticing, meaning the medicine may have become ineffective. Errors and a lack of training led to frequent overdoses – three residents received above the maximum dose of their pain relief, putting them at 'serious risk of harm'. Others weren't receiving medication regularly, including one person on end-of-life care. People with dementia had unsupervised access to unlocked doors, leading outside to a busy road and to a retaining wall that had been taped off as it was at risk of collapse. Fire exits were blocked, and there was no equipment to transport two people living upstairs with mobility issues down in an emergency. The home's manager was absent for long periods of time. The findings didn't come as a surprise to many of the staff at The Firs, some of whom had been raising concerns for months. One care worker, who asked to remain anonymous, said in the four years they had worked there only two fire drills were carried out. 'It was scary. No one knew how to get the residents downstairs if there was a fire,' they said. 'The whole time I was there, we only had two fire drills and we failed both of them – and we didn't get more training on it.' Another care worker, Megan O'Neill, said she had been pressed into taking on medication duties due to staff shortages, but wasn't given proper training. 'I was just chucked into it. I didn't really feel comfortable about it and they knew that,' she said. She claims she was unfairly dismissed when she left a shift early due to poor mental health exacerbated by the pressure of providing medication without training, and later reported her concerns to the CQC. Another care worker said one person was given double the amount of morphine they should have received and it was simply 'brushed under the carpet'. Across the country there are concerns that increasing strain on the care home industry is leading to deteriorating levels of care, and could lead to more emergency closures. 'Seeing this CQC report, it's horrendous, but some of it is stuff that we're hearing quite often every day,' said Helen Wildbore, the director of Care Rights UK, which runs a national advice line for older people with care issues. 'Closed cultures and institutionalisation is on the increase. Staff don't have the time and the resources to give personalised care. And that is having an impact on people not being able to live with dignity, basic rights being breached and relatives experiencing anxiety, more stress and unnecessary trauma.' Staff shortages, a lack of funding and the rise in national insurance contributions were all playing their part in pushing the sector to breaking point, Wildbore said. She added that failures by the CQC, which the health secretary, Wes Streeting, described as 'not fit for purpose' last year, were exacerbating the situation and leaving poor care unchecked for long periods of time. 'They're supposed to be setting minimum standards and making sure they're there, but they can only do that if they're responding when people raise concerns and actually crossing that threshold to see with their own eyes what's happening,' she said. The Firs was previously rated 'requires improvement' at its last full CQC inspection in February 2021, four years before the one that led to its closure, with many family members questioning why it took so long for it to revisit when there were known issues. 'How did it get to this? Why didn't the CQC intervene earlier?' said Gillespie. The Firs has been contacted for comment. James Bullion, the CQC's interim chief inspector of adult social care and integrated care, said: 'Following an inspection in April 2025 of The Firs care home in Lowdham, we took action to suspend the registration of the home for three months following concerns we had around safety, care planning and oversight of the service. 'We have since been informed that the provider has gone into liquidation. We are considering if any further action needs to be taken. Care homes are people's homes and everyone living there deserves to be treated with dignity and respect – and to be listened to. We will continue to hold providers to account where we find this is not the case.'
