Southwest Pacific hit by unprecedented marine heat waves in 2024, UN says
SINGAPORE, June 5 (Reuters) - Unprecedented heat waves in the Southwest Pacific affected more than 10% of the global ocean surface in 2024, damaging coral reefs and putting the region's last remaining tropical glacier at risk of extinction, the UN's weather body said on Thursday.
Average 2024 temperatures in the region - which covers Australia and New Zealand as well as southeast Asian island states like Indonesia and the Philippines - were nearly half a degree Celsius (0.9 Fahrenheit) higher than the 1991-2020 mean, the World Meteorological Organization said in an annual report.
"Much of the region saw at least severe marine heat wave conditions at some point during the course of 2024, particularly in areas near and south of the equator," said the WMO's Blair Trewin, one of the report's authors.
Extreme heat over the year affected 40 million square kilometres (15.4 million square miles) of ocean, and new temperature highs were set in the Philippines and Australia, the report said. Ocean surface temperatures also broke records, while total ocean heat content was the second-highest annual average, behind 2022.
An unprecedented number of cyclones, which experts have attributed to climate change, also caused havoc in the Philippines in October and November.
Sea levels continue to rise more quickly than the global average, an urgent problem in a region where more than half the population live within 500 metres (547 yards) of the coast, the report added.
The report also cited satellite data showing that the region's sole tropical glacier, located in Indonesia on the western part of the island of New Guinea, shrank by up to 50% last year.
"Unfortunately, if this rate of loss continues, this glacier could be gone by 2026 or shortly thereafter," said the WMO's Thea Turkington, another of the report's authors.
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BBC News
4 hours ago
- BBC News
How groundwater pumping is causing cities to sink at 'worrying speed'
Cities around the world are sinking at 'worrying speed' Animation enabled Twenty-two years ago, when Erna stood outside her house, 'the windows were as high as my chest'. Now they're knee-height. As their home has sunk, she and her family have had to cope with frequent flooding. In the most extreme cases 'we used canoes - the water kept coming in and swamped the ground floor', she says. Erna lives in the Indonesian capital Jakarta - one of the fastest-sinking cities in the world. Her home is in one of the worst-affected areas, the north of the city, and is now much lower than the road. The 37-year-old grew up here and remembers playing in nearby streets and praying in the mosque - that is now long gone, permanently underwater, as is the old port. The walls of her home, built in the 1970s, are cracked, and you can see where thick layers of concrete have been added to the floor to try to restore it to ground level - about 10 times since it was built, and a metre thick in some places. The house is still subsiding, and Erna can't afford to move. Erna and her mother, Soni, have had to raise the floors in their home many times This is one of dozens of coastal regions that are sinking at a worrying speed, according to a study by Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore. The team studied subsidence in and around 48 coastal cities in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. These are places that are particularly vulnerable to a combination of rising sea levels, which are mainly driven by climate change, and sinking land. Based on the study and population data from the United Nations, the BBC estimates that nearly 76 million people live in parts of these cities that subsided, on average, at least 1cm per year between 2014 and 2020. The impact on their lives can be huge - for example in Tianjin in north-east China, 3,000 people were evacuated from high-rise apartment buildings in 2023, after subsidence left large cracks in nearby streets. All 48 urban areas in the NTU study are shown in this globe. The most extreme cases of subsidence were seen in Tianjin, which has undergone rapid industrial and infrastructural development this century. The worst-hit parts of the city sank up to 18.7cm per year between 2014 and 2020. Select a city below to see how much it is sinking by. A map will display the most subsiding areas in that city in green, with details of factors contributing to subsidence. The subsidence rate is measured from a reference point in each city, which scientists assume is more stable than others - you can read more on the methodology at the end of this article. Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire Ahmedabad, India Alexandria, Egypt Bangkok, Thailand Barcelona, Spain Buenos Aires, Argentina Chennai, India Chittagong, Bangladesh Choose a city Dalian, China Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Dhaka, Bangladesh Dongguan, China Foshan, China Fukuoka, Japan Guangzhou, China Hangzhou, China Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Hong Kong, China Houston, United States Istanbul, Türkiye Jakarta, Indonesia Karachi, Pakistan Kolkata, India Lagos, Nigeria Lima, Peru London, United Kingdom Los Angeles, United States Luanda, Angola Manila, Philippines Miami, United States Mumbai, India Nagoya, Japan Nanjing, China New York, United States Osaka, Japan Philadelphia, United States Qingdao, China Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Seoul, South Korea Shanghai, China Singapore, Singapore St Petersburg, Russia Surat, India Suzhou, China Tianjin, China Tokyo, Japan Washington DC, United States Yangon, Myanmar A 3d model viewer showing land subsidence in the selected city Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 0 Please wait, a three-dimensional map is currently loading... Tap and move to rotate, pinch to zoom Fastest observed sinking Reference point Landmark Avenida 4 de , Fevereiro Ilha da Cazanga 0 -3.3 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Barrio Padre , Mugica Casa Rosada Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -1.5 Sandwip Para Chittagong Port Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -9.8 Basundhara , Residential , Area Bangladesh , National Museum Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -3.6 Rio das Pedras Christ the , Redeemer 0 -6.3 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Dalian Jinzhou , Bay , International , Airport Hongji Grand , Stage Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -16.4 Dongguan , Central Square Nongyuwei 0 -6.5 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Baofeng Temple Beijiaozhen 0 -6.3 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Nansha District The Canton , Tower 0 -6.8 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Central , Xiaoshan , district Lingyin Temple 0 -3.4 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Yongning , Subdistrict Nanjing City , Wall 0 -2.5 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Yinghai , Subdistrict, , Jiaozhou City Qingdao Railway , Station 0 -8 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Yingbin , Expressway Shanghai Tower 0 -10.3 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Classical , Gardens of , Suzhou North-west , Wujiang 0 -4.8 Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -18.7 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Bohai Bay Guwenhua Street East Abobo , district St Paul's , Cathedral Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -5.1 Adh Dheraa Al , Bahri Lighthouse of , Alexandria Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -2.7 Tuen Mun Vitoria Peak 0 -10.6 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Sidi Saiyyed , Mosque Piplaj Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -5.1 Tharamani Kapaleeshwarar , Temple Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -3.7 Bhatpara Victoria , Memorial 0 -2.8 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Gateway of , India Area near , King's Circle , station, , Matunga East 0 -5.9 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Karanj Surat Diamond , Bourse 0 -6.7 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Penjaringan National , Monument 0 -11.6 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Mochimaru, , Asakura , district Fukuoka Tower Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -5.7 Minato ward Atsuta-jingu , Shrine 0 -1.5 Observed subsidence per year (cm) East Konohana , ward Osaka Castle 0 -7.8 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Central , Breakwater, , Koto ward Tokyo Skytree 0 -2.4 Observed subsidence per year (cm) South Dagon , Township Shwedagon , Pagoda 0 -7.5 Observed subsidence per year (cm) City Hall Orange Island 0 -13.1 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Landhi Town Mazar-E-Quaid 0 -15.7 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Ancón district Lima Main , Square 0 -2.4 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Manila Bay Fort Santiago 0 -5.7 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Lakhta Winter Palace 0 -2.9 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Changi Bay Merlion Park 0 -4.6 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Area near , Sinjeong subway , station, , Yangcheon , District Blue House 0 -2 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Sagrada Familia Zona Franca Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -7 Kigamboni , district Askari Monument Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -3 Democracy , Monument Lam Phakchi, , Nong Chok Observed subsidence per year (cm) 0 -4.1 Istanbul , Airport Hagia Sophia 0 -13.2 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Big Ben South Upminster 0 -4 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Central , Southwest Sam Houston , Park 0 -11 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Hollywood Sign Coastal San , Pedro 0 -2.5 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Freedom Tower Coconut Grove 0 -2.2 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Breezy Point Central Park 0 -3 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Holmesburg Independence , Hall 0 -2.3 Observed subsidence per year (cm) South-west , Washington Memorial , Lincoln 0 -2.2 Observed subsidence per year (cm) East Nhà Bè Independence , Palace 0 -9.5 Observed subsidence per year (cm) Choose another city An animated line break showing building slowly sinking The perils of groundwater pumping Many factors can contribute to subsidence, including building, mining, tectonic shifts, earthquakes, and natural soil consolidation - where soil is pressed closer and becomes more dense over time. But 'one of the most common causes is groundwater extraction', explains the lead researcher on the NTU study, Cheryl Tay. It has had a major impact in half of the 48 coastal cities identified in the study. Groundwater is found beneath the Earth's surface in cracks and spaces in sand, soil and rock. It makes up about half of the water used for domestic purposes - including drinking - around the world. It's also essential for irrigating crops. But as cities grow, freshwater supplies come under strain. Households and industries in some places drill their own wells or boreholes and extract too much - as in Jakarta. Extracting excessive amounts of water in this way over extended periods of time compresses the soil, eventually causing the surface - and everything built on it - to sink or subside. 'A lot of the sinking cities are in Asia or South-East Asia,' says Ms Tay. 'That is likely because the demand for water is much higher there with very fast-growing populations and a lot of development. 'That could lead to higher rates of groundwater extraction and then this could snowball… This means that flooding will be more frequent, intense, and prolonged in the future,' she adds, explaining there could also be 'salt water intrusion that can affect agricultural land and the quality of drinking water'. Some types of ground are affected more than others and Ms Tay believes the risks are especially acute for the many coastal cities built on low-lying deltas - where rivers divide before flowing into the sea. This includes places such as Jakarta, Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City, and Shanghai. Almost half of Jakarta now sits below sea level. Its location on swampy land where 13 rivers flow into the ocean makes it particularly vulnerable. The combination of land sinking and sea levels rising accelerates the 'relative sea level rise', says Ms Tay. 'There are two components: the land moving down and the water moving up.' Flooding in Jakarta leaves residential and business districts underwater Indonesia's meteorological agency has said that 'the flood cycle, which used to occur every five years, could become more frequent' in Jakarta as 'the overall trend of extreme rainfall is increasing in Indonesia, in line with rising surface temperatures and greenhouse gas concentrations'. Over the past decade, dozens have died in floods in the city and at least 280,000 people have had to leave their homes until the water receded. With parts of Jakarta now 4m lower than they were in 1970, Indonesia decided to build a new capital city - Nusantara - on a different island, Borneo, more than 1,200km (750 miles) away. It is further from the coast and will rely on a huge dam and reservoir to store river and rainwater. The plan is to purify and distribute water to all homes and offices in the new capital, eliminating the need to extract groundwater. However, the new city is controversial and development has slowed. There has been criticism of the $34bn price tag and its environmental impact on one of the most biodiverse places on the planet. Buildings in Ebute Metta, Lagos, where Rukkayat lives, are sinking - the white dotted line shows the highlighted structure's original position Five of the cities studied by NTU are in Africa, including Lagos in Nigeria. Last year, flooding affected more than 275,000 people there. Twenty-eight-year-old Rukkayat moved to Ebute Metta, in the east of the city, three years ago in search of work and a better life. But she could only afford to rent a house in a sinking area - one of the locations identified in the NTU report. 'It's hard to live in a place where it gets easily flooded if downpours or storms hit the city,' she says. 