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Hospital apologises after misdiagnosis of seven-year-old's appendicitis

Hospital apologises after misdiagnosis of seven-year-old's appendicitis

Irish Times5 hours ago

A hospital has apologised to a girl whose appendicitis was misdiagnosed at its emergency department in July, 2022, before her appendix later ruptured.
A letter of apology from University Hospital Galway (UHG) was read in the High Court as Ariana Mocanu settled a legal action against the Health Service Executive (HSE) for €64,000.
Jeremy Maher SC, instructed by PBN Litigation for Ariana, told the court the girl – who was seven years old at the time – had been incorrectly diagnosed with a urinary tract infection and discharged after midnight with antibiotics.
Nine hours later, counsel said, she was brought back to the hospital but her acute appendicitis had progressed to a perforated appendix and peritonitis. She required urgent surgery.
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Counsel said the girl's father had, on a number of occasions, raised the possibility of appendicitis with the hospital's treating medic but was told it was a urinary tract infection.
Mr Justice Paul Coffey was told that liability and causation in the case are contested.
In a letter, UHG said Ariana had been assessed by an emergency medicine doctor who formed the opinion, based on her presenting complaints, that the diagnosis was more likely to be a urinary tract infection than appendicitis.
'On this occasion, the diagnosis turned out to be incorrect. The hospital apologises for this initial misdiagnosis,' the letter from hospital manager Chris Kane said.
It added: 'We regret what Ariana and her family went through and we wish Ariana and her family the very best.'
Mr Maher told the court that experts on their side would say there was never a case where she should have been sent home. He said the HSE contended surgery would not have been possible at the hospital before morning in any event, which counsel said he found to be bizarre.
Ariana had to have open surgery the next day and counsel said she had shown incredible courage.
Ariana, from Gorey, Co Wexford, sued the HSE through her father.
Outside court, the girl's parents, Diana and Petru Mocanu, through solicitor Piarais Neary, said they had brought the case for Ariana and to highlight to other parents the risk of appendicitis and to know the signs and when to seek urgent medical treatment.
They said they welcomed the apology after three years.
The young girl was brought to UHG on July 23rd, 2022 complaining of acute central abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting.
In the proceedings, it was claimed there was afailure to take any reasonable care for the safety of the girl and an alleged failure to exercise an appropriate level of skill, competence and diligence in or about the diagnosis, assessment, management and treatment of the child when she presented at the hospital.
It was claimed she had been discharged with an incorrect diagnosis whereas she should have been admitted.
All of the claims were denied. Approving the settlement, Mr Justice Coffey said he was satisfied it was fair and reasonable.

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Letters to the Editor, June 20th: Older people and language, loving your neighbour, misery and Gen Z
Letters to the Editor, June 20th: Older people and language, loving your neighbour, misery and Gen Z

Irish Times

time2 hours ago

  • Irish Times

Letters to the Editor, June 20th: Older people and language, loving your neighbour, misery and Gen Z

