These 5 Florida lakes are most ‘snake-infested' waters in the entire state, 2 are in PBC
According to the WorldAtlas, Florida has 46 native species of snakes, as well as four invasive species — and don't forget the six categories of venomous snakes in the state.
"The state of Florida is a hotbed for snake activity. Lush ecosystems spread across a mix of tropical and subtropical climates are tailor-made for these cold-blooded slitherers," the geography website states, adding that snakes are a vital part of our ecosystem.
We have more in common with these scaly serpents than we realize. Snakes and humans both love to seek out bodies of water to cool down in the sweltering summers. However, before you go swimming in your local lake, which is already questionable due to our massive alligator population, make sure it isn't also known for its large number of snakes.
The Lakes of the Everglades
It wouldn't be a list of the most "snake-infested" lakes without the Everglades popping up.
WorldAtlas highlighted the lakes of South Florida's national park mainly for their large, unwelcome inhabitant — the Burmese python. These invasive species have dominated the waters within the Everglades for decades.
"Because of a combination of intentional releases by dissatisfied pet owners (pythons are popular exotic pets in this region) and 1992's Hurricane Andrew destroying a breeding facility (which released untold specimens into nearby swamps), the population of these snakes has grown at unmanageable rates," the report shares. "Given their overwhelming reproductive habits and the fact that they can grow to over 15 feet in length and weigh over 200 pounds, these stealthy constrictors constitute one of the worst-case examples of invasive species on the planet."
Besides the Burmese python, here are some other species you'll find in the Everglades, with those highlighted being venomous:
Coral Snake
Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
Eastern Garter Snake
Eastern Indigo Snake
Florida Brown Snake
Florida Cottonmouth
Pygmy Rattlesnake
Rat Snake
Lake Okeechobee
Moving a smidge north, we're highlighting the largest lake in the state, Lake Okeechobee. It is the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the country. When compared to freshwater lakes contained entirely within the U.S. boundary, it becomes the second-largest lake, surpassed only by Lake Michigan.
This 730-square-mile, shallow body of water, situated in the South-Central part of the state, is famous for its largemouth bass and speckled perch, as well as bluegills, Okeechobee catfish, and black crappies.
However, other less-popular creatures also lurk nearby.
Central and Southern Florida have roughly 34 native species (four of which are venomous) and three invasive species of snakes. With that said, WorldAtlas says the most commonly sighted snakes are Florida green watersnakes, brown watersnakes, the Eastern kingsnake, Brahminy blind snakes, and the Florida king snake.
Lake Seminole
Northwest of state capital Tallahassee is Florida's Lake Seminole (not to be confused with Lake Seminole on the West coast of Central Florida) is a long and narrow reservoir.
Forty-five out of the state's 46 known native species and all six of the venomous varieties are found in the region. WorldAtlas says three different rattlesnakes are reported around Lake Seminole: timber, diamondback, and pygmy.
Cottonmouths (also known as the water moccasin) are also found around the lake, sometimes confused with non-venomous watersnakes.
Lake Iamonia
Leon County's Lake Iamonia is a seven-mile-long prairie lake that drains through a natural sinkhole during dry seasons and reforms when the rains return (despite an unsuccessful attempt at damming and regulating the levels between 1939 and 1980).
WorldAtlas states that the lake is popular among photographers, paddlers, and nature lovers. Identified species include banded watersnakes, Florida green watersnakes, cottonmouths, Eastern kingsnakes, corn snakes, red-bellied snakes, Southern ribbon snakes, ringneck snakes, and scarlet snakes.
Lake Talquin
North Florida's Lake Talquin is our final stop. This former floodplain-turned-manmade reservoir west of Tallahassee is well-stocked with fish and birds, along with their slithering companions.
Cottonmouths, red-bellied watersnakes, and brown watersnakes are the big three commonly found in this 15-square-mile lake and around its 40 miles of shoreline, according to WorldAtlas.
This article originally appeared on Palm Beach Post: Florida snake population highest in these 5 lakes, study shows
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Medscape
7 minutes ago
- Medscape
Neoadjuvant vs Adjuvant Immunotherapy in Colon Cancer
The results of the phase III ATOMIC trial fired another volley in the ongoing debate over adjuvant vs neoadjuvant immunotherapy for patients with locally advanced colon cancer. But experts are divided about which treatment plan is the best. Adjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy has yet to square off against neoadjuvant immunotherapy in a head-to-head trial. Even if that trial doesn't happen, post hoc analyses of ATOMIC and the neoadjuvant NICHE-2 studies may clarify whether a one-size-fits-all approach is appropriate and help determine which patients benefit more from one approach over the other, according to Christopher Lieu, MD, an investigator in the ATOMIC study. The ATOMIC study showed that adding adjuvant immunotherapy to standard-of-care chemotherapy following resection reduced the risk for disease recurrence or death by 50% compared with chemotherapy alone in the 355 patients with stage III colon cancer with mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR), who received adjuvant atezolizumab along with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) chemotherapy, providing those in the pro-adjuvant camp with important data. In addition, 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 86.4% with the combination compared with 76.6% with chemotherapy alone. The results of this trial were presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 2025. 'These data established this combination as a new standard treatment for patients with stage III colon cancer and deficient mismatch repair,' said study author Frank A. Sinicrope, MD, during a press conference at the meeting. 'We regard this as a highly impactful study that will change clinical practice, and it actually represents the first immunotherapy adjuvant study in colon cancer.' In NICHE-2, patients were given neoadjuvant ipilimumab or nivolumab followed by surgical resection. At 3 years, 100% of all 111 patients treated with ipilimumab and nivolumab prior to surgery were recurrence-free, according to a presentation at last year's annual meeting of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO). The DFS beat the prespecified success threshold of 93%. Adding Immunotherapy The standard treatