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Daily subject-wise quiz : Science and Technology MCQs on genome-edited rice, Shiv Shakti point and more (Week 109)

Daily subject-wise quiz : Science and Technology MCQs on genome-edited rice, Shiv Shakti point and more (Week 109)

Indian Express07-05-2025

UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative of subject-wise quizzes. These quizzes are designed to help you revise some of the most important topics from the static part of the syllabus. Attempt today's subject quiz on Science and Technology to check your progress.
1. They are climate-resilient.
2. These varieties have been developed by the SAARC Agriculture Centre.
3. The variety 'Kamala' targets the Drought and Salt Tolerance (DST) gene to improve the plant's resilience to harsh soil and climate conditions.
4. The variety 'Pusa DST Rice 1' has been developed using genome editing technology targeting the Cytokinin Oxidase 2 (CKX2) gene.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four
— The Agriculture Minister announced the introduction of two genome-edited rice varieties, the first of their kind in the country. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) produced these two climate-resilient types, which conserve water and increase yields, utilising cutting-edge genome editing technology. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
— The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) produced these two climate-resilient types, which conserve water and increase yields, utilising cutting-edge genome editing technology. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
— DRR DHAN 100 (KAMALA): Developed by the ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (ICAR-IIRR) in Hyderabad, this variety offers much higher yields, better drought tolerance, and earlier maturity than its parent variety, Samba Mahsuri (BPT 5204).
— According to the ICAR, DRR Dhan 100 (Kamala) was developed utilising genome editing techniques to improve grain numbers per panicle by targeting the Cytokinin Oxidase 2 (CKX2) gene (also known as Gn1a). Hence, statement 4 is not correct.
— PUSA DST RICE 1: The ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI) in Delhi created this novel genome-edited variety from the widely grown fine-grain variety known as MTU1010.
— The new variety, Pusa DST Rice 1, was created by Site Directed Nuclease 1 (SDN1) genome editing and targets the Drought and Salt Tolerance (DST) gene to increase the plant's resistance to harsh soil and climate conditions. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
1. It is located at the southern high-latitude highlands of the nearside of the Moon.
2. It is the point where India's Chandrayaan 3 facilitated the world's first lunar landing.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
— The Shiv Shakti point, where India's Chandrayaan 3 made the world's first lunar landing in 2023, could be a good location for scientists to explore the lunar surface's most primordial mantle samples. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
— Shiv Shakti point is located in the southern high-latitude highlands of the Moon's nearside. Scientists from the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) used data from the Pragyan rover's Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer. They compared metal remains to elemental quantities of sulphur, potassium, and sodium, among others, near the Shiv Shakti location where Chandra-yaan 3 landed on August 23, 2023. Sulphur, potassium, and sodium can help us understand the mantle's composition and chemistry. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
— 'There is an anomalous depletion of sodium and potassium at the site, whereas there is an enrichment in sulphur found in the soils at the highland landing site,' according to the study published in the journal Nature Communications Earth and Environment.
— The South Pole-Aitken basin is one of the largest known impact craters on the moon.
With reference to the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), consider the following statements:
1. It is a debilitating genetic condition which affects motor neurons that control movement.
2. The condition is caused by mutations which cause a deficiency of a protein.
3. For the treatment, scientists used an oral drug called risdiplam.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Explanation
— SMA is a debilitating genetic disorder that damages motor neurons, causing gradual muscle weakness. 'About one in every 10,000 births has some form of the condition, making it a leading genetic cause of death in infants and children,' according to Nature's article. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
— Mutations in the survival motor neurone gene (SMN1) produce a deficit of a protein required for the survival of motor neurones in the spinal cord. 'This keeps muscles from getting messages from the brain, leading them to deteriorate. According to a New Atlas research, in its most severe form, SMA-1, motor abilities degrade rapidly and patients often live only two to three years. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
— Scientists utilised an oral medication called risdiplam, which is prescribed to patients to delay the course of SMA. Risdiplam is normally administered to a patient shortly after birth; the earlier the intervention, the better the outcomes appear to be, according to the New Atlas analysis. As a result, in the current trial, scientists chose to administer the medication before birth for the first time. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
1. It is the process by which single atomic nuclei diffuse to form two or more smaller nuclei.
2. The sun, along with all other stars, is powered by Nuclear fusion.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
— An experimental nuclear fusion reactor in China triggered a lot of excitement by keeping its operational state maintained for more than 1,000 seconds, or over 17 minutes, which is a new record. Nuclear fusion is what produces the energy in the Sun, or any other star.
— Nuclear fusion is the process by which two light atomic nuclei merge to produce a single heavier nucleus, releasing enormous amounts of energy. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
— Fusion reactions occur in a state of matter known as plasma, which is a hot, charged gas composed of positive ions and free-moving electrons that differs from solids, liquids, and gases.
— Nuclear fusion powers the sun and all of the other stars. To fuse in our sun, nuclei must contact at extraordinarily high temperatures, perhaps 10 million degrees Celsius. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
(Other Source: http://www.iaea.org)
QUESTION 5
Which of the following launches was the ISRO 's 100th rocket launch?
(a) NVS-02
(b) XPoSat
(c) SPADEX
— ISRO's 100th Rocket Launch: With the first launch of 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation reached a historic milestone by carrying out 100 launches. The GSLV-F15 launched the navigation satellite NVS-02.
— The space agency evolved from the Indian National Committee for Space Research, which was established in 1962 by the Department of Atomic Energy. The Indian Space Research Organisation that we know today was established in 1969, the same year that the United States sent men to the moon. A distinct space department was established in 1972.
— Isro has created at least six versions of launch vehicles, four of which are still operational. The first two generations of launchers are no longer being used. The four-stage, solid fuel vehicle SLV-3, capable of carrying 40 kg to low earth orbit, flew three times during development and once during operation. There were only four development flights of its upgraded variant, which could lift 150 kg into low earth orbit.