Sir, – A narrative of protecting our vulnerable 'elderly' has emerged following the recent RTÉ Investigates programme on the horrific treatment of older persons in nursing homes. Listening to the various debates, one is struck by the importance of language and the messaging that it conveys in the public discourse. Organisations such as the Irish Gerontological Society (IGS), devoted to the study of ageing, prohibit the use of the term 'elderly' in their publications due to negative connotations associated with dependency. Terms such as 'older persons', 'older people' or 'older adults' are encouraged by organisations such as Age Action, and Alone who seek to empower older persons and combat ageism. READ MORE Considering later life through the lens of the citizenship frames 'older persons' as citizens and rights holders, with the right to have their holistic needs met in whatever setting they may be residing. Furthermore, the lens of citizenship advocates an analysis of how policies and social structures affect our older citizens, and can challenge ageism which impacts upon the rights of older persons to participate fully in society. – Yours, etc, Dr JENNIFER ALLEN, Senior social worker, Mental Health Service for Older Persons, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin. Sir, – In light of the disturbing findings revealed by RTÉ Investigates into the treatment of residents in some Irish nursing homes – particularly Beneavin Manor, Glasnevin and The Residence, Portlaoise – I feel compelled to share a contrasting experience. My 90-year-old mother is supported at home by a home care team. They are men and women from all over the world, and their presence brings her joy, comfort, and dignity. When one of her regular carers recently moved on, she was genuinely sad to see him go – a testament to the meaningful relationships built through consistent, person-centred care. Just this week, with some additional private hours topping up her HSE allocation, the team supported my mum to leave the house for the first time since March. She went to the hairdresser – for a perm! That small act was transformative – restoring her sense of self, and later that day, we learned she will be discharged from palliative care. This is what good care looks like. As a country, we are reeling from yet another scandal in institutional care. But we must also look to the models that are working – those rooted in respect, continuity, and human connection. Home care, when properly resourced and delivered by skilled, valued workers, can change lives. It can restore dignity. It can offer hope. We need strong oversight in nursing homes, but we also need investment and policy reform that empowers people to stay in their own homes for as long as possible – safely, and on their own terms. – Yours, etc, KATHLEEN McLOUGHLIN, Roscrea, Co Tipperary. Key observation Sir, – Reading Ray Burke's Irishman's Diary (June 18th) reminded me of a story of a local character in Athy years ago, who on seeing the fire brigade flying by with sirens blaring was heard to say: 'It's not my house anyway, I have the key in my pocket.' – Yours, etc, NUALA QUINN, Carlow. Loving God and your neighbours Sir, – As someone who has served for over 30 years until my recent retirement as a rector in the Diocese of Down and Dromore, I find Bishop David McClay's statement to the clergy and people of Down and Dromore saddening (' Bishop criticises Christ Church invite to speak at Pride service ,' June 18th). He does not speak for me, or for many members of his diocese. Many committed Christians will find what he says distressing, even hurtful. Of course, the bishop speaks for many Christians, and the issues surrounding human sexuality are currently a cause of much division and pain. People of deep faith and real integrity are on both 'sides' of the debate. I find it difficult to understand why he, and many others, place such emphasis on those few (almost certainly less than 10) scriptural passages that either disapprove of, or condemn, same-sex relationships, while ignoring passages that prohibit wearing clothes of two different types of material, cross-breeding domestic animals or planting two kinds of seed in the same field (Leviticus 19:19). If there are gradations of authority, why this one? But to me the clinching argument is this: over the centuries, and even today, gay people have been made to feel rejected, misunderstood, hurt and isolated, unable to express themselves. The church, along with society as a whole, has been complicit in this. Many have been driven to despair, even suicide. Church condemnation of same-sex relationships causes great pain to many and gives permission to an unacceptable homophobia. I know that this is not Bishop McClay's intention, but it happens. To me the call to love our neighbour demands that I do not take positions that make others feel less than worthy. Love is the supreme command – love God and neighbour as we love ourselves. That trumps any legalistic prohibitions. Let us celebrate same-sex love just as we celebrate heterosexual love. Let us affirm those who are different, those we may not understand. That is part of love, the supreme command. – Yours , etc, Rev Canon TIMOTHY KINAHAN, Northern Ireland. Trinity College and Israel Sir, – Dr David Landy states that academic freedom was 'an important consideration in the Trinity debate' that resulted in the university's decision on June to cut ties with Israeli universities (' Why academic institutions are cutting ties with Israel ,' June 19th). But there has been no debate in Trinity. The college board voted to accept the internal taskforce recommendations before referring the report for further consideration to relevant college committees in line with the terms under which the taskforce was established. Indeed, the taskforce report has not been published, so most of the faculty have been unable to scrutinise it or understand how the board came to its decision. The principle of academic freedom has been shredded by the board's decision. Academic freedom is not compatible with an institutional ban on co-operation with colleagues in Israeli universities and research units. Academic freedom gives Dr Landy the choice to personally cut ties with colleagues in Israel or any other country he chooses, but that freedom is no longer available to Trinity academics who wish to continue contacts with colleagues in Israel. As Israel is an associate country to the European Union's research and innovation funding programmes, Trinity academics are now unable to apply for EU funding for research projects which include Israeli colleagues. As an illustration, one such current project is working on a novel, off-the-shelf delivery system for mRNA-based nanomedicines to improve diagnostic and therapeutic options for cancer and cardiovascular disease. Researchers from Trinity and the University of Tel Aviv are working on this project together with colleagues from the Netherlands, Canada, France, Hungary, Sweden, Spain, Norway and Belgium. Trinity researchers are also working on trials whose objective is to improve outcomes for people with autistic spectrum disorders via a global clinical trial. Researchers