
High-level Indian delegation visits Cairo to boost India-Egypt defence ties
During their visit, the delegation held several meetings and productive discussions with Egyptian Defence Authorities such as the Air Defence Chief for Armament, the Chairman Arab Organisation for Industrialisation, and the Chief of Staff of the Egyptian Air Force.
C. Sushma, the Charge d'Affaires at the Embassy of India in Cairo, and Defence Attache Group Captain Perminder Antil also joined the discussions along with Eng Emeil Helmy Elyes, Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors at the National Authority for Military Production and Managing Director of Egypt which focused on building closer defence ties between both nations.
"Egyptian side appreciated the briefing on the significant advances in India's Defence manufacturing Industry, with special focus on reliability, affordability and high quality of India's Defence Products. Both sides committed to closer collaboration on various aspects of defence industrial collaboration. This is yet another demonstration of close and growing defence related exchanges between India and Egypt," the Embassy of India in Cairo posted on X.
Egypt and India enjoy cordial defence relations. After a brief hiatus due to the Covid pandemic, numerous defence delegations - including aircraft and naval ship transits - have visited Egypt since June 2021.
During his visit to Egypt in September 2022, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh called on Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and held bilateral discussions with former Egyptian Minister of Defence Mohamed Zaki. An agreement on defence cooperation was also signed during the visit, which remains a milestone in bilateral ties.
The first ever IAF-EAF Joint Tactical Air Exercise, 'Desert Warrior', was held in Cairo in October 2021. For the first time, an Indian Air Force contingent with three Su-30MKI and two C-17s also participated in the Tactical Leadership Programme (TLP) of the Egyptian Air Force held in June-July 2022.
In May 2023, the Indian and Egyptian Air Forces conducted a joint exercise at an Egyptian airbase, aimed at strengthening military cooperation between the two countries. India also participated for the first time in the multilateral tri-service exercise 'Bright Star-2023' led by US CENTCOM and the Egyptian Army, held in August 2023.
A bilateral air force exercise with four Rafale aircraft of IAF took place in June 2024 in Egypt. The IAF-EAF also participated in the 8th Tactical Leadership Programme in 2024 at Cairo West Airbase, Egypt. The Egyptian Navy participated in the Multilateral Indian Naval Exercise MILAN-2024 in February 2024.
The third edition of 'Exercise Cyclone', a joint exercise between Special Forces of India and Egypt, was held in February 2025.
The Egyptian delegation also participated in Aero-India 2025 in February 2025.
Egypt continues to be a major transit hub for Indian aircrafts and naval vessels enroute/returning from overhauls as well as military exercises in the European region and Atlantic. In the past few years, a number of Indian Air Force aircraft and Indian Navy ships have visited or transited through Egypt.
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Scroll.in
26 minutes ago
- Scroll.in
Sri Lanka will have to navigate geo-political tides as it pivots from tourism to maritime trade
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Indian Express
an hour ago
- Indian Express
What is driving rural distress in India?
— Ritwika Patgiri The Government has recently imposed a cap of 60 per cent on the spending under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) for the first half of the financial year 2025-26. Until now, the scheme has operated as a demand-driven programme with no such spending limit. The capping has been seen as a challenge for rural communities relying on it, especially during the lean agricultural season. It has also been argued that around 20 per cent of the first half's budget is usually spent on clearing pending wages of the previous year. The mandate comes at a time when data from the Ministry of Rural Development has shown a 4.5 per cent rise in households demanding work under MGNREGS between June 2024 and June 2025. In June 2024, around 26.39 million households sought work under the scheme in June 2024, which rose to 27.59 million in June this year. The year 2025 marks two decades since the implementation of MGNREGS, which aimed to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to one member of every Indian rural household. The scheme was implemented against the backdrop of declining real agricultural wages after the 1991 economic liberalisation. MGNREGS (based on MGNREG Act, 2005) also came against the backdrop of rural development policies shaped for poverty reduction and capital formation. The scheme sustained over the years, and notably during Covid-19 lockdown absorbed a large number of returning migrant workers. However, in recent years, the scheme faced issues such as inadequate budget allocation and delayed wage disbursement. As of 2018-19, only 7.4 per cent of rural households, on average, availed of 100 days of work. In 2023-24, an average MGNREGS household worked only for 52 days. Since the pandemic, there has been a rise in the number of people demanding MGNREGS work. However, the growing gap between the demand for work and its availability underlines a larger rural distress, where finding employment since the lockdown has become difficult. Data from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) highlights key indicators of this distress: — Rural wage contraction — High rural inflation — High demand for employment under MGNREGA, and — Sluggish rural consumption. These issues are closely linked to the developments in the agriculture sector. Agriculture remains India's largest sector for employment, accounting for 46 per cent in 2023-24, while contributing