New tool can identify children who are likely to become obese in adulthood
Obesity in children continues to be a major topic of discussion in Scotland. Around 33 per cent of kids aged two to 15 in Scotland are at risk of being overweight or obese, according to the Scottish Health Survey 2022.
This is the highest number since 2011. Childhood obesity can be influenced by many factors such as lifestyle, environment, and even genetics. But what if there was a way that could measure a child's risk of becoming obese?
Well, incredibly, this very tool has just been created by scientists. And it is hoped that one day, those at highest risk will get targeted support to prevent them from becoming obese in the first place.
The tool, which assesses a person's genetic risk of obesity, works twice as well as any other obesity risk predictor, academics say. It can also predict how well obese adults will respond to targeted weight loss programmes.
Dr Kaitlin Wade, associate professor in epidemiology at the University of Bristol and second author on the paper, said: 'Obesity is a major public health issue, with many factors contributing to its development.
"These factors likely vary across a person's life, and we believe that some of these originate in childhood. We were delighted to contribute... data to this exceptional and insightful research into the genetic architecture of obesity.
"We hope this work will contribute to detecting individuals at high risk of developing obesity at an earlier age, which could have a vast clinical and public health impact in the future."
So, how did the study work? Academics used detail on genetic variations from more than five million people to create a tool called a polygenic risk score, which analyses people's genetics to work out their risk of developing obesity. The tool could explain 17.6 percent of variation in body mass index score (BMI) from people in the UK.
Researchers, led by academics at the universities of Copenhagen and Bristol, tested whether the risk score was associated with obesity using datasets of the physical and genetic characteristics of more than 500,000 people.
This included checking the tool on people taking part in the "Children of the 90s" study - a long-term study in Bristol tracking families as children age.
They found that it could successfully predict weight gain during childhood - from the age of just two and a half - through to adolescence.
"What makes the score so powerful is the consistency of associations between the genetic score and body mass index before the age of five and through to adulthood – timing that starts well before other risk factors start to shape their weight later in childhood," said assistant professor Roelof Smith, lead author of the research.
"Intervening at this point could theoretically make a huge impact."
Smith told the PA news agency that BMI is not a good predictor for a child's obesity risk in later life.
However, the genetic predictor can offer insight into the risk from early years.
"It's fixed at conception already very early in life, you're able to essentially quantify what someone's innate predisposition is for BMI," he said. "So, being able to say something about someone's innate biology for obesity risk."
Meanwhile, the research team also looked at people taking part in "intensive lifestyle intervention" programmes.
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People with a higher risk score lost more weight, but were also more likely to regain it.
"There is a huge amount of variation in how people respond to these interventions," Prof Smit added. "What we observed was the higher someone's score was, the more they tended to respond to the intervention.
"People who had a higher score tended to lose more weight in the first year. And we also saw that people who had the higher scores tended to gain more weight."
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