from Trinity and the Israeli pharmaceutical firm Teva are two of 63 European and US participants including hospitals, universities, patient groups, pharma companies and not-for-profit organisations. While these projects will continue, Trinity academics are now locked out of all such research consortia. Years of academic endeavour will now go to waste and millions of euro of funding will be lost. Dr Landy claims that Trinity's boycott of Israel is not anti-Semitic. However, while Trinity singles out Israel alone – the only Jewish state on earth, home to half the population of the world's Jews – but maintains ties with other countries with well-documented human rights and international law violations, the charge of institutional anti-Semitism and racism is unavoidable. – Yours, etc, JANE MAHONY, PhD, TCD, Dublin 6. Misery and Gen Z Sir, – The Oxford Dictionaries define Generation Z as 'the group of people who were born between the late 1990s and the early 2010s who are regarded as being very familiar with the internet'. Finn McRedmond writes that 'it's no surprise that Gen Z are miserable' (June 19th ). Perhaps spending less time with the internet and the phone might bring less misery. – Yours, etc, PATRICK O'BYRNE, Dublin 7. Missing out on transition year Sir, – What a great idea to have a national plan to target educational disadvantage. I note the Minister for Education, Helen McEntee, plans to particularly tackle high levels of absenteeism in disadvantaged and special education settings. I wonder does always excluding children in special schools from transition year, thus missing an entire year of education that over 80 per cent of their developing peers receive, represent State-endorsed absenteeism? Transition year is never offered in any special school in the State as per Government policy or never has been in the 40 years since its inception. If Ms McEntee's genuine priority is to really target educational disadvantage, it might be useful to finally lift this rock? – Yours, etc, CAROLINE FARRELL, Dublin 3. Debating security and the EU Sir,– In the Letters page (June 17th), Senator Tom Clonan, John O'Riordan and Fintan Lane comment in different ways on Ireland's potential contribution to debates on European security and global order. Ireland has a solemn duty to speak truth to power within the EU, said Clonan. The EU should 'negotiate directly with Russia to find conditions for an immediate ceasefire and an enduring solution to the Russian-Ukrainian war', said O'Riordan. 'Instead of decoupling Irish Army deployment abroad from the UN,' the Government should argue 'for deeper reform within the UN and a greater role for the General Assembly', said Lane. Pope Leo XIV states that 'the temptation to have recourse to powerful and sophisticated weapons needs to be rejected'. From this perspective, there is a scenario that draws together the thinking of Clonan, O' Riordan, and Lane. If a mission linked to the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) monitors a future line of contact in eastern Ukraine, as happened under the Minsk agreements, a reimagined OSCE can recover the role it played in the former Helsinki process as a space for deliberation about the future. The defining goals of a new Helsinki-style dialogue can be summed up in three points: (i) recognition of the European Union as the anchor of a wider European zone of peace and economic cooperation; (ii) avoiding economic and cultural 'zero-sum games' in eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and other parts of the region: and (iii) a renewed commitment, based on the Helsinki principles, to enshrine cooperative economic relationships as a core value in international relations, and in this way to bring the European and global agendas together. In becoming the advocate and anchor of a wider European zone of peace and economic cooperation, the European Union can discover a new energy and sense of purpose. In the absence of some new departure in diplomacy, we are likely to see a hardening of the 'unquestioned assumptions and myths' referred to in Clonan's letter. In Germany, the UK, and elsewhere, the proposition that the arms industry and the arms trade are the key to 'future-proofing' the economy is mingled, not quite coherently, with arguments based on considerations of military security. A recent article by the president of the European Central Bank asserts that 'joint financing of public goods, like defence, could create more safe assets'. Christine Lagarde associates the supposed benefits of manufacturing weapons of greater and greater lethality with a further centralisation of power within the EU: 'more qualified majority voting in critical areas would enable Europe to speak with one voice.' The forthcoming international conference on financing for development in Seville will give us an indication of the extent to which the temptation to pursue growth and innovation through the arms industry is accompanied by reductions in development assistance and a loss of interest in the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and international financial reform. This year, for the 50th anniversary of the Helsinki Final Act, the chair-in-office of the OSCE is Finland. In 2026, it will be Switzerland. Is it unthinkable that in a spirit of solemn duty, as evoked by Clonan, Ireland could take on this burden in 2027 or 2028? We would bring to the table the values of the Good Friday agreement and Irish Aid, our peacekeeping tradition and our military neutrality, our standing as an EU member state with close links with the US, and our role in co-facilitating the negotiation of the SDGs. EU founding father Robert Schuman believed that 'the peace of the world cannot be maintained without creative efforts commensurate with the scale of the threat'. For him, the European project stood for the economics of solidarity at home and abroad. The Schuman Declaration emphasises Europe's responsibility to Africa. Let Schuman be the north star of the project I have in mind. – Yours, etc, PHILIP McDONAGH, Adjunct professor, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dublin City University. Visiting other countries Sir, – Dennis Fitzgerald suggests in his letter (June 18th) that, given the current state of the world, we might do well to visit Australia – a safe and friendly destination, with only the occasional jellyfish or mushroom to worry about. It's a tempting thought. But I wonder if we are not long past the time when choosing a holiday should simply be a matter of personal taste, budget and travel brochures? Flying halfway around the planet for a bit of sunshine and sightseeing is hard to square with the knowledge that the very act of doing so helps fuel the fire – quite literally – that is making many parts of the world increasingly uninhabitable. This isn't a question of blame, but of awareness. Perhaps instead of encouraging long-haul leisure travel, we should be asking how to make it feel less normal – and a bit less easy to justify – in a time of planetary crisis. There are worse things than jellyfish. One of them is pretending there is no climate emergency. – Yours, etc, JAMES CANDON , Brussels, Belgium.

