Confirmed: New Mexico Footprints Rewrite Timeline of Humans in America
While most of White Sands is protected as a national park, the US army controls part of it as a missile range. It was within this section that researchers found clay footprints, preserved below the gypsum, that have rewritten the timeline of human presence in the Americas.
Previously, we thought humans arrived in North America around 13,200 to 15,500 years ago.
But a new study led by University of Arizona archeologist Vance Holliday combines evidence from mud, Ruppia seeds and pollen found in layers above and below the trace fossils, to date the footprints as being between 20,700 and 22,400 years old.
This means they were trod in the last Ice Age, by people crossing a floodplain on the margins of the extinct Lake Otero that once covered around 4,140 square kilometers (1,600 square miles) of the Tularosa Basin.
"Pleistocene lakes and associated biological resources in western and southwestern North America must have attracted foragers, but archaeologists have surveyed few paleolake basins," Holliday and his colleagues write.
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The footprints were first discovered in 2021, and were dated to between 21,000 and 23,000 years ago using embedded seeds and pollen. But critics questioned this method to determine the footprints' age, since these lightweight biological materials can easily be moved in such a dynamic ecosystem. But the new paper found that analysis of mud layers backs up what the plant traces tell us.
"Most of this dating of organic matter from palustrine muds complement the dating of the seeds and pollen previously reported," the authors report.
"It would be serendipity in the extreme to have all these dates giving you a consistent picture that's in error," says Holliday.
The research is published in Science Advances.
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If physicians are primed to think of a rare diagnosis like NAION when they see a patient on a GLP-1 drug, they might be more likely to make the diagnosis than they would if presented with exactly the same symptoms in someone not taking the drug. When the outcome is rare like this, minor biases can drive the results. So, I'm not ready to go back on my statement that these drugs are game changers. They clearly are. But we'd be naive to assume that there wouldn't be some risk. I'm encouraged that this particular risk is not nearly of a magnitude and frequency to counteract the obvious benefits of the drugs. In the end, this is one of those knowledge-is-power things. I don't think we'll see enthusiasm dampen for the GLP-1 drugs because of NAION, but it doesn't hurt for any of us — patients or providers — to be aware of it.
