
Japanese version of U.S. CDC launched for future pandemics
The Japan Institute for Health Security, modeled on the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was launched Tuesday to prepare for future infectious disease crises.
The institute was created through the merge of the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, or NIID, and the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, or NCGM. It will be responsible for information analysis, research and crisis response related to infectious diseases.
Legislation to set up the new body was enacted during the ordinary parliamentary session in 2023, based on lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic, in which Japan was unable to act quickly, including in developing vaccines and drugs.
Norihiro Kokudo, who was president of the NCGM, became the first head of the new institute, while Takaji Wakita, who was director-general of the NIID, assumed the post of deputy head.
The new institute, whose abbreviated name is JIHS, will collect information on infectious diseases and conduct risk assessments in normal times while reporting scientific findings to the government.
In the event of an infectious disease outbreak, it will work with the government to develop drugs and vaccines and draw up guidelines for medical treatment.

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NHK
4 hours ago
- NHK
Scientists in race to fight drug resistance
What happens if antibiotics stop working? The scientific world describes this threat to global health as antimicrobial resistance, or AMR. One study warns more than 39 million people could die by 2050 unless further measures are taken. Scientists from Japan and the United Kingdom have teamed up in the race to find a solution. Dr. Tamura Tsuyoshi sees plenty of patients at his Tokyo clinic who present with the common cold. He does not prescribe antibiotics for them because the drugs are ineffective against a virus. Nevertheless, some patients want them. "There are patients who feel secure when they take antibiotics," he says, adding, "I cannot refuse them unless I completely rule out a bacterial infection." Dr. Tamura Tsuyoshi of Tamura Clinic in Tokyo Tamura runs tests to identify the cause of his patients' illnesses to help determine the best treatment. He makes a conscious effort to avoid over-prescribing antibiotics. Bacteria are constantly evolving: changing their membranes to keep drugs out, expelling drugs, or altering drugs' targets to render antibiotics ineffective. The overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics are key drivers in accelerating that process – making AMR a global problem. Core of modern medicine Dr. Matsunaga Nobuaki is an AMR expert at the Japan Institute for Health Security. He warns that if antibiotics stop working, the effects would be far-reaching. Dr. Matsunaga Nobuaki is an AMR expert at the Japan Institute for Health Security. "People need to realize that antibiotics are the infrastructure behind all modern medical care," he says. "If people can't use them, then cancer patients are at risk, not just from cancer, but infectious diseases. Also, doctors need to consider the risk of resistant bacteria when they do surgery." Patients undergoing surgery are routinely administered antibiotics to prevent infection, including women giving birth by cesarean section. Cancer patients whose immune systems are weakened by chemotherapy are also at risk. Developing new antibiotics While the appropriate use of antibiotics is essential to tackle AMR, there is also a need for new antibiotics to replace those that have become ineffective. According to the World Health Organization, the matter is urgent. Research institutions in both Japan and the UK are teaming up to try and meet this challenge. Dr. Alicia Demirjian is an infectious disease specialist from the UK Health Security Agency who visited Japan in February. The country used to be a medical powerhouse back in the 1980s, and she says it has the potential to reclaim that mantle. Dr. Alicia Demirjian, UK Health Security Agency, fourth from left, in Japan "I think we can rely on some of the science that has been done before," she says. "The fact that the public is aware that there have been some very strong Japanese scientists to build on this and bring back the notion that AMR is an important topic, infectious diseases are an important topic, and we know it is possible within Japan." Dr. Alicia Demirjian, UK Health Security Agency Matsunaga and Demirjian visited Japanese institutions that could make a difference, including Kitasato University in Tokyo. The laboratories there have collected soil from across Japan, isolating hundreds of microorganisms with the goal of seeing if any can be used to make new drugs. A collaboration is now underway with the University of Warwick in the UK. A researcher outlines the laboratory work to Matsunaga, third from left, and Demirjian, fourth from left. Kitasato University's President Sunazuka Toshiaki says while the basic research is underway, finding new compounds with potential is a long, difficult process. "The project offers us a good chance, and I think we can have