Brain cells on silicon chips: The rise of ‘biological computers'

Business Times

05-07-2025

[SINGAPORE] The brain is full of unsolved mysteries. One startup thinks that it can crack these puzzles – and even open up new possibilities in computing – by fusing brain cells with silicon.
In March, Australian startup Cortical Labs unveiled what it says is the first commercial 'biological computer'. Called the CL1, the device integrates lab-grown brain cells – derived from human stem cells – with hard silicon.
The CL1 can be used for drug discovery, disease modelling and research into neuroscience and information systems, Cortical Labs' chief scientific officer, Dr Brett Kagan, told me over a Zoom call.
The CL1 fuses lab-grown brain cells with hard silicon. PHOTO: CORTICAL LABS
With its combination of brain cells and silicon, the CL1 is meant to be able to adapt and learn faster than purely silicon-based artificial intelligence (AI).
Dr Kagan said: 'Cortical Labs was started with the question in mind: 'What if we use the most powerful information processor that we currently know of?' And that, ultimately, is brain cells. Whether it's flies, cats or us, we all can do amazing things – with very little power, very little data – using brain cells.'
Indeed, I was surprised to learn that the brain uses just 20 watts of power, equivalent to what a light bulb would require.
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In contrast, training an AI model, such as the GPT-3 large language model, guzzles as much as 1,300 megawatt hours of electricity – enough to power about 130 homes in the US for a year.
The CL1's launch follows a widely publicised paper published in the journal Neuron in 2022, which gave an account of the Cortical Labs team's efforts to train brain cells in a dish to play the arcade game Pong.
'That paper was a proof of concept to see if you could get brain cells in a dish… to process information and do something in a goal-orientated way – in this case, control a paddle to 'hit' a ball,' said Dr Kagan.
'While we weren't that surprised to see that cells could learn and respond… the speed at which they learnt and responded was surprising. We expected it would take much longer to see some meaningful learning, but in fact, it was within minutes.'
Untangling a paradox
Dr Kagan is excited, not just about the current applications of the CL1, but what breakthroughs it could lead to.
In the near future, applications could include personalised medicine – through which scientists could grow a person's cells in a lab and test drugs on them while measuring the cells' response, enabling the treatment to be tailored to that individual.
Dr Kagan believes the use of biological computers for personalised medicine could be just a few years away with proper investment, given that the technical barriers are not high.
In the long term, a biological computer could be used in fields such as robotics, cybersecurity or even systems with 'generalised intelligence', or in the human-like ability to solve general problems, surpassing current AI systems.
'I think the most exciting applications may be ones that I'm not even going to be able to tell you today,' the chief scientific officer said.
Of course, there are a host of ethical issues that come with such work. For instance, some would be concerned if a biological computer would be able to feel pain.
'No, the system can't feel pain – it doesn't have pain receptors (and) it's not set up to feel pain,' Dr Kagan said, adding that the company has been working with bioethicists on how such technology should move forward.
He noted that scientists have grown brain cells in labs for decades, but previously had no means to test the information-processing ability of these cells. What devices like the CL1 do is introduce new possibilities.
Dr Kagan references a famous quote by the American scientist Emerson Pugh: 'If the brain was so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn't.'
Pointing to Cortical Labs' work, he added: 'What we're building here might be a way to overcome that paradox.'
The rise of biological computers is just one of many weird and wonderful phenomena out there. This column routes signals away from the motherboard of regular news and into peripheral curiosities, whether in finance, economics, science, psychology, or even beyond.