BBC News
7 hours ago
- BBC News
How groundwater pumping is causing cities to sink at 'worrying speed'
Cities around the world are sinking at 'worrying speed' Animation enabled Twenty-two years ago, when Erna stood outside her house, 'the windows were as high as my chest'. Now they're knee-height. As their home has sunk, she and her family have had to cope with frequent flooding. In the most extreme cases 'we used canoes - the water kept coming in and swamped the ground floor', she says. Erna lives in the Indonesian capital Jakarta - one of the fastest-sinking cities in the world. Her home is in one of the worst-affected areas, the north of the city, and is now much lower than the road. The 37-year-old grew up here and remembers playing in nearby streets and praying in the mosque - that is now long gone, permanently underwater, as is the old port. The walls of her home, built in the 1970s, are cracked, and you can see where thick layers of concrete have been added to the floor to try to restore it to ground level - about 10 times since it was built, and a metre thick in some places. The house is still subsiding, and Erna can't afford to move. Erna and her mother, Soni, have had to raise the floors in their home many times This is one of dozens of coastal regions that are sinking at a worrying speed, according to a study by Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore. The team studied subsidence in and around 48 coastal cities in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. These are places that are particularly vulnerable to a combination of rising sea levels, which are mainly driven by climate change, and sinking land. Based on the study and population data from the United Nations, the BBC estimates that nearly 76 million people live in parts of these cities that subsided, on average, at least 1cm per year between 2014 and 2020. The impact on their lives can be huge - for example in Tianjin in north-east China, 3,000 people were evacuated from high-rise apartment buildings in 2023, after subsidence left large cracks in nearby streets. All 48 urban areas in the NTU study are shown in this globe. The most extreme cases of subsidence were seen in Tianjin, which has undergone rapid industrial and infrastructural development this century. The worst-hit parts of the city sank up to 18.7cm per year between 2014 and 2020. Select a city below to see how much it is sinking by. A map will display the most subsiding areas in that city in green, with details of factors contributing to subsidence. The subsidence rate is measured from a reference point in each city, which scientists assume is more stable than others - you can read more on the methodology at the end of this article. Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire Ahmedabad, India Alexandria, Egypt Bangkok, Thailand Barcelona, Spain Buenos Aires, Argentina Chennai, India Chittagong, Bangladesh Choose a city Dalian, China Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Dhaka, Bangladesh Dongguan, China Foshan, China Fukuoka, Japan Guangzhou, China Hangzhou, China Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Hong Kong, China Houston, United States Istanbul, Türkiye Jakarta, Indonesia Karachi, Pakistan Kolkata, India Lagos, Nigeria Lima, Peru London, United Kingdom Los Angeles, United States Luanda, Angola Manila, Philippines Miami, United States Mumbai, India Nagoya, Japan Nanjing, China New York, United States Osaka, Japan Philadelphia, United States Qingdao, China Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Seoul, South Korea Shanghai, China Singapore, Singapore St Petersburg, Russia Surat, India Suzhou, China Tianjin, China Tokyo, Japan Washington DC, United States Yangon, Myanmar A 3d model viewer showing land subsidence in the selected city Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 0 Please wait, a three-dimensional map is currently loading... Tap and move to rotate, pinch to zoom Fastest observed sinking Reference point Landmark Avenida 4 de , Fevereiro Ilha da Cazanga 0 -3.3 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Barrio Padre , Mugica Casa Rosada Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -1.5 Sandwip Para Chittagong Port Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -9.8 Basundhara , Residential , Area Bangladesh , National Museum Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -3.6 Rio das Pedras Christ the , Redeemer 0 -6.3 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Dalian Jinzhou , Bay , International , Airport Hongji Grand , Stage Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -16.4 Dongguan , Central Square Nongyuwei 0 -6.5 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Baofeng Temple Beijiaozhen 0 -6.3 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Nansha District The Canton , Tower 0 -6.8 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Central , Xiaoshan , district Lingyin Temple 0 -3.4 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Yongning , Subdistrict Nanjing City , Wall 0 -2.5 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Yinghai , Subdistrict, , Jiaozhou City Qingdao Railway , Station 0 -8 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Yingbin , Expressway Shanghai Tower 0 -10.3 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Classical , Gardens of , Suzhou North-west , Wujiang 0 -4.8 Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -18.7 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Bohai Bay Guwenhua Street East Abobo , district St Paul's , Cathedral Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -5.1 Adh Dheraa Al , Bahri Lighthouse of , Alexandria Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -2.7 Tuen Mun Vitoria Peak 0 -10.6 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Sidi Saiyyed , Mosque Piplaj Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -5.1 Tharamani Kapaleeshwarar , Temple Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -3.7 