New miscarriage counselling service: trauma and grief that dare not speak its name
New miscarriage counselling service: trauma and grief that dare not speak its name

Irish Examiner

time2 hours ago

  • Irish Examiner

New miscarriage counselling service: trauma and grief that dare not speak its name

The Irish Family Planning Association (IFPA) announced earlier this month that it is expanding its counselling service to include women and couples who experience recurrent pregnancy loss. As part of a HSE-funded pilot project, anyone who has two or more miscarriages in a row is entitled to eight free counselling sessions. 'We've supported the sexual and reproductive health of people in Ireland since 1969, providing specialist counselling throughout that time,' says the IFPA's counselling director, Clare O'Brien. IFPA counselling director Clare O'Brien. 'We're delighted to have received HSE funding that enables us to become the first State-funded organisation to provide the psychological care women and couples need following miscarriage.' This care is sorely needed. Every year, approximately 14,000 women in Ireland have a miscarriage, meaning about one in every four pregnancies ends in loss. According to the Irish Examiner's women's health survey, some 58% of women report that the availability of support in the aftermath of miscarriage is poor. Women and couples have turned to organisations like the Miscarriage Association of Ireland and Pregnancy and Infant Loss Ireland or to independent therapists. 'There was nothing integrated alongside medical care, up until now. Women who have experienced recurrent miscarriage, and their partners, will now be referred to our specialist counselling services by their local maternity hospital,' O'Brien says. The custom of keeping pregnancies secret until after the first scan at 12 weeks can complicate how people grieve, O'Brien acknowledges: 'In other countries, people share their happy news much earlier. But here, the norm is to wait until after that first scan. Because many miscarriages happen in the first trimester, this means many couples won't have told anyone they are pregnant, which makes it harder to share that they have lost their baby.' Couples can grieve alone, as a result. 'And they do so in such individual ways,' says O'Brien. 'Miscarriage can cause sadness, anger, confusion, guilt, numbness, uncertainty, and fear for the future. There are so many unanswered questions about what happened and why. It's a very difficult time for people.' Alice Sheridan: 'The ripple effect of miscarriage goes on for miles. It's the loss of a life and all its possibilities." Photograph: Moya Nolan No heartbeat Alice Sheridan is a 45-year-old from Skerries in Dublin. She believes many women and couples are 'silently screaming and no one is hearing them'. 'The ripple effect of miscarriage goes on for miles. It's the loss of a life and all its possibilities. For some, it's the loss of the prospect of parenthood. It's a whole future that gets abruptly and violently taken away,' she says. Sheridan speaks from experience. She married in 2009, became pregnant three months later, and gave birth to her son, Jack, in 2010. 'I sailed through that pregnancy,' she says. However, when she and her husband tried for another baby, it took them four years to conceive. 'We were so excited, but at the eight-week scan, we realised there was no heartbeat,' she says. 'We'd lost our baby.' Over the next four years, the couple had two more pregnancies, but both ended in miscarriage. None of the pregnancies progressed beyond eight weeks, meaning Sheridan never developed a baby bump. 'In many ways, I felt this mirrored how our grief wasn't seen,' says Sheridan. 'The grief that follows miscarriage isn't always recognised by society. Lots of people don't know what to say to people who have lost pregnancies, so, often, they don't say anything at all.' Jennifer Duggan, Chairperson of the Irish Miscarriage Association at her home in Carrigaline, Co. Cork. Picture: David Creedon Relying on one another Jennifer Duggan is a 40-year-old from Carrigaline, in Cork, who also knows the pain of miscarriage. When she married at 23, she never imagined she would have difficulty starting a family. 'We married in 2007 and were pregnant at the start of 2008,' she says. 'I was already starting to show when we had our first scan at 12 weeks.' They were devastated when that scan failed to find a heartbeat. Their baby had stopped growing at eight weeks. Having been reassured by doctors that their miscarriage was 'just one of those things that happens as part of women's reproductive life', Duggan and her husband soon started trying again. They experienced another loss before having their son Dáithí in 2009. Two years and two more miscarriages were to follow, before their daughter, Síofra, was born in 2011. 