Water appeared in universe not long after Big Bang, say scientists
Over 1,000 quintillion litres of water exist on Earth, mostly making up the huge oceans that cover the surface, but when did water first appear in our universe?Well a new study suggests this important resource formed 200-400 million years after the Big Bang, when the universe formed, which is thought to have happened 14 billion years ago. This is a lot earlier than previously thought. Dr Daniel Whalen from Portsmouth University and co-authors published their findings in the journal Nature Astronomy.
Using computer simulations the researchers created the explosions of two stars.In the virtual supernovae - the name for when a star explodes - the temperatures were found to be high enough to turn the former star gases into Oxygen. This gas then cooled and mixed with another gas hydrogen which formed water. Scientists say their discovery shows that habitable worlds could have formed billions of years earlier than previously thought. They also say the simulations show that water was a key part of the first galaxies and that the amount formed then is only a tenth of what is seen in the galaxy today.
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Telegraph
7 hours ago
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Big Bang theory is wrong, claim scientists
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Universe was not formed in big bang but ‘bounced' out of black hole
Professor Enrique Gaztanaga, from the University of Portsmouth's Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, said that the current Big Bang theory was problematic as the laws of physics 'broke down' when used to explain it. His new explanation, published in the journal Physical Review D, suggests that the Universe was formed as a result of a gravitational collapse in a larger universe which generated a massive black hole leading to a rebound or 'bounce' causing our universe to emerge. Professor Gaztanaga said: 'The Big Bang model begins with a point of infinite density where the laws of physics break down. 'This is a deep theoretical problem that suggests the beginning of the Universe is not fully understood. 'We've questioned that model and tackled questions from a different angle – by looking inward instead of outward. 'Instead of starting with an expanding universe and asking how it began, we considered what happens when an over-density of matter collapses under gravity.' Prof Gaztanaga explained that the theory developed by his team of researchers worked within the principles of quantum mechanics and the model could be tested scientifically. He said: 'We've shown that gravitational collapse does not have to end in a singularity and found that a collapsing cloud of matter can reach a high-density state and then bounce, rebounding outward into a new expanding phase. 'Crucially, this bounce occurs entirely within the framework of general relativity, combined with the basic principles of quantum mechanics. What emerges on the other side of the bounce is a universe remarkably like our own. 'Even more surprisingly, the rebound naturally produces a phase of accelerated expansion driven not by a hypothetical field but by the physics of the bounce itself. 'We now have a fully worked-out solution that shows the bounce is not only possible – it's inevitable under the right conditions. 'One of the strengths of this model is that it makes predictions that can be thoroughly tested. And what's more this new model has also revealed that the Universe is slightly curved, like the surface of the Earth.' He added: 'Furthermore, it could also shed new light on other deep mysteries in our understanding of the early universe such as the origin of supermassive black holes, the nature of dark matter, or the formation and evolution of galaxies.' Prof Gaztanaga, who is the science co-ordinator for the ARRAKIHS ESA space mission, said that the four wide-angle telescopes on the satellite could help confirm the theory through its ability to detect ultra-low surface brightness structures in the outskirts of galaxies which he explained were essential for studying how galaxies grow and evolve.