Bhatpara Victoria , Memorial 0 -2.8 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Gateway of , India Area near , King's Circle , station, , Matunga East 0 -5.9 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Karanj Surat Diamond , Bourse 0 -6.7 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Penjaringan National , Monument 0 -11.6 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Mochimaru, , Asakura , district Fukuoka Tower Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -5.7 Minato ward Atsuta-jingu , Shrine 0 -1.5 Observed subsidence per year (cm) East Konohana , ward Osaka Castle 0 -7.8 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Central , Breakwater, , Koto ward Tokyo Skytree 0 -2.4 Observed subsidence per year (cm) South Dagon , Township Shwedagon , Pagoda 0 -7.5 Observed subsidence per year (cm) City Hall Orange Island 0 -13.1 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Landhi Town Mazar-E-Quaid 0 -15.7 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Ancón district Lima Main , Square 0 -2.4 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Manila Bay Fort Santiago 0 -5.7 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Lakhta Winter Palace 0 -2.9 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Changi Bay Merlion Park 0 -4.6 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Area near , Sinjeong subway , station, , Yangcheon , District Blue House 0 -2 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Sagrada Familia Zona Franca Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -7 Kigamboni , district Askari Monument Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -3 Democracy , Monument Lam Phakchi, , Nong Chok Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -4.1 Istanbul , Airport Hagia Sophia 0 -13.2 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Big Ben South Upminster 0 -4 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Central , Southwest Sam Houston , Park 0 -11 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Hollywood Sign Coastal San , Pedro 0 -2.5 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Freedom Tower Coconut Grove 0 -2.2 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Breezy Point Central Park 0 -3 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Holmesburg Independence , Hall 0 -2.3 Observed subsidence per year (cm) South-west , Washington Memorial , Lincoln 0 -2.2 Observed subsidence per year (cm) East Nhà Bè Independence , Palace 0 -9.5 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Choose another city An animated line break showing building slowly sinking The perils of groundwater pumping Many factors can contribute to subsidence, including building, mining, tectonic shifts, earthquakes, and natural soil consolidation - where soil is pressed closer and becomes more dense over time. But 'one of the most common causes is groundwater extraction', explains the lead researcher on the NTU study, Cheryl Tay. It has had a major impact in half of the 48 coastal cities identified in the study. Groundwater is found beneath the Earth's surface in cracks and spaces in sand, soil and rock. It makes up about half of the water used for domestic purposes - including drinking - around the world. It's also essential for irrigating crops. But as cities grow, freshwater supplies come under strain. Households and industries in some places drill their own wells or boreholes and extract too much - as in Jakarta. Extracting excessive amounts of water in this way over extended periods of time compresses the soil, eventually causing the surface - and everything built on it - to sink or subside. 'A lot of the sinking cities are in Asia or South-East Asia,' says Ms Tay. 'That is likely because the demand for water is much higher there with very fast-growing populations and a lot of development. 'That could lead to higher rates of groundwater extraction and then this could snowball… This means that flooding will be more frequent, intense, and prolonged in the future,' she adds, explaining there could also be 'salt water intrusion that can affect agricultural land and the quality of drinking water'. Some types of ground are affected more than others and Ms Tay believes the risks are especially acute for the many coastal cities built on low-lying deltas - where rivers divide before flowing into the sea. This includes places such as Jakarta, Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City, and Shanghai. Almost half of Jakarta now sits below sea level. Its location on swampy land where 13 rivers flow into the ocean makes it particularly vulnerable. The combination of land sinking and sea levels rising accelerates the 'relative sea level rise', says Ms Tay. 'There are two components: the land moving down and the water moving up.' Flooding in Jakarta leaves residential and business districts underwater Indonesia's meteorological agency has said that 'the flood cycle, which used to occur every five years, could become more frequent' in Jakarta as 'the overall trend of extreme rainfall is increasing in Indonesia, in line with rising surface temperatures and greenhouse gas concentrations'. Over the past decade, dozens have died in floods in the city and at least 280,000 people have had to leave their homes until the water receded. With parts of Jakarta now 4m lower than they were in 1970, Indonesia decided to build a new capital city - Nusantara - on a different island, Borneo, more than 1,200km (750 miles) away. It is further from the coast and will rely on a huge dam and reservoir to store river and rainwater. The plan is to purify and distribute water to all homes and offices in the new capital, eliminating the need to extract groundwater. However, the new city is controversial and development has slowed. There has been criticism of the $34bn price tag and its environmental impact on one of the most biodiverse places on the planet. Buildings in Ebute Metta, Lagos, where Rukkayat lives, are sinking - the white dotted line shows the highlighted structure's original position Five of the cities studied by NTU are in Africa, including Lagos in Nigeria. Last year, flooding affected more than 275,000 people there. Twenty-eight-year-old Rukkayat moved to Ebute Metta, in the east of the city, three years ago in search of work and a better life. But she could only afford to rent a house in a sinking area - one of the locations identified in the NTU report. 