'I have to scoop water out of the corridor.' The walls of the house are cracked, the floor is damp and the roof leaks - a common situation in sinking areas, experts say. Both Lagos and Jakarta are facing rapid urbanisation and growing populations with more than half unable to access piped water, turning instead to pumping groundwater themselves. An animated line break showing water flowing under landmarks The bowl effect As many coastal cities deal with the combination of subsiding land and rising seas, they are looking for solutions - but these can sometimes contribute to other problems. Some, including Jakarta, Alexandria in Egypt and Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam have built dykes, walls and sand barriers along their coastlines to try to prevent flooding from the sea. A seawall was built to stop seawater swamping homes in North Jakarta Alexandria has built concrete breakwaters to protect the city from the sea But as walls get higher and bigger, a 'bowl effect' can be created, says Prof Pietro Teatini of the University of Padova in Italy, potentially trapping rain and river water in areas and preventing it from flowing back into the sea. This can contribute to flooding. So, to drain excess water, Jakarta and Ho Chi Minh City are among those that have built pumping stations. However, this does not address the causes of subsidence or flooding. How Tokyo solved the problem When Tokyo found parts of its city were subsiding, it took a different approach and decided to tackle the root of the problem. The sinking slowed significantly in the 1970s after Tokyo imposed strict regulations on groundwater pumping. It also built a water supply management system, which scientists argue is the most efficient way to stop subsidence. The NTU study found that today the city is much more stable, although a few small areas have sunk by between 0.01 and 2.4cm per year between 2014 and 2020. So, how does Tokyo's system work? Almost all of Tokyo's water comes from forests and rivers controlled by two big dams outside the city. The water is purified in 10 plants and sent to a supply centre. The centre regulates the volume and pressure of the water. The centre distributes the water to homes and industries via pipes designed to resist earthquake damage. Despite the effectiveness of Tokyo's system, scientists are sceptical it can be applied widely given the high build and maintenance costs, says Prof Miguel Esteban of Waseda University in Japan. Nonetheless, he adds, some Asian cities still look at Tokyo's approach as a model. Taipei, for example, reduced groundwater extraction in the 1970s which, in turn, helped to slow down its subsidence rates. Many other cities - including Houston, Bangkok and London - also carefully regulate groundwater pumping to ensure it is neither too low nor too high. Some cities have tried different methods. Shanghai, for instance, has applied 'water injection, which works very well', says Prof Teatini. It injected purified water from the Yangtze River into the ground through wells that had previously been used to extract groundwater. Others, such as Chongqing in China and San Salvador in El Salvador, have adopted the principles of sponge cities. Instead of simply using non-porous concrete and asphalt in areas such as pavements, a sponge city makes use of surfaces that are designed to absorb water naturally, such as soil, grass and trees. The construction of parks, wetlands and green spaces is prioritised, along with lakes and ponds where water can be diverted and stored during the rainy season. The roof of this building on the edge of Chongqing is designed to absorb water and help manage heavy rainfall A residential complex in Berlin has been designed with areas to store and absorb water This may offer a 'more viable and sustainable solution, it costs only a tenth of building dams', says Prof Manoochehr Shirzaei of Virginia Tech University. But critics say that it is hard to add these features to existing developments and often they are not installed on a large enough scale to make a big difference. And behind any investment, there needs to be long-term political commitment, says Prof Shirzaei. 'Land subsidence emerges gradually over time, so to deal with that, we have to take difficult decisions which remain in place for decades,' he says, even if pumping restrictions are initially unpopular with voters who rely on wells and boreholes for water. Without change, experts warn there will be more people like Erna, fighting a losing battle as their homes gradually slip away. A note on methodology For its study the NTU chose coastal urban agglomerations within 50km (30 miles) of the coast, with a population of at least five million in 2020. It analysed satellite images, comparing data from 2014 to 2020 to estimate subsidence rates. The subsidence rate is measured from a reference point in each city, which scientists assume is more stable than others. However, if the reference point is also sinking or rising, other parts of the city might be sinking faster or slower than the measurements suggest. This could affect the BBC estimates of how many people are affected. The subsidence rates used here should therefore be seen as a relative measure, helping to identify which areas are likely more affected than others. A line break showing a wave
BBC News
12 hours ago
- BBC News
World Oceans Day 2025: What is this year's theme?