'Looking at us from the outside, people probably thought we had planned the perfect family: A boy followed by a girl two years later,' says Jennifer. 'They would never have guessed we had lost four babies along the way.' Both had come from large families, so they yearned for more children. 'But we held off for a while, after Síofra, for fear of something going wrong,' says Duggan. 'But, eventually, the want for another baby grew bigger than the fear.' They had two more miscarriages before they sought help from a fertility clinic. 'They told me my ovarian reserve was low and recommended we try IVF with donor eggs,' says Jennifer. 'But that didn't feel right to us, so we decided to try one last time, and, happily, we had our son Oisín in 2015.' Looking back on it now, Duggan can see how traumatic the pregnancy losses were: 'My husband and I really relied on one another for support. Our family were great at looking after us, but friends often struggled to know what to say. I started trying for a family at the age of 24, when none of them were at that stage of life.' She found the peer-to-peer support offered by the Miscarriage Association of Ireland helpful. 'Because members had been through it themselves, they understood the jealousy I'd feel at others being pregnant or the sadness I'd feel coming up to the due date of a baby I'd lost. They got what I was going through,' says Duggan, who is now chairperson of the association. Alice Sheridan: 'The grief that follows miscarriage isn't always recognised by society. Lots of people don't know what to say to people who have lost pregnancies, so, often, they don't say anything at all.' Photograph: Moya Nolan Grieving alone Sheridan benefited from counselling after her miscarriages: 'It helped me process my loss and figure out what the future would look like for me and my family.' Sheridan found the experience so beneficial that she decided to retrain as a counsellor: 'I wrote my thesis about the disenfranchised grief many feel after miscarriage. People don't always recognise the profound loss involved and how women and couples need that loss to be acknowledged.' Acknowledging that loss is what the IFPA's new counselling service plans to do. 'It's difficult to say what the demand will be, but we do know that one in four women experiences miscarriage and our team of eight counsellors will be there to support them,' says O'Brien. 'All of us are accredited by the Irish Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy or the Irish Association for Humanistic and Integrative Psychotherapy and have decades of experience. Women and couples will be able to choose between in-person counselling at six centres throughout Ireland or sessions over the phone or Zoom.' These sessions will aim to validate people's bereavement. 'The grief that accompanies miscarriage is real and deeply felt,' says O'Brien. 'We don't want anyone to feel isolated and alone. We want them to know they can speak to us about their loss, frustrations, and fear, without judgement and with total confidentiality and support.' In the meantime, if you know someone who has experienced pregnancy loss, O'Brien has advice on how to support them. 'Sit with them and listen to what they have to say,' she says. 'Don't feel you have to suggest something to fix the situation, as they have just had a huge loss that can't be fixed. And remember that practical help — like childcare, cooking meals, doing shopping or cleaning the house — can make a big difference when people are going through something as physically and emotionally taxing as pregnancy loss.' If you have experienced miscarriage and want to avail of free counselling from the IFPA, ask your healthcare professional to refer you to the service. Click here to read our National Women's Health Survey. The Irish Examiner Women's Health Survey 2025 Ipsos B&A designed and implemented a research project for the Irish Examiner involving a nationally representative sample of n=1,078 women over the age of 16 years. The study was undertaken online with fieldwork conducted between April 30 and May 15, 2025. The sample was quota controlled by age, socio-economic class, region and area of residence to reflect the known profile of women in Ireland based on the census of population and industry agreed guidelines. Ipsos B&A has strict quality control measures in place to ensure robust and reliable findings; results based on the full sample carry a margin of error of +/-2.8%. In other words, if the research was repeated identically results would be expected to lie within this range on 19 occasions out of 20. A variety of aspects were assessed in relation to women's health including fertility, birth, menopause, mental health, health behaviour, and alcohol consumption.