a win-win relationship," he says of the joint enterprise. Private companies are also involved. Pharmaceutical firm Shionogi is behind one of the latest antibiotics that works against drug-resistant bacteria. It was approved in the United States in 2019. With approval of the antibiotic's safety and efficacy, it is now used in 26 countries and regions. Shionogi vice chairperson Sawada Takuko told Matsunaga and Demirjian that many companies around the world do not work on developing antibiotics because it is simply not profitable. Sawada Takuko, Vice Chairperson of the Board, Shionogi Sawada notes some fledgling drug companies have gone bankrupt even after the successful development and launch of products to market, which risks discouraging progress. "If young researchers saw that situation, why can they choose infectious disease area for their research?" she says. Sawada is calling for more government support to sustain the development of new antibiotics. Matsunaga and Demirjian meet with Sawada. Market challenges In countries like Japan and the UK, governments are allocating funds towards the production of new medicines to tackle AMR. Japan is investing 1.3 billion yen or more than $9 million annually as incentives for firms that have launched drugs targeting a specific type of drug resistant bacteria onto the market. The way in which new antibiotics are introduced ― and saved for use at appropriate times ― makes it a long, expensive process. Overusing newly developed drugs would feed into the existing problem. Raising awareness At a workshop hosted by Matsunaga and Demirjian, participants discussed how to raise public awareness of AMR. "I think we all now have some homework," says Demirjian. "We have to go back within our respective organizations, continue the advocacy work that needs to be done and then continue to touch base every now and then so that we can keep progressing the work." Reducing AMR's death toll The estimated number of deaths associated with AMR was nearly five million in 2019. Last year, world leaders at the United Nations committed to reducing that total by 10 percent by 2030. For now, the WHO wants countries to develop and implement their own AMR action plans. But lower- and middle-income countries have difficulty funding the required initiatives, and also struggle to get testing kits and appropriate medicines. Inadequate sanitation on top of those issues creates a perfect storm for the growth of resistant bacteria. AMR used to be called a "silent pandemic." Many researchers have dropped that name now that it has become an urgent problem with grave consequences.


The Mainichi
7 hours ago
- The Mainichi
RFK Jr. ousts entire CDC vaccine advisory committee
Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. on Monday removed every member of a scientific committee that advises the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on how to use vaccines and pledged to replace them with his own picks. Major physicians and public health groups criticized the move to oust all 17 members of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Kennedy, who was one of the nation's leading anti-vaccine activists before becoming the nation's top health official, has not said who he would appoint to the panel, but said it would convene in just two weeks in Atlanta. Although it's typically not viewed as a partisan board, the entire current roster of committee members were Biden appointees. "Without removing the current members, the current Trump administration would not have been able to appoint a majority of new members until 2028," Kennedy wrote in a Wall Street Journal opinion piece. "A clean sweep is needed to re-establish public confidence in vaccine science." When reached by phone, the panel's now-former chair -- Dr. Helen Keipp Talbot of Vanderbilt University -- declined to comment. But another panel member, Noel Brewer at the University of North Carolina, said he and other committee members received an email late Monday afternoon that said their services on the committee had been terminated but gave no reason. "I'd assumed I'd continue serving on the committee for my full term," said Brewer, who joined the panel last summer. Brewer is a behavioral scientist whose research examines why people get vaccinated and ways to improve vaccination coverage. Whether people get vaccinated is largely influenced by what their doctors recommend, and doctors have been following ACIP guidance. "Up until today, ACIP recommendations were the gold standard for what insurers should pay for, what providers should recommend, and what the public should look to," he said. But Kennedy already took the unusual step of changing COVID-19 recommendations without first consulting the committee -- a move criticized by doctors' groups and public health advocates. "It's unclear what the future holds," Brewer said. "Certainly provider organizations have already started to turn away from ACIP." Kennedy said the committee members had too many conflicts of interest. Currently, committee members are required to declare any potential such conflicts, as well as business interests, that arise during their tenure. They also must