only 16 per cent to the country's GDP. During the last eight years, the real Gross Value Added (GVA) of agriculture has increased by 4.9 per cent. The projected growth rate of agriculture in FY 2025 is 4.6 per cent compared to 2.7 per cent in FY 2024. Nonetheless, despite this, real wages of agricultural workers have largely remained stagnant. The projections for growth are based on a good Kharif harvest and are contingent on an equally positive Rabi (winter) harvest, which is largely dependent on climatic conditions. In India, the agricultural workforce consists of cultivators and agricultural labourers. Agricultural labourers work on land owned by others in return of wages, paid in cash or kind. Cultivators, on the other hand, own land or operate land through lease or contracts. The stagnation in real wages of agricultural workers, along with an increase in agriculture's share of employment from 42.5 per cent in 2018-19 to 46.1 per cent in 2023-24, reveals issues within the sector and the broader Indian economy. The 'buffer' or 'fallback' nature of agriculture became evident during the Covid-19 pandemic and the lockdown. Studies have found how rural households went back to agriculture in the absence of other alternatives during the lockdown. Migrant workers returning to their respective areas also took up agricultural work as a 'fallback' option. This shows that agriculture remains important for rural labour. At the same time, sustained agricultural growth and rise in farmers' income are dependent on public investment and structural reforms in the sector. According to NABARD's All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (2021-22), the average monthly income of agricultural households was Rs 13,661 compared to Rs 11,438 of non-agricultural households. For agricultural households, income from cultivation forms one-third of the total income and is the primary source. Agricultural households have also shown more diversification into other income sources as compared to non-agricultural households. The story of the emergence of non-farm employment among rural households is closely related to the transformation of the rural economy post-Green Revolution. India's economic growth between the 1960s and 1980s has been termed by the late economist Raj Krishna as the 'Hindu rate of growth', referring to the low economic growth that averaged around 4 per cent. During the 1960s, the growth rate of agriculture was around 1 per cent annually, which increased slightly to 2.2 per cent between 1968-69 and 1975-76. The Green Revolution of the early 1970s helped the country achieve food sufficiency in foodgrains like rice and wheat. However, the impact of this revolution was uneven, evident in: — Rising regional disparities — Neglect of rainfed areas — Neglect of nutritional crops, like millets, and non-food grains, and — Exclusion of resource-poor farmers Moreover, it also raised concerns about issues of ecological degradation and long-term environmental sustainability. Another debate around the Green Revolution in India has been around its role in the emergence of the rural non-farm sector. The mainstream view holds that Green Revolution technologies, by boosting agricultural productivity and farmers' income, create consumption linkages that generate demand for goods and services produced by small-scale, labour-intensive rural entities. This, in turn, creates backward linkages and spurs demand for agro-processing goods. Studies indicate that states like Punjab, Haryana, and West Bengal have benefitted from such growth patterns. However, there's a flipside to it – a contrasting perspective suggests that because of rising input costs and uneven distribution of the benefits of the Green Revolution, many rural households were pushed to opt for alternative non-farm sources of income. Hence, it has been argued that rural non-farm employment was often driven by distress. In fact, the nature of the emergence of the rural non-farm economy is contentious. There is, however, evidence that a large number of farmers are increasingly relying on borrowing to manage their agricultural activities as a result of rising costs of cultivation, including the cost of labour, fertilizers, and machinery. The larger question on the current rural distress indicates that despite growth in the agricultural sector, rural workers struggle to find adequate employment. While supply side policies like easing credit access, reducing direct taxes (like corporate taxes), and promoting the ease of doing business are important, they fall short of addressing the basic concerns of job creation and the quality of employment available to rural workers. MGNREGS, for instance, was implemented on the basis of a legal right to employment. But the spending cap neglects the demand-driven nature of the scheme. Moreover, public investment in agriculture needs to be scaled up, particularly in areas like irrigation, storage, and climate-resilient farming practices. Both MGNREGA and agriculture acted as 'fallback' options during the pandemic-induced lockdown, a fact that cannot be overlooked in future policy decisions. Examine the impact of the recent cap 60 per cent on MGNREGS spending on rural employment and livelihoods. What do you think could be the possible implications of spending cap on the scheme? Despite growth in agriculture, rural workers continue to face employment challenges. Discuss the structural issues underlying this paradox. MGNREGS functioned as a safety net during times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 lockdown. Comment. Discuss the role of MGNREGS and agriculture as 'fallback' options in the rural labour market. What does this indicate about the state of rural employment in India? (Ritwika Patgiri is a doctoral candidate at the Faculty of Economics, South Asian University.) Share your thoughts and ideas on UPSC Special articles with Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.