Miscarriage: It can be really hard when you don't know what to expect
Miscarriage: It can be really hard when you don't know what to expect

Irish Examiner

time2 hours ago

  • Irish Examiner

Miscarriage: It can be really hard when you don't know what to expect

The vast majority of women who suffer a miscarriage in Ireland feel unsupported by doctors, and have criticised a lack of counselling around such trauma. Only a third of women feel their GPs provide enough support in the aftermath of miscarriage, with family and friends picking up the slack in two thirds of cases. Similarly, just a third believe support from healthcare professionals to be good. The Irish Examiner National Women's Health Survey, conducted by Ipsos B&A, found that one in four women experience miscarriage. Among women who have experienced fertility issues, the figure rises to almost 50%. In the survey of 1,000 women in Ireland, aftercare support receives the loudest criticism. Six in 10 women said the availability of supports such as counselling is lacking. A similar number reports that follow-up from healthcare providers is insufficient. Jennifer Duggan, chairperson of the Miscarriage Association of Ireland, said the findings align with the organisation's experience: 'They, unfortunately, tally with what we hear ourselves from women we speak to." Almost half criticised the quality of information provided by healthcare professionals, citing it as poor or very poor. 'It can be really hard when you don't know what to expect. "You might be told that you may bleed heavily, but you don't know how heavy is too heavy, or how painful is too painful," said Ms Duggan. It can be really scary and frightening to go through that with little to no information. Naomi Collins, 45, from Galway, had her first miscarriage when she was 10 weeks pregnant. At the hospital, she was told that the spotting would progress to miscarriage and that she should go home and wait for it to happen. 'That was the extent of the help I got in the hospital, and nobody checked up on me after that. That was disappointing,' she said. 'The overwhelming feeling was that I felt hollow." Naomi Collins from Corrandulla, Co Galway, miscarried at 10 weeks. Picture: Ray Ryan Given that one in four women miscarry, she said: "There are an awful lot of people who are not aware whatsoever that the woman sitting next to them at work has had a miscarriage, the woman next to you on the bus has had a miscarriage." Some green shoots are emerging in follow-up care. The Irish Family Planning Association (IFPA) announced earlier this month that it is expanding its counselling service to include women and couples who experience recurrent pregnancy loss. The HSE-funded pilot project is available to anyone who has two or more miscarriages in a row, offering up to eight free counselling sessions. "The grief that accompanies miscarriage is real and deeply felt," says the IFPA's counselling director, Clare O'Brien. We don't want anyone to feel isolated and alone. We want them to know they can speak to us about their loss, fear and frustrations without judgment — and with total confidentiality and support. In April, University College Cork's Pregnancy Loss Research Group (PLRG) made a series of resources available to women who experience miscarriage. The resources include accessible booklets that answer questions such as what happens next and what supports are available, and provide details of other women's lived experiences. In response to the survey's findings on miscarriage, Professor Keelin O'Donoghue, PLRG lead and obstetrician at Cork University Maternity Hospital, said: "Pregnancy loss is a common life experience for many women. "Everybody will experience it differently and will have different needs in their care and support after it happens. "The awareness of what is needed and why this is important is improving, but slowly, and there is much more work to be done across society, policy, health services, and communities with regard to pregnancy loss care and supports more generally." Resources are available on the Pregnancy Loss website —

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