disclose any possible conflicts at the start of each public meeting. But Dr. Tom Frieden, president and CEO of Resolve to Save Lives and former director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said Kennedy's actions were based on false conflict-of-interest claims and set "a dangerous and unprecedented action that makes our families less safe" by potentially reducing vaccine access for millions of people. "Make no mistake: Politicizing the ACIP as Secretary Kennedy is doing will undermine public trust under the guise of improving it," he said in a statement. "We'll look back at this as a grave mistake that sacrificed decades of scientific rigor, undermined public trust, and opened the door for fringe theories rather than facts." Dr. Georges Benjamin, executive director of the American Public Health Association, called Kennedy's mass ouster "a coup." "It's not how democracies work. It's not good for the health of the nation," Benjamin told The Associated Press. Benjamin said the move raises real concerns about whether future committee members will be viewed as impartial. He added that Kennedy is going against what he told lawmakers and the public, and the public health association plans to watch Kennedy "like a hawk." "He is breaking a promise," Benjamin said. "He said he wasn't going to do this." Dr. Bruce A. Scott, president of the American Medical Association, called the committee a trusted source of science- and data-driven advice and said Kennedy's move, coupled with declining vaccination rates across the country, will help drive an increase in vaccine-preventable diseases. "Today's action to remove the 17 sitting members of ACIP undermines that trust and upends a transparent process that has saved countless lives," Scott said in a statement. Republican Sen. Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, a doctor who had expressed reservations about Kennedy's nomination but voted to install him as the nation's health secretary nonetheless, said he had spoken with Kennedy moments after the announcement. "Of course, now the fear is that the ACIP will be filled up with people who know nothing about vaccines except suspicion," Cassidy said in a social media post. "I've just spoken with Secretary Kennedy, and I'll continue to talk with him to ensure this is not the case." The committee had been in a state of flux since Kennedy took over. Its first meeting this year had been delayed when the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services abruptly postponed its February meeting. During Kennedy's confirmation, Cassidy had expressed concerns about preserving the committee, saying he had sought assurances that Kennedy would keep the panel's current vaccine recommendations.


Japan Today
4 days ago
- Japan Today
Who's in charge? CDC's leadership 'crisis' apparent amid new COVID-19 vaccine guidance
This image from video provided by the Department of Health and Human Services shows Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. speaking alongside Food and Drug Administration administrator Dr. Martin Makary, left, and Dr. Jay Bhattacharya, director of the National Institutes of Health, as they announce that the government would no longer endorse the COVID-19 vaccine for healthy children or pregnant women. (Health and Human Services via AP) By AMANDA SEITZ and MIKE STOBBE There was a notable absence last week when U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F Kennedy Jr announced in a 58-second video that the government would no longer endorse the COVID-19 vaccine for healthy children or pregnant women. The director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention — the person who typically signs off on federal vaccine recommendations — was nowhere to be seen. The CDC, a $9.2 billion-a-year agency tasked with reviewing life-saving vaccines, monitoring diseases and watching for budding threats to Americans' health, is without a clear leader. 'I've been disappointed that we haven't had an aggressive director since — February, March, April, May — fighting for the resources that CDC needs,' said Dr. Robert Redfield, who served as CDC director under the first Trump administration and supported Kennedy's nomination as the nation's health secretary. The leadership vacuum at a foremost federal public health agency has existed for months, after President Donald Trump suddenly withdrew his first pick for CDC director in March. A hearing for his new nominee — the agency's former acting director Susan Monarez — has not been scheduled because she has not submitted all the paperwork necessary to proceed, according to a spokesman for Sen. Bill Cassidy, R-La., who will oversee the nomination. HHS did not answer written questions about Monarez's nomination, her current role at the CDC or her salary. An employee directory lists Monarez, a longtime government employee, as a staffer for the NIH under the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health. Redfield described Kennedy as 'very supportive' of Monarez's nomination. Instead, a lawyer and political appointee with no medical experience is 'carrying out some of the duties' of director at the agency that for