Azania has no link to South Africa; it's to do with slavery in East Africa

Mail & Guardian

16-07-2025

The word Azania is used as a symbolic rejection of apartheid and white supremacy. Photo: Oupa Nkosi/M&G
There is no link between the name 'Azania' and the indigenous people of South Africa
The proposal of a constitutional amendment by the African Transformation Movement (ATM) to change the name of South Africa to the 'Republic of Azania' is nonsensical, unnecessary and irrelevant to the inhabitants of this place.
We should be asking ourselves where the word 'Azania' originates from, which language and how it is related to the people of South Africa. There are no cultural, historical or linguistic connections to the name.
It was during my time as a young activist in the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) that I was firmly convinced that South Africa should be renamed Azania. I had been persuaded by the argument that 'South' was merely a geographical direction and therefore did not have substantive cultural and historical connections befitting a nation's identity.
I later realised that my comprehension of the word 'Azania' was limited to its use in Pan Africanist and Black Consciousness discourses.
The name 'Azania' has no historical or cultural connection to my people. It was never part of our vocabulary or identity. The term did not exist in our oral traditions or historical records, and my community had never encountered it before modern political movements began to invoke it.
The pre-colonial society in what is now South Africa was home to various independent kingdoms and queendoms, each governed by its rulers. I descend from the Bahurutshe, one of the largest sub-groups of the Batswana people, who previously occupied the area now known as the Marico region or Zeerust.
Our ancestors referred to their kingdom as Kaditshwene (a place of baboons) and Tshwenyane (a little baboon), an ancient twin-city settlement that thrived from 1300 to 1884. Like many other indigenous polities, it functioned as a sovereign polity, free from foreign or external domination.
There was a shift in the geopolitical landscape after the Berlin Conference of 1884, where European powers gathered to partition Africa among themselves, laying the foundation for the modern nation-states we recognise today. As a result, the various kingdoms were forced to adapt to these new political realities and form countries under Western-imposed frameworks.
A country known as the Union of South Africa was established in 1910, led and governed by white minority rule. A referendum was held in 1960, in which white South Africans decided to leave the Commonwealth, become independent and call the country the Republic of South Africa. The new republic came into being on 31 May 1961.
While the name 'South Africa' is descriptive of a geographic location, the name gives a strong cultural, political and historical connection. It reminds us of different epochs in our history and how we interacted with other countries.
The use of the word South in the name of a country is not unique to South Africa; other countries have adopted names that are geographically descriptive such as South Sudan, Central African Republic (CAR), North and South Korea, North Macedonia and East Timor.
My discomfort at the name Azania was vindicated after I came across one of the compelling writings of South African freedom fighter and journalist Paul Trewhela, who is now based in the United Kingdom. Through his sharp historical analysis, he provides a well-substantiated account of the origins of the name 'Azania', demonstrating that it was a term imposed by slave traders/masters to demean the Black Africans in some parts of East Africa.
Trewhela contends that the name Azania does not bear any link to the indigenous people of South Africa and carries connotations or implications of oppression rather than liberation. His scholarship helped clarify that the name Azania lacks authentic historical, cultural, political, or linguistic connections to South Africa and its people.
'The name 'Azania' celebrates the centuries of enslavement of black Africans by Islamist Arab imperialism down the east coast of Africa. It is a disgrace for reactionary ideologists to be using this concocted name to replace the name South Africa,' he remarked.
This name, Azania, is primarily used by people who identify themselves as revolutionaries or radicals in South Africa's academic, political and social spheres. It is used by political formations such as the PAC, the Azanian People's Organisation, the Economic Freedom Fighters, and trade unions affiliated to the National Council of Trade Union, among others.
Just as I once did in the past, many of these individuals and groups adopt the term 'Azania' as a symbolic rejection of apartheid and white supremacy. Their chief motivation emanates from a desire to eliminate any association with the apartheid regime, including the name 'South Africa', which they regard as a legacy of colonialism and racial oppression.
Kenneth Mokgatlhe is a political analyst and consultant.