'It's hard to live in a place where it gets easily flooded if downpours or storms hit the city,' she says. 'I have to scoop water out of the corridor.' The walls of the house are cracked, the floor is damp and the roof leaks - a common situation in sinking areas, experts say. Both Lagos and Jakarta are facing rapid urbanisation and growing populations with more than half unable to access piped water, turning instead to pumping groundwater themselves. An animated line break showing water flowing under landmarks The bowl effect As many coastal cities deal with the combination of subsiding land and rising seas, they are looking for solutions - but these can sometimes contribute to other problems. Some, including Jakarta, Alexandria in Egypt and Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam have built dykes, walls and sand barriers along their coastlines to try to prevent flooding from the sea. A seawall was built to stop seawater swamping homes in North Jakarta Alexandria has built concrete breakwaters to protect the city from the sea But as walls get higher and bigger, a 'bowl effect' can be created, says Prof Pietro Teatini of the University of Padova in Italy, potentially trapping rain and river water in areas and preventing it from flowing back into the sea. This can contribute to flooding. So, to drain excess water, Jakarta and Ho Chi Minh City are among those that have built pumping stations. However, this does not address the causes of subsidence or flooding. How Tokyo solved the problem When Tokyo found parts of its city were subsiding, it took a different approach and decided to tackle the root of the problem. The sinking slowed significantly in the 1970s after Tokyo imposed strict regulations on groundwater pumping. It also built a water supply management system, which scientists argue is the most efficient way to stop subsidence. The NTU study found that today the city is much more stable, although a few small areas have sunk by between 0.01 and 2.4cm per year between 2014 and 2020. So, how does Tokyo's system work? Almost all of Tokyo's water comes from forests and rivers controlled by two big dams outside the city. The water is purified in 10 plants and sent to a supply centre. The centre regulates the volume and pressure of the water. The centre distributes the water to homes and industries via pipes designed to resist earthquake damage. Despite the effectiveness of Tokyo's system, scientists are sceptical it can be applied widely given the high build and maintenance costs, says Prof Miguel Esteban of Waseda University in Japan. Nonetheless, he adds, some Asian cities still look at Tokyo's approach as a model. Taipei, for example, reduced groundwater extraction in the 1970s which, in turn, helped to slow down its subsidence rates. Many other cities - including Houston, Bangkok and London - also carefully regulate groundwater pumping to ensure it is neither too low nor too high. Some cities have tried different methods. Shanghai, for instance, has applied 'water injection, which works very well', says Prof Teatini. It injected purified water from the Yangtze River into the ground through wells that had previously been used to extract groundwater. Others, such as Chongqing in China and San Salvador in El Salvador, have adopted the principles of sponge cities. Instead of simply using non-porous concrete and asphalt in areas such as pavements, a sponge city makes use of surfaces that are designed to absorb water naturally, such as soil, grass and trees. The construction of parks, wetlands and green spaces is prioritised, along with lakes and ponds where water can be diverted and stored during the rainy season. The roof of this building on the edge of Chongqing is designed to absorb water and help manage heavy rainfall A residential complex in Berlin has been designed with areas to store and absorb water This may offer a 'more viable and sustainable solution, it costs only a tenth of building dams', says Prof Manoochehr Shirzaei of Virginia Tech University. But critics say that it is hard to add these features to existing developments and often they are not installed on a large enough scale to make a big difference. And behind any investment, there needs to be long-term political commitment, says Prof Shirzaei. 'Land subsidence emerges gradually over time, so to deal with that, we have to take difficult decisions which remain in place for decades,' he says, even if pumping restrictions are initially unpopular with voters who rely on wells and boreholes for water. Without change, experts warn there will be more people like Erna, fighting a losing battle as their homes gradually slip away. A note on methodology For its study the NTU chose coastal urban agglomerations within 50km (30 miles) of the coast, with a population of at least five million in 2020. It analysed satellite images, comparing data from 2014 to 2020 to estimate subsidence rates. The subsidence rate is measured from a reference point in each city, which scientists assume is more stable than others. However, if the reference point is also sinking or rising, other parts of the city might be sinking faster or slower than the measurements suggest. This could affect the BBC estimates of how many people are affected. The subsidence rates used here should therefore be seen as a relative measure, helping to identify which areas are likely more affected than others. A line break showing a wave