Time of India
an hour ago
- Time of India
US public schools are losing students fast: What it means for teachers, budgets, and students
The future of public education in the United States is shifting, and the numbers back it up. According to the data from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), national public school enrolment is not only lower than it was before the COVID-19 pandemic, but it is also projected to keep declining for years to come. While these numbers vary state by state, the broader story reveals demographic pressures, policy shifts, and long-term consequences for students, teachers, and state budgets. The data from NCES gives us a clear view of how enrolment trends have evolved since 2012 and what to expect in the decade ahead. A million fewer students since 2020 Between the 2020 and 2024 academic years, US public schools lost 1.28 million students, a 2.5% drop in total enrolment. Some of the steepest declines came from states already facing demographic challenges. New York, California, Mississippi, and West Virginia each lost more than 5% of their student population. Only nine states saw any growth during that period, and even those gains were modest. North Dakota, for example, was the only state with an increase above 2%. These numbers reflect the uneven landscape of American education, shaped by cost-of-living shifts, migration patterns, and the expanding role of alternative schooling models. by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like Why Seniors Are Snapping Up This TV Box, We Explain! Techno Mag Learn More Undo A post-pandemic plateau and now, renewed decline After hitting a low in 2021, enrolment inched upwards in 2022 and 2023. However, the recovery was short-lived. In 2024, NCES data shows that public schools again saw a net loss of over 102,000 students nationwide. Thirty-nine states recorded year-over-year declines. States like West Virginia, Arkansas, and Wyoming experienced some of the sharpest losses, with enrolment shrinking by up to 1.7%. Even states that posted modest gains such as New Jersey, South Carolina, and North Dakota saw growth under 1%. What is important to note is that this is not just a pandemic aftershock. It is part of a broader recalibration of public education that was already underway in many states well before 2020. From growth to reversal: The long view Between 2012 and 2020, enrolment in US public schools grew by 1.3 million students, a 2.6% increase. North Dakota (19%), Utah (14.3%), and Nevada (13%) led that growth. But the pandemic disrupted this momentum in ways that appear long-lasting. In Oregon, for example, enrolment rose by 7.5% between 2012 and 2020, only to fall by 6.2% between 2020 and 2024. Washington experienced a similar pattern, gaining 9.2% over eight years and losing 4.2% in the four years that followed. Some states, including California and New York, had relatively flat enrolment in the years leading up to the pandemic, but began to see sharper declines after 2020. What lies ahead for public schools Looking forward, NCES projections show public school enrolment will continue to fall, declining to approximately 46.9 million students by 2032. That marks a projected 5.3% drop from 2024 levels. States such as Hawaii, California, Mississippi, New Mexico, and New York are expected to lose more than 12% of their students in that period. Only 13 states are expected to see any increase in student numbers, which raises difficult questions about how to manage resources in areas facing population decline and how to scale infrastructure in areas where student numbers are rising. What this means for students and schools These shifts go beyond just numbers. Declining enrolment affects everything from school staffing and teacher recruitment to district funding models and building utilisation. Some districts have already begun consolidating schools, closing campuses, and reallocating resources. The NCES data underscores the need for policymakers to rethink long-term strategies around student distribution, staffing ratios, and the financial viability of school systems. The enrolment decline also intersects with broader debates around homeschooling, charter school growth, and how families make decisions about education. The COVID-19 pandemic may have accelerated trends already in motion, but the underlying forces behind shrinking public school enrolment are structural and ongoing. For educators, students, and policymakers, understanding these shifts is essential. The NCES data offers a roadmap for navigating what comes next. As the education landscape changes, so too must the conversations around it. For now, one thing is clear: in 2025, public school enrolment in the US is not just fluctuating, it is fundamentally evolving. TOI Education is on WhatsApp now. Follow us here . Ready to navigate global policies? Secure your overseas future. Get expert guidance now!