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Daily subject-wise quiz : Science and Technology MCQs on Satellite communication, advantages of sodium-ion batteries and more (Week 114)
Daily subject-wise quiz : Science and Technology MCQs on Satellite communication, advantages of sodium-ion batteries and more (Week 114)

Indian Express

time9 hours ago

  • Indian Express

Daily subject-wise quiz : Science and Technology MCQs on Satellite communication, advantages of sodium-ion batteries and more (Week 114)

UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative of subject-wise quizzes. These quizzes are designed to help you revise some of the most important topics from the static part of the syllabus. Attempt today's subject quiz on Science and Technology to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for May 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at What are the advantages of sodium-ion batteries over lithium-ion batteries? 1. It is way more abundant than lithium and can be extracted from seawater at relatively lower costs. 2. It is more environmentally friendly. 3. It can be transported at zero volt, making it safer. 4. It uses aluminum, which is cheaper than copper used in the lithium-ion battery tech. How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Explanation — A fast-charging sodium-ion (Na-ion) battery that can charge up to 80% in six minutes and claims to survive over 3,000 charge cycles, making it virtually similar to more common lithium-ion batteries. This is a breakthrough claimed by a research team at the Bengaluru-based Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), an autonomous institute of the Department of Science and Technology, and is being hailed as yet another promising step in India's efforts to develop an alternative to lithium-ion chemistry, the most common element in battery manufacturing, where China has a virtual stranglehold. — The new battery, developed by a JNCASR team led by Prof. Premkumar Senguttuvan and Ph.D. scholar Biplab Patra, is based on a 'NASICON-type' chemistry, a class of polyanionic materials with a known structure in electrochemical materials, but with significantly improved performance claims using novel material engineering. Unlike ordinary sodium-ion batteries, which have slow charging and short lifespans, this new battery combines a clever combination of chemistry and nanotechnology to achieve a substantially shorter charge time and more charge cycles. Advantages over li-ion batteries — It is way more abundant than lithium and can be extracted from seawater at relatively lower costs. — It is more environmentally friendly. — It can be transported at zero volt, making it safer, unlike lithium, which is less environmentally friendly and must be always stored with a minimum charge, increasing fire risks. — It uses aluminum, which is cheaper than copper used in the lithium-ion battery tech. — Sodium-ion batteries also have a higher operating temperature range and are hence safer, given that these can be used in more extreme temperatures without the risk of thermal runaway. Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. With reference to Satellite communication, consider the following statements: 1. Satellite communication services rely on an array of satellites in orbit to offer connectivity to homes and businesses on the ground. 2. It requires a vast network of wires to transmit data. 3. OneWeb operates the world's largest satellite constellation. How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Explanation — Elon Musk's Starlink, which offers satellite internet services, has won regulatory permission from the government, nearly three years after originally seeking for an operator licence, opening the way for the company to begin selling the service in the country. — Satellite communication services rely on a constellation of satellites in orbit to provide connectivity to homes and businesses on Earth. They are an alternative to ground-based communication, known as terrestrial networks, such as cable, fibre, or digital subscriber line (DSL), and they do not need wires to transport data. Hence, statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is not correct. — Starlink manages the world's largest satellite constellation, with around 7,000 satellites in orbit. Hence, statement 3 is not correct. — Satellite-based communication and broadband services benefit end users in two ways: they provide larger coverage and a more resilient network. Even though satcom services have higher latency than terrestrial broadband networks, they may cover large areas with very little physical equipment installed. — The approval of Starlink comes just days after the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) issued guidelines for satellite communication businesses. The recommendations require enterprises to establish local manufacturing, data localisation, use domestic navigation systems, install a blocking mechanism, and collaborate with law enforcement agencies. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. Hakuto-R mission, in which the spacecraft was likely unable to decelerate sufficiently in the final moments, and crashed on the lunar surface. The mission was launched by: (a) South Korea (b) China (c) Japan (d) Taiwan Explanation — A Japanese space mission designed to land on the Moon has failed. Like Chandrayaan-2, the spacecraft was most likely unable to decelerate sufficiently in its last seconds and crashed on the lunar surface. — The Hakuto-R mission was led by the private Japanese corporation ispace, which sent the lander Resilience and the rover Micro. Just before the touchdown this morning, mission control lost contact with the spacecraft. — 'The lander dropped from an altitude of around 100 km to 20 km before successfully firing its main engine to begin deceleration. While the lander's height was confirmed to be nearly vertical, telemetry was lost after that, and no data indicating a successful landing was received, even after the intended landing time had passed,' ispace stated. Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. Consider the following statements: Statement 1: The most common black holes are formed when massive stars — more than eight times the mass of the Sun — run out of fuel. Statement 2: As long as the star burns hydrogen in its core, it generates energy that pushes outward, balancing the inward pull of gravity. But when the fuel is exhausted, this balance tips. Gravity takes over. The core collapses in on itself. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is the correct explanation for Statement 1. (b) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1. (c) Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is incorrect. (d) Statement 1 is incorrect but Statement 2 is correct. Explanation — A black hole is a region of space where gravity is so strong that nothing can escape — not even light. — At the heart of a black hole is a 'singularity' – a place where our physical laws break down and gravity becomes infinite. — The most common black holes arise when huge stars—more than eight times the mass of the Sun—run out of fuel. As long as the star burns hydrogen in its core, it produces energy that pushes outward, counterbalancing gravity's inward pull. However, as the fuel is depleted, this balance shifts. Gravity takes over. The centre collapses into itself. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct. — If the remaining mass is huge enough — usually more than three times the mass of the Sun — not even neutron pressure (the final barrier) can stop the collapse. A black hole is created. Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is the correct explanation for Statement 1. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. With reference to the Large Hadron Collider, consider the following statements: 1. It has been developed by the European Organisation for Nuclear Research. 2. It uses a distribution system of liquid sodium to keep its critical components ultracold at minus 271.3 degrees Celsius. 3. It has been built to study infrared rays. How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Explanation — The Large Hadron Collider is a giant, complex machine built to study particles that are the smallest known building blocks of all things. Hence, statement 3 is not correct. — It is structurally a 27-km-long track loop buried 100 metres underground on the Swiss-French border. It fires two beams of protons almost at the speed of light in opposite directions inside a ring of superconducting electromagnets. — The magnetic field created by the superconducting electromagnets keeps the protons in a tight beam and guides them along the way as they travel through beam pipes and finally collide. — Prior to the collision, another type of magnet is used to 'squeeze' the particles closer together to increase the chances of collisions. — The particles are so tiny that the task of making them collide is akin to firing two needles 10 km apart with such precision that they meet halfway,' according to the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, or CERN, in French), which runs the particle accelerator complex that houses the LHC. Hence, statement 1 is correct. — The LHC's powerful electromagnets carry almost as much current as a bolt of lightning, they must be kept chilled. The LHC uses a distribution system of liquid helium to keep its critical components ultracold at minus 271.3 degrees Celsius, which is colder than interstellar space. Given these requirements, it is not easy to warm up or cool down the gigantic machine. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. Consider the following statements: 1. Indian Space Research Organisation operates under the Ministry of Science & Technology. 2. The Ministry of Earth Sciences was formerly the Department of Ocean Development. 3. India Meteorological Department operates under the Ministry of Earth Science. Which of the above given statements is/are true? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Explanation — According to 'MoES was formerly the Department of Ocean Development (DOD), which was created in July 1981 as a part of the Cabinet Secretariat directly under the charge of the Prime Minister of India.' Hence, statement 2 is correct. — According to ISRO, the Indian Space Research Organisation, operates under the Department of Space (DoS). Hence, statement 1 is not correct. — According to the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) works under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) of the Government of India. Hence, statement 3 is correct. Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. Consider the following Indian origin scientists: 1. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan 2. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 3. Hargovind Khorana Which of the above mentioned scientists were also the recipients of the Nobel Prize? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Explanation — It has been 95 years since an Indian won a Nobel Prize in the sciences — Physics, Chemistry or Medicine — while working in India. CV Raman's Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 remains the only such honour. Three more Indian-origin scientists have won — Hargovind Khorana in Medicine in 1968, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar in Physics in 1983, and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan in Chemistry 2009 — but they did their work outside India and were not Indian citizens when they were honoured. Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. 'Ebb' and 'Flow', the twin spacecraft, were part of which NASA mission? (a) Hakuto-R (b) Atmospheric Limb Tracker for Investigation of the Upcoming Stratosphere (Altius) (c) BepiColombo (d) Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) Explanation According to — 'NASA's GRAIL mission flew twin spacecraft—Ebb and Flow—in tandem around the Moon to map variations in the lunar gravitational field. The probes generated the highest resolution gravity map of any celestial body to date. At the end of the mission, the probes purposely crashed on the Moon.' Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. Daily Subject-wise quiz — History, Culture, and Social Issues (Week 114) Daily subject-wise quiz — Polity and Governance (Week 114) Daily subject-wise quiz — Science and Technology (Week 113) Daily subject-wise quiz — Economy (Week 113) Daily subject-wise quiz — Environment and Geography (Week 113) Daily subject-wise quiz – International Relations (Week 113) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X. Manas Srivastava is currently working as Senior Copy Editor with The Indian Express (digital) and leads a unique initiative of IE - UPSC Essentials. He majorly writes on UPSC, other competitive exams and education-related projects. In the past, Manas has represented India at the G-20 Youth Summit in Mexico. He is a former member of the Youth Council, GOI. A two-time topper/gold medallist in History (both in graduation and post-graduation) from Delhi University, he has mentored and taught UPSC aspirants for more than four years. His diverse role in The Indian Express consists of writing, editing, anchoring/ hosting, interviewing experts, and curating and simplifying news for the benefit of students. He hosts the YouTube talk show called 'Art and Culture with Devdutt Pattanaik' and a LIVE series on Instagram and YouTube called 'You Ask We Answer'.His talks on 'How to read a newspaper' focus on newspaper reading as an essential habit for students. His articles and videos aim at finding solutions to the general queries of students and hence he believes in being students' editor, preparing them not just for any exam but helping them to become informed citizens. This is where he makes his teaching profession meet journalism. He is also the editor of UPSC Essentials' monthly magazine for the aspirants. He is a recipient of the Dip Chand Memorial Award, the Lala Ram Mohan Prize and Prof. Papiya Ghosh Memorial Prize for academic excellence. He was also awarded the University's Post-Graduate Scholarship for pursuing M.A. in History where he chose to specialise in Ancient India due to his keen interest in Archaeology. He has also successfully completed a Certificate course on Women's Studies by the Women's Studies Development Centre, DU. As a part of N.S.S in the past, Manas has worked with national and international organisations and has shown keen interest and active participation in Social Service. He has led and been a part of projects involving areas such as gender sensitisation, persons with disability, helping slum dwellers, environment, adopting our heritage programme. He has also presented a case study on 'Psychological stress among students' at ICSQCC- Sri Lanka. As a compere for seminars and other events he likes to keep his orating hobby alive. His interests also lie in International Relations, Governance, Social issues, Essays and poetry. ... Read More

High-density multi-species cropping system helps in boosting net income of farmers: CPCRI
High-density multi-species cropping system helps in boosting net income of farmers: CPCRI

The Hindu

timea day ago

  • The Hindu

High-density multi-species cropping system helps in boosting net income of farmers: CPCRI

A cropping model of combined cultivation of coconut, black pepper, banana, and pineapple developed by the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod, Kerala, has shown a net return of ₹3.5 lakh to ₹4 lakh per hectare per year, a release issued by director K. Balachandra Hebbar stated. 'When this model was adopted, the net return was two to three times higher than that from a sole coconut crop. At present, it is adopted in 10% of the 22 lakh hectares of area under coconut cultivation. But there is huge scope to expand it to other areas,' the release, issued on the occasion of Vikasit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan observed in the country from May 29 to June 12, said. The release said that the CPCRI, under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), has developed several effective coconut and arecanut-based cropping/farming system models that significantly enhance farm productivity, profitability, and climate resilience. Another successful model developed by the institute, as per the release, is the combined cultivation of arecanut, black pepper, coca and banana system. 'It provides a steady income throughout the year, with net returns reaching ₹4.4 lakh to ₹10 lakh per hectare per year,' the release mentioned. The CPCRI, having its regional station at Vitla and a research centre with International Coconut Genebank - South Asia and Middle East (ICG-SAME) at Kidu near Kukke Subrahmanya in Karnataka, is actively leading efforts to empower the farming community for enhancing crop productivity, farmer profitability, and environmental sustainability through field-level engagement and science-backed interventions, the director stated in the release. With the adoption of scientific technologies, it is possible to increase the yield of plantation crops to the tune of 10%, which would ultimately position India as the 'food basket of the world'. 'In coconut alone, with 22 lakh hectares under cultivation, even a 10-nut increase per palm from the current average of 60 could yield 385 crore additional nuts annually, translating to an estimated ₹3,850 crore boost in farmer revenue,' the release said. The release stated that a major thrust of the CPCRI's initiative is encouraging farmers to replace low-yielding varieties with high-yielding, climate-resilient varieties of coconut, arecanut, and cocoa. Improved varieties Kalpa Ratna, Kera Keralam, Chandra Kalpa, Kalpa Mitra, Kalpa Dhenu, Kalpatharu, and hybrids: KalpaSamrudhi, Chandra Laksha, Kera Sankara in coconut, Shatamangala, Madhuramangala, Swarnamangala in arecanut, and VTLCH 3, VTLCH 4, VTLCC 1 in cocoa are being promoted for their superior yield potential and stress tolerance. It further said that the abhiyan, launched under the Union government's broader vision to transform agriculture into a climate-resilient, technology-driven sector, involves collaboration between CPCRI scientists, nearby ICAR institutes, State agriculture department, ATMA, other line departments and KrishiVigyanKendras (KVKs).

CPCRI to empower farmers through science-driven plantation farming
CPCRI to empower farmers through science-driven plantation farming

Time of India

time2 days ago

  • Time of India

CPCRI to empower farmers through science-driven plantation farming

Mangaluru: As part of the nationwide Vikasit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan being held from May 29 to June 12, the ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) is leading efforts to empower the farming community to enhance crop productivity, farmer profitability, and environmental sustainability through field-level engagement and science-backed interventions. Dr K Balachandra Hebbar, director of ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod, said that the campaign involves collaboration between CPCRI scientists, nearby ICAR institutes, the state department of agriculture, ATMA, other line departments, and Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs). Outreach teams are covering 80 to 90 villages per district, with each team engaging with two to three panchayats daily to provide farmers with practical solutions on crop management, soil health, and resource use. It is also highlighted that with the adoption of scientific technologies, it is possible to increase the yield of plantation crops by 10%, which would ultimately position India as the Food Basket of the World. In coconut alone, with 22 lakh hectares under cultivation, even a 10-nut increase per palm from the current average of 60 could yield 385 crore additional nuts annually, translating to an estimated Rs 3,850 crore boost in farmer revenue. A major thrust of the initiative is encouraging farmers to replace low-yielding varieties with high-yielding, climate-resilient varieties of coconut, arecanut, and cocoa. CPCRI has developed several effective coconut and arecanut-based cropping/farming system models that significantly enhance farm productivity, profitability, and climate resilience. One notable model is the coconut + black pepper + banana + pineapple system, the adoption of which has shown a net return of Rs 3.5 to Rs 4 lakh per hectare per year, which is two to three times higher than that from a sole coconut crop. At present, it is adopted in 10% of the area, but there is a huge scope to expand it to other areas. Another successful model is the arecanut + black pepper + cocoa + banana system. It provides a steady income throughout the year, with net returns reaching Rs 4.4 to Rs 10 lakh per hectare annually. Making trenches between coconut rows and incorporating organic waste like husks and leaves to conserve moisture and improve soil health results in a 20–30% yield increase. This system is more resilient to dry spells and contributes to sustainable production with minimal external inputs, making it especially beneficial for smallholder farmers in dry regions. Microbial consortium and customised nutrient mixtures like Kalpa Poshak and Kalpa Vardhini for young and mature palms, respectively, contribute to balanced plant nutrition, which is essential for sustained yield and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance.

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