Methamphetamine trafficking surges from ‘Golden Triangle' region
Drug production and trafficking are continuing to surge in the infamous 'Golden Triangle', where the borders of Myanmar, Laos and Thailand meet, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has warned in a new report on the scale of the regional trade in synthetic drugs.
The UNODC said a record 236 tonnes of methamphetamine were seized last year in the East and Southeast Asia regions, marking a 24 percent increase in the amount of the narcotic seized compared with the previous year.
While Thailand became the first country in the region to seize more than 100 tonnes of methamphetamine in a single year last year – interdicting a total of 130 tonnes – trafficking of the drug from Myanmar's lawless Shan State is rapidly expanding in Laos and Cambodia, the UNODC said.
'The 236 tons represent only the amount seized; much more methamphetamine is actually reaching the market,' the UNODC's acting regional representative for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Benedikt Hofmann, said in a statement.
'While these seizures reflect, in part, successful law enforcement efforts, we are clearly seeing unprecedented levels of methamphetamine production and trafficking from the Golden Triangle, in particular Shan State,' Hofmann said.
Transnational drug gangs operating in East and Southeast Asia are also showing 'remarkable agility' in countering attempts by regional law enforcement to crack down on the booming trade in synthetic drugs.
Myanmar's grinding civil war, which erupted in mid-2021, has also provided favourable conditions for an expansion of the drug trade.
'Since the military takeover in Myanmar in February 2021, flows of drugs from the country have surged across not only East and Southeast Asia, but also increasingly into South Asia, in particular Northeast India,' the report states.
The UNODC's Inshik Sim, the lead analyst for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, said countries neighbouring Myanmar are becoming key trafficking routes for drugs produced in the Golden Triangle.
'The trafficking route connecting Cambodia with Myanmar, primarily through Laos PDR, has been rapidly expanding,' Sim said, using the acronym that is part of Laos's official name, the People's Democratic Republic.
'Another increasingly significant corridor involves maritime trafficking routes linking Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, with Sabah in Malaysia serving as a key transit hub,' he said.
Evolving, cell-based transnational organized crime groups based in East and #SoutheastAsia are increasingly adopting technologies across the entire drug supply chain while converging with other organized crime activities.
Read more in our latest report: https://t.co/oL416cuZJ3 pic.twitter.com/pqUfX5FmnF
— UNODC Southeast Asia-Pacific (@UNODC_SEAP) May 28, 2025The UNODC report also notes that while most countries in the region have reported an overall increase in the use of methamphetamine and ketamine – a powerful sedative – the number of drug users in the older age group has grown in some nations.
'Some countries in the region, such as Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand, have reported consecutive increases in the number of older drug users, while the number of younger users has declined,' the UNODC report states, adding that the age trend needed to be studied further.
The UNODC's Hofmann said the decline in the number of younger drug users admitted for treatment may be due to targeted drug use prevention campaigns.
'It will be key for the region to increase investment in both prevention and supply reduction strategies,' he added.
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Bokeo province, Laos – Khobby was living in Dubai last year when he received an intriguing message about a well-paying job working online in a far-flung corner of Southeast Asia. The salary was good, he was told. He would be working on computers in an office. The company would even foot the bill for his relocation to join the firm in Laos – a country of 7.6 million people nestled between China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Myanmar. With the company paying for his flights, Khobby decided to take the plunge. But his landing in Laos was anything but smooth. Khobby discovered that the promised dream job was rapidly becoming a nightmare when his Ghanaian passport was taken on arrival by his new employers. With his passport confiscated and threats of physical harm ever present, he endured months working inside a compound which he could not leave. The 21-year-old had become the latest victim of booming online cyber-scam operations in Southeast Asia – an industry that is believed to have enslaved tens of thousands of workers lured with the promise of decently paid jobs in online sales and the information technology industry. 'When I got there, I saw a lot of Africans in the office, with a lot of phones,' Khobby told Al Jazeera, recounting his arrival in Laos. 'Each person had 10 phones, 15 phones. That was when I realised this was a scamming job,' he said. The operation Khobby found himself working for was in a remote area in northwest Laos, where a casino city has been carved out of a patch of jungle in the infamous 'Golden Triangle' region – the lawless border zone between Myanmar, Laos and Thailand that has long been a centre for global drug production and trafficking. He said he was forced to work long days and sleep in a dormitory with five other African workers at night during the months he spent at the scam centre in the Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone. Khobby recounted the original message he received from an acquaintance encouraging him to take the job in Laos. 