Nobody wants another centralised regime in Syria, says Kurdish leader Salih Muslim Muhammad

The Hindu

01-05-2025

Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), the jihadist group led by Abu Mohammed al-Jolani (also known as Ahmed al-Sharaa) that captured power in Syria in December, wants to establish a Salafi regime in Damascus, but the country's minorities are opposed to it, says Salih Muslim Muhammad, Syria's main Kurdish leader. In an interview with The Hindu, Mr. Muslim, co-chairman of the Democratic Union Party (PYD)— the main party of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria— said the HTS was trying to establish another centralised regime in Damascus with a different ideology. The Kurdish people support a decentralised, democratic Syria, he said. He also spoke about the role of Turkey in the Kurdish question, the resurgence of the Islamic State (ISIS) and the Syrian Kurds' ties with Israel. Edited excerpts.
Syria has seen dramatic developments in recent months. It took just 12 days for the HTS to capture Damascus after they launched an offensive in Aleppo in late November. How do you look at the changes in Syria?
Everybody followed what happened [in Syria]. Groups who are located in Idlib, most of them are jihadist groups, just went to the places occupied by Turkey and underwent training, helped by the Turkish side. And suddenly they woke up, went on to Aleppo, and then to the other cities, and they reached Damascus on December 8. Everybody should know that those groups are jihadists. We know them very well because we were fighting against them — Jabhat al-Nusra and then ISIS and the other groups. They have promised that they are going to change and make democratic changes in Syria. We are waiting to see what they are going to do. If they make [the promised] changes, we will be helping them. And there was some other group — the Syrian National Army (SNA), which is under the control of Turkey. So HTS went to Damascus, and the other group [SNA] just marched towards Kurdish places. Since December, the fighting has been going on. We are still waiting for a proper ceasefire deal. And on March 10, there was a kind of a deal between our people and them--I mean, Mazloum Abdi (commander of the Kurdish led-Syrian Democratic Forces] and Jolani (or Ahmad al-Sharaa, Syria's interim President], containing about eight points to be executed within one year. And we are still trying to implement the deal.
The Kurdish people in Syria have enjoyed relative autonomy in recent years. Now that Assad is gone and HTS is in power in Damascus, do you think that the autonomy is under threat?
We have about 20 parties [in north and east Syria], and our party [the Democratic Union Party, or PYD] is the main and the oldest party among them. Now we are trying to unify all those parties so that we can unify the demands of the Kurdish people and even the Arabs in our areas, to reach some solutions with the new government. There have been a lot of struggles. The latest one was those massacres happened in the coastal area in western Syria against the Alawites [the minority sect to which the deposed President Bashar al-Assad belonged to], because they don't like this regime. They don't want those Islamic groups to control the country. We are supporting them. Also, we have Druze in the south of Syria. Syria is a mosaic society. So you have to find a formula where all those people can live together — nobody wants to go back to pre-2011 situation when Syria had a centralised regime. They are now looking for a decentralised government — it could be federalism or self-administered areas. The Alawites, Druze, the Kurdish people, and other minorities, everybody is looking for freedom. Those who are controlling Damascus insist on forming a very strict, centralised regime as it was before, but with a different ideology — before there was a Baathist regime, and now they are trying to make it a Salafi regime. This is not acceptable for the Syrian people. We are trying to democratise Syria; we think a democratic and decentralised regime will help everybody.
Kurdish fighters were on the frontline of the battle against ISIS. What is the status of ISIS today in Syria?
There are ISIS-linked groups located in Idlib and areas occupied by Turkey. They have changed their names. Even this Jolani [Syria's interim President] was ISIS before. But after he went to Idlib, he changed his [organisation's] name to Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS). The other groups also took different names, but they all practice the same ideology. By the name of ISIS, we still have some groups in our areas, in Deir ez-Zor, and especially in the western side of Euphrates, which is not under our control. It was under the control of the [Assad] regime and the Russians, but they could not eradicate them from those areas. Now, after the regime fell, those groups got a lot of weapons. They are organising themselves again. We have a camp called Al-Hawl, which is mainly for the families of Daesh [ISIS] members. We also have about 10,000 ISIS members in our prisons. ISIS is trying to get the prisoners released and get into the camp. They have their plans. And we also have sleeping cells everywhere. So the struggle is continuing. Daesh is not finished. It's been just driven underground.
Turkey has also seen interesting developments of late. For example, Abdullah Ocalan, the leader of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), has called for a ceasefire and disarming his organisation. Does it have anything to do with your Democratic Union Party?
We are not PKK. Ideologically, maybe, we are friends or brothers, but our party was established in in Syria with the Syrian people, Kurdish people mainly. We have our plans and programmes. So we have nothing to do with Turkey. We always extended our hands for peace in Turkey because we are neighbours. But because of the Kurdish issue, Turkey has a kind of Kurdophobia. They don't accept the existence of the Kurds anywhere. They look at the Kurds as a danger for Turkey and they fight the Kurdish people everywhere — in Iraq, Iran and Syria. We can solve our problem with the Syrian government, but Turkey has always been an obstacle. And they are accusing us that we have a relation with the PKK, which is not true at all. Even When we established our defence forces, we did it against ISIS, which was attacking us in our areas. We never attacked any Turkish interest. And now, when Mr. Ocalan announced his call for peace, we hope peace would prevail between the PKK and Turkey, because it will relieve us, too. If they solve their Kurdish issue inside Turkey, then they cannot blame the others. We heard some voices saying we should give up the weapons, too. If we do it, we will have to do it as part of our agreement with the Syrian regime, not with them.
Are you getting any support from other countries?
We have the international coalition in the area and they extended their hand to us. It's a kind of a partnership against Daesh [ISIS]. And it happened in 2015 when the international coalition couldn't find anybody fighting Daesh seriously other than us. So we said, OK, and this is still going on.
This coalition is led by the United States, isn't it?
Yes, led by United States. And they are in the area. They don't dictate to us to do anything. We are partners only for fighting against ISIS and terrorism, nothing more than that. They didn't promise to protect us. And of course, as everybody knows, when Turkey attacked our areas, they [the coalition] did nothing. We were attacked by the regime forces as well, by those Salafi jihadists. They didn't defend us. Only they are helping us as partners for fighting against Daesh. And they continue to do so.
Israel has repeatedly voiced its support for Syria's minorities, particularly after the fall of the Assad regime. What is your relationship with Israel? Is there any kind of cooperation between your Autonomous Administration and the state of Israel?
There are Jewish people living in our areas. The Kurdish people don't have any enmity towards the Jewish people. This is historical. The Kurdish people are natural allies of the Jewish people. They are part of the Middle East [West Asia]. And we have to live together. This is our belief. But of course, there are no connection till now between the Kurdish people and the Israeli government. Recently, there were telephone conversations between our Foreign Affairs Committee and the Foreign Minister of Israel. If we make any relations, it's ordinary because several Arab countries such as Egypt, Jordan and Gulf countries have already established diplomatic relations with Israel. So we don't know what will happen in the future.
But how do you look at the war on Gaza?
We think this is not the way to solve the problems. They were just fighting, killing... it doesn't solve any problem. If they sit together for dialogue without any terrorism, they can resolve it. And we believe for the Palestinian and Jewish people, a democratic nation, which is what our project is, is convenient for them. But they have to believe in this democratic nation to live together — a democratic nation project for everybody.
You're saying you support a single democratic nation for the Arabs and the Jews?
Yes, a democratic nation project for everybody, for different ethnicities and even different beliefs, where they can live together. They have to accept each other.