Can Beirut's new bus network succeed where past reforms failed?

Arab News

3 days ago

LONDON: On Beirut's congested roads, where traffic crawls and crumbling infrastructure testifies to decades of neglect, a new rhythm is quietly taking shape.
Sleek, navy-blue buses — equipped with GPS, air conditioning and modern fare systems — now trundle through the city's chaos, offering a welcome glimpse of efficiency. Whether they can truly deliver long-term impact, however, remains uncertain.
For decades, Lebanon's public transportation system has been an informal patchwork dominated by private minibuses and shared taxis. Now, the government is attempting to reassert control through a partnership with a private company aimed at modernizing the daily commute.
The new fleet operates on 11 routes, primarily across Greater Beirut, but also extending to parts of northern, southern and eastern Lebanon. A private logistics firm, Ahdab Commuting and Trading Co., manages day-to-day operations under a public-private partnership model.
• France donated 50 of the buses currently in use across Greater Beirut and beyond.
• A network of private vans and minibuses run fixed routes without schedules or stops.
• The 2024 Israel-Hezbollah conflict damaged Lebanon's transport infrastructure.
While the initiative shows promise, commuters are aware of its limitations.
'Overall, you'll mostly notice the impact of public transit inside the major cities, but even there, the system still heavily relies on taxis,' Mohammed Ali Diab, a Beirut-based journalist, told Arab News.
'Most taxis operate on a shared-ride basis unless a passenger specifically requests a private ride.'
Passengers typically say 'service' to request a shared taxi, paying a flat fare — usually around 200,000 Lebanese pounds, or $2 — while the driver continues picking up others along the same route.
'In Beirut, there are also vans, but their routes are limited and fixed,' Diab added. 'They don't operate citywide.'
These vans and buses, he noted, are primarily used by working-class commuters and students, largely due to their affordability.
Beyond Beirut, shared taxis and buses connect major cities such as Tripoli, Tyre and Sidon. But in rural and mountainous regions, Diab said, residents still depend on private cars.
That dependence is becoming increasingly unviable. The World Bank's Beirut office recently warned that Lebanon's 'reliance on private vehicles is increasingly unsustainable,' particularly amid rising poverty rates and vehicle-operation costs.
Lebanon is reeling from one of the world's worst economic crises since 1850, according to the World Bank. Since 2019, currency collapse and high inflation have wiped out savings, shrunk incomes and pushed millions of people into poverty.
A 2024 World Bank report revealed that poverty has more than tripled over the past decade, now affecting 44 percent of the population. A separate study by Walid Marrouch, an economics professor at the Lebanese American University, found that at least 60 percent of citizens live below the poverty line.
Against this economic backdrop, the government's partnership with ACTC represents a promising policy shift.
In 2023, the company won a competitive bid launched by the Ministry of Public Works to operate the bus system under specific contractual conditions. As part of the deal, ACTC contributes 10 percent of its revenues to the ministry.
Despite the financial risks, ACTC leaders believe in the project's potential. 'We took a risk during a difficult time and invested in a project that's close to our hearts — one we believe adds real value to the country,' Aoni Ahdab, the ACTC CEO, told Lebanese media. 'We're hopeful it will succeed.'
The service officially launched in July 2024, despite regional instability and periodic hostilities between Israel and the militant group Hezbollah that temporarily disrupted routes. Israel's escalation of attacks from September through late November did not halt the project.
The 2024 conflict caused heavy damage to Lebanon's transport infrastructure. The World Bank estimates $1 billion is needed for infrastructure sectors, including transport, within an $11 billion national recovery plan.
Much of the new fleet's foundation was laid earlier. In 2022, France donated 50 buses to Lebanon, with more expected. Meanwhile, the Railway and Public Transport Authority refurbished 45 vehicles locally, raising the operational fleet to 95 — a modest but tangible effort to ease the transportation burden.
Although the ACTC contract did not mandate fleet upgrades, the company voluntarily refurbished and standardized the buses, repainting them in navy blue for easy identification and installing safety and tracking technologies.
To test viability, a pilot phase launched in April. Buses operated from 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. daily to assess travel times, stop durations and operational needs. The goal was to ensure departures every 25 minutes.
Pricing was designed to be accessible. Fares vary by distance: 70,000 Lebanese pounds within Beirut, 100,000 to Baabda, and 150,000 to Tripoli, according to local passengers.
Riders can purchase single-use tickets or opt for rechargeable cards. For now, those without cards can still pay drivers directly and receive a scannable paper ticket.
As Beirut confronts long-standing infrastructure challenges, this initiative is viewed as cautious progress. Yet its success will depend on earning public trust and expanding service sustainably.
Initial data is encouraging. Ziad Nasr, head of Lebanon's public transport authority, told AFP last month that daily ridership has risen to around 4,500 passengers, up from just a few hundred at launch.
Authorities hope to expand service further, including routes to Beirut's airport, but additional buses and international support will be needed.
However, the rollout has not been smooth. Resistance from private transport operators, who view the initiative as a threat to their livelihoods, has been fierce.
According to local media, several buses were vandalized and drivers, especially on the Adlieh–Hadath University Campus route, faced threats and harassment toward the end of 2024. The Ministry of Public Works and security forces intervened to keep services running.
These tensions are symptomatic of deeper, long-standing issues. Lebanon's public transport sector has suffered for decades from weak oversight, overlapping private interests, chronic underfunding, and lack of strategic planning — all of which have repeatedly hindered reform efforts.
The roots of dysfunction stretch back to the civil war of 1975–1990, which devastated infrastructure and governance. In the years that followed, a car-dependent culture took hold. Even before the 2019 economic collapse, Lebanon was already struggling with failing power grids, unsafe roads and limited water access.
Beyond reducing congestion and improving mobility, public transportation could also play a key role in environmental reform — an often overlooked priority in Lebanon. A World Bank climate and development report noted that the transport sector is the country's second-largest source of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, second only to the energy sector.
Indeed, in cities like Beirut, poor air quality is a growing concern. Frequent traffic jams and widespread use of diesel-powered generators — especially during routine blackouts — have worsened pollution and related health risks.
On the upside, there are signs of innovation. In Zahle, east of Beirut, four hybrid buses are already operating, Nabil Mneimne of the UN Development Program told AFP in June.
More progress is expected this year. Lebanon's first fully electric buses, powered by a solar charging system, are set to launch between Beirut and the northern city of Jbeil.
A longer-term roadmap for reform has also been laid out. A 2022 World Bank report on improving public transport in Lebanon, Jordan, and Iraq outlined key recommendations. These included unifying bus operators, creating a fund to buy back public licenses, implementing intelligent transport systems, and developing a national road safety strategy.
The report also urged the government to adopt 'quick-win' solutions to improve the user experience — such as reliable schedules, journey-planning apps, real-time tracking, and updated data to enable effective planning.
Together, these steps could help Lebanon transform its transportation landscape — if the political will and public support can be sustained.