Sunday 8 June is World Oceans Day. A time to celebrate and raise awareness of issues affecting the world's theme for World Oceans Day 2025 is "Wonder: Sustaining what sustains us", which event organisers say aims to celebrate the wonder and awe that the ocean inspires in us, and the important role that wonder plays in encouraging curiosity, scientific knowledge, exploration, and innovation.A big event will be hosted in Nice, in France, on 8 June, ahead of the 2025 UN Ocean Conference which takes place between 9 – 13 June, is everything you need to know about World Oceans Day and the most important issues facing oceans around the globe today. What is World Oceans Day? On 8 June every year since 1992, the United Nations (UN) has designated a special day marking the importance of the world's call it World Oceans marking it take place across the world and more than 100 countries take part in the 2020, the event called for world leaders to commit to protecting 30% of our oceans by 2030 - in the hope that if that happens it will help combat climate change and protect marine biodiversity. Each year a different theme is year, the theme was Awaken New Depths, focusing on changing our relationship with the seas to ensure the ocean's health and UN holds a live event with special guests discussing topics from the seas to special guests, like actor Jason Momoa who plays Aquaman, are invited to talk too. Why are oceans under threat? According to research released in 2023, oceans across the world have reached record high temperatures, and 2024 was the warmest year on are now warmer than at any other time in recorded human history and the increase in temperature has been directly linked to global believe that human activities - such as the burning of fossil fuels and emissions from factories - are having a bad effect on global temperatures, causing harmful gases to be released into the atmosphere. Those gases end up in the Earth's atmosphere and trap more of the Sun's heat, which then increases the Earth's sea temperatures have a huge effect on sea life and many animals and plants are struggling to adapt. Plastic pollution: How much plastic is in our oceans? There is also the big issue of plastic waste in 2019, the World Wide Fund for Nature - which is the world's largest wildlife and conversation charity - said plastic pollution was causing an environmental than 75% of all plastic ever produced is already pollution kills wildlife, damages natural ecosystems, and contributes to climate change. The problem with plastic is that most of it is not biodegradable. That means it doesn't rot, like paper or food, so instead it can hang around in the environment and take hundreds of years to break than eight million tonnes of plastic enters the world's oceans each year and most of that escapes from 171 trillion pieces of plastic are now thought to be floating in the world's oceans, according to scientists. Ideas for how to celebrate World Oceans Day Although World Oceans Day is an important day to learn more about the crisis state our oceans are in, it is also a day to celebrate oceans that take up 70% of our are some things you can do on the day:You could make some marine themed art. If you fancy making a fish decoration to keep after World Oceans Day is over, check out how to make your very own moving we know how much plastic ends up in our oceans, why not try to avoid using single-use plastics like carrier bags, straws and bottles and switch to reusable and refillable ones instead? Here are some more useful tips on how to cut down on the plastic in your not try eating vegetarian food for a day? There are lots of delicious recipes that don't contain fish or seafood. You could even try this vegan recipe generator to come up with an idea for your next you're lucky enough to live by a beach, why not take part in a beach clean-up event? This way you can do your bit by collecting rubbish that could make its way into the finally, you can learn as much as you can about our oceans and how to protect them.
Daily Mail
13 hours ago
- Daily Mail
Major HIV breakthrough forces hidden fragments of the virus to emerge so it can be cleared from the body
Experts could have found a way to be one step closer to curing HIV for good. Researchers in Australia has developed a new treatment that forces hidden fragments of the virus - normally concealed within human cells - to emerge and expose themselves to the immune system. The breakthrough could enable the body, aided by antiviral drugs, to detect and destroy any lingering viral reservoirs. HIV has remained incurable because the virus can integrate itself into a cell's DNA, laying dormant and undetectable to both medication and immune defenses. Scientists said they've created a nanoparticle capable of delivering genetic instructions to infected cells, prompting them to produce a signal that reveals the virus's presence. Dr Paula Cevaal of the Doherty Institute and co-author of the study told The Guardian that the feat was 'previously thought impossible'. Cevaal said: 'In the field of biomedicine, many things eventually don't make it into the clinic, that is the unfortunate truth; I don't want to paint a prettier picture than what is the reality. 'But in terms of specifically the field of HIV cure, we have never seen anything close to as good as what we are seeing, in terms of how well we are able to reveal this virus. 'So, from that point of view, we're very hopeful that we are also able to see this type of response in an animal, and that we could eventually do this in humans.' The discovery was first revealed in the journal Nature Communications, where researchers said they were initially so astonished that they had to rerun the tests. Further research would be needed to determine whether revealing the virus would be enough to trigger an immune response, with tests only being carried out in the lab. It could still take years before clinical trials for the drug began, when it would have to go through rigorous testing before reaching consumers. However, the advance represents another step forward for the 1.2 million Americans currently living with an HIV infection - for which they took drugs daily. An estimated 31,800 people were believed to be infected every year, although that's a 12 per cent decline on five years ago. Globally, nearly 40 million people have the virus. The new nanoparticle's based on mRNA technology, the same as was used in covid vaccines made by Pfizer and other vaccine manufacturers. In their paper, the scientists revealed that they could deliver mRNA instructions to cells using the nanoparticle. The mRNA then instruct cells to generate substances that reveal the presence of HIV, but only if the virus was present. The study done in the laboratory was carried out in cells donated by HIV patients.