'My company is hiring new staff', he said, adding that he was told the salary was $1,200 per month. 'He told me it was data entry.' The Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone (GTSEZ) where Khobby was lured to for work operates as an autonomous territory within Laos. Leased from Laotian authorities by Chinese national Zhao Wei, whom the US government has designated the leader of a transnational criminal organisation, life in the GTSEZ is monitored by a myriad of security cameras and protected by its own private security force. Clocks are set to Beijing time. Signage is predominantly in Chinese, and China's yuan is the dominant and preferred currency. Central to the GTSEZ city-state is Zhao Wei's Kings Romans casino, which the United States Treasury also described as a hub for criminal activity such as money laundering, narcotics and wildlife trafficking. During a recent visit to the zone by Al Jazeera, Rolls Royce limousines ferried gamblers to some of the city's casinos while workers toiled on the construction of an elaborate and expansive Venice-style waterway just a stone's throw from the Mekong river. While luxury construction projects – including the recently completed Bokeo International Airport – speak to the vast amounts of money flowing through this mini casino city, it is inside the grey, nondescript tower blocks dotted around the economic zone where the lucrative online scam trade occurs. Within these tower blocks, thousands of trafficked workers from all over the world – just like Khobby – are reported to spend up to 17 hours a day working online to dupe unsuspecting 'clients' into parting with their money. The online swindles are as varied as investing money in fake business portfolios to paying false tax bills that appear very real and from trading phoney cryptocurrency to being caught in online romance traps. Anti-trafficking experts say most of the workers are deceived into leaving their home countries – such are nearby China, Thailand and Indonesia or as far away as Nigeria, Ghana, Uganda and Ethiopia – with the promise of decent salaries. Khobby told how his 'data entry' job was, in fact, a scam known in the cybercrime underworld as 'pig butchering'. This is where victims are identified, cold-called or messaged directly by phone in a bid to establish a relationship. Trust is built up over time to the point where an initial investment is made by the intended victim. This can be, at first, a small amount of the victim's money or emotions in the case of fake online relationships. There are small rewards on the investments, Khobby explained, telling how those in the industry refer to their victims as pigs who are being 'fattened' by trust built up with the scammers. That fattening continues until a substantial monetary investment is made in whatever scam the victim has become part of. Then they are swiftly 'butchered', which is when the scammers get away with the ill-gotten gains taken from their victims. Once the butchering is done, all communications are cut with the victims and the scammers disappear without leaving a digital trace. According to experts, cyber-scamming inside the GTSEZ boomed during the 2019 and 2020 COVID lockdowns when restrictions on travel meant international visitors could not access the Kings Romans casino. In the years since, the cyber-scam industry has burgeoned, physically transcended borders to become one of the dominant profit-making illicit activities in the region, not only in the GTSEZ in Laos but also in neighbouring Cambodia and in conflict-ridden Myanmar. Though not as elaborate as the GTSEZ, purpose-built cyber-scam 'compounds' have proliferated in Myanmar's border areas with Thailand. The Center for Strategic and International Studies estimates that cyber-scamming in Southeast Asia generates tens of billions annually, while the United States Institute of Peace equates the threat to that of the destructive fentanyl trade. 'Cyber-scam operations have significantly benefitted from developments in the fintech industry, including cryptocurrencies, with apps being directly developed for use at [cyber-scam] compounds to launder money,' said Kristina Amerhauser, of the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. 'Victims and perpetrators are spread across different countries, money is laundered offshore, operations are global,' Amerhauser told Al Jazeera, explaining that the sophisticated technology used in cyber-scamming, along with its international reach, has made it extremely difficult to combat. About 260 trafficked scam-centre workers were recently rescued in a cross-border operation between Thailand and Myanmar. Yet, even in rare instances such as this when trafficked workers are freed, they still face complications due to their visa status and their own potential complicity in criminal activity. Khobby – who is now back in Dubai – told Al Jazeera that while he was coerced into working in the GTSEZ, he did actually receive the promised $1,200 monthly salary, and he had even signed a six-month 'contract' with the Chinese bosses who ran the operation. Richard Horsey, International Crisis Group's senior adviser on Myanmar, said Khobby's experience reflected a changing trend in recruitment by the criminal organisations running the scam centres. 'Some of the more sophisticated gangs are getting out of the human trafficking game and starting to trick workers to come,' Horsey said. 'People don't like to answer an advert for criminal scamming, and it's hard to advertise that. But once they're there, it's like – actually, we will pay you. We may have taken your passport, but there is a route to quite a lucrative opportunity here and we will give you a small part of that,' he said. The issue of salaries paid to coerced and enslaved workers complicates efforts to repatriate trafficking victims, who may be considered complicit criminals due to their status as 'paid' workers in the scam centres, said Eric Heintz, from the US-based anti-trafficking organisation International Justice Mission (IJM). 'We know of individuals being paid for the first few months they were inside, but then it tapers off to the point where they are making little – if any – money,' Heintz said, describing how victims become 'trapped in this cycle of abuse unable to leave the compound'. 'This specific aspect was a challenge early on with the victim identity process – when an official would ask if an individual previously in the scam compound was paid, the victim would answer that initially he or she was. That was enough for some officials to not identify them as victims,' Heintz said. Some workers have also been sold between criminal organisations and moved across borders to other scam centres, he said. 'We have heard of people being moved from a compound in one country to one in another – for example from Myawaddy to the GTSEZ or Cambodia and vice versa,' he said. Khobby said many of the workers in his 'office' had already had experience with scamming in other compounds and in other countries. 'Most of them had experience. They knew the job already,' he said. 'This job is going on in a lot of places – Thailand, Laos, Myanmar. They were OK because they got paid. They had experience and they knew what they were doing,' he added. High-school graduate Jojo said she was working as a maid in Kampala, Uganda, when she received a message on the Telegram messaging app about an opportunity in Asia that involved being sponsored to do computer studies as part of a job in IT. 'I was so excited,' Jojo recounted, 'I told my mum about the offer.' Jojo told how she was sent an airline ticket, and described how multiple people met her along the way as she journeyed from Kampala to Laos. Eventually Jojo arrived in the same scam operation as Khobby. She described an atmosphere similar to a fast-paced sales centre, with Chinese bosses shouting encouragement when a victim had been 'butchered' and their money stolen, telling how she witnessed people scammed for as much as $200,000. 'They would shout a lot, in Chinese – 'What are we here for? Money!'' On top of adrenaline, the scam operation also ran on fear, Jojo said. Workers were beaten if they did not meet targets for swindling money. Mostly locked inside the building where she worked and lived; Jojo said she was only able to leave the scam operation once in the four months she was in the GTSEZ, and that was to attend a local hospital after falling ill. Fear of the Chinese bosses who ran the operation not only permeated their workstations but in the dormitory where they slept. 'They told us 'Whatever happens in the room, we are listening',' she said, also telling how her co-workers were beaten when they failed to meet targets. 'They stopped them from working. They stopped them from coming to get food. They were not getting results. They were not bringing in the money they wanted. So they saw them as useless,' she said. 'They were torturing them every day.' Khobby and Jojo said they were moved to act in case it was their turn next. When they organised a strike to demand better treatment, their bosses brought in Laotian police and several of the strikers – including Jojo and Khobby – were taken to a police station where they were told they were sacked. They were also told they would not be paid what was owed in wages and their overseers refused to give their passports back. Khobby said he was left stranded without a passport and the police refused to help. 'This is not about only the Chinese people,' Khobby said. 'Even in Vientiane, they have immigration offices who are involved. They are the ones giving the visas. When I got to Laos, it was the immigration officer who was waiting for me. I didn't even fill out any form,' he said. With help from the Ghanaian embassy, Khobby and Jojo were eventually able to retrieve their passports, and with assistance from family and friends, they returned home. The IJM's Heintz, said that target countries for scammer recruitment – such as those in Africa – need better awareness of the dangers of trafficking. 'There needs to be better awareness at the source country level of the dangers associated with these jobs,' he said. Reflecting on what led him to work up the courage to lead a strike in the scam centre, Khobby considered his childhood back in Ghana. 'I was a boy who was raised in a police station. My grandpa was a police commander. So in that aspect, I'm very bold, I have that courage. I like giving things a try and I like taking risks,' he said. Jojo told Al Jazeera how she continues to chat online with friends who are still trapped in scam centres in Laos, and who have told her that new recruits arrive each day in the GTSEZ. Her friends want to get out of the scam business and the economic zone in Laos. But it is not so easy to leave, Jojo said. 'They don't have their passports,' she said.