seven decades has been led by someone with a medical degree. Matthew Buzzelli, who is also the chief of staff at the CDC, is 'surrounded by highly qualified medical professionals and advisors to help fulfill these duties as appropriate,' Andrew Nixon, an HHS spokesperson said in a statement. Adding to the confusion was an employee-wide email sent last week that thanked 'new acting directors who have stepped up to the plate." The email, signed by Monarez, listed her as the acting director. It was was sent just days after Kennedy said at a Senate hearing that Monarez had been replaced by Buzzelli. The lack of a confirmed director will be a problem if a public health emergency such as the COVID-19 pandemic or a rapid uptick in measles cases hits, said Michael Osterholm, an epidemiologist at the University of Minnesota. 'CDC is a crisis, waiting for a crisis to happen,' said Osterholm. 'At this point, I couldn't tell you for the life of me who was going to pull what trigger in a crisis situation." At CDC headquarters in Atlanta, employees say Monarez was rarely heard from between late January – when she was appointed acting director – and late March, when Trump nominated her. She also has not held any of the 'all hands' meetings that were customary under previous CDC chiefs, according to several staffers. One employee, who insisted on anonymity because they were not authorized to speak to the media and fears being fired if identified said Monarez has been almost invisible since her nomination, adding that her absence has been cited by other leaders as an excuse for delaying action. The situation already has led to confusion. In April, a 15-member CDC advisory panel of outside experts met to discuss vaccine policy. The panel makes recommendations to the CDC Director, who routinely signs off on them. But it was unclear during the meeting who would be reviewing the panel's recommendations, which included the expansion of RSV vaccinations for adults and a new combination shot as another option to protect teens against meningitis. HHS officials said the recommendations were going to Buzzelli, but then weeks passed with no decision. A month after the meeting ended, the CDC posted on a web site that Kennedy had signed off on recommendations for travelers against chikungunya, a viral disease transmitted to humans by mosquitos. But there continues to be no word about a decision about the other vaccine recommendations. The problem was accentuated again last week, when Kennedy rolled out recommendations for the COVID-19 vaccine saying they were no longer recommended for healthy children or pregnant women, even though expectant mothers are considered a high-risk group if they contract the virus. Kennedy made the surprise announcement without input from the CDC advisory panel that has historically made recommendations on the nation's vaccine schedule. The CDC days later posted revised guidance that said healthy kids and pregnant women may get the shots. Nixon, the HHS spokesman, said CDC staff were consulted on the recommendations, but would not provide staffer's names or titles. He also did not provide the specific data or research that Kennedy reviewed to reach his conclusion on the new COVID-19 recommendations, just weeks after he said that he did not think 'people should be taking medical advice' from him. 'As Secretary Kennedy said, there is a clear lack of data to support the repeat booster strategy in children,' Nixon said in a statement. Research shows that pregnant women are at higher risk of severe illness, mechanical ventilation and death, when they contract COVID-19 infections. During the height of the pandemic, deaths of women during pregnancy or shortly after childbirth soared to their highest level in 50 years. Vaccinations also have been recommended for pregnant women because it passes immunity to newborns who are too young for vaccines and also vulnerable to infections. Nixon did not address a written question about recommendations for pregnant women. Kennedy's decision to bypass the the advisory panel and announce new COVID-19 recommendations on his own prompted a key CDC official who works with the committee – Dr. Lakshmi Panagiotakopoulos – to announce her resignation last Friday. 'My career in public health and vaccinology started with a deep-seated desire to help the most vulnerable members of our population, and that is not something I am able to continue doing in this role,' she wrote in an email seen by an Associated Press reporter. Signs are mounting that the CDC has been 'sidelined' from key decision-making under Kennedy's watch, said Dr. Anand Parekh, the chief medical adviser for The Bipartisan Policy Center. 'It's difficult to ascertain how we will reverse the chronic disease epidemic or be prepared for myriad public health emergencies without a strong CDC and visible, empowered director,' Parekh said. 'It's also worth noting that every community in the country is served by a local or state public health department that depends on the scientific expertise of the CDC and the leadership of the CDC director.' © Copyright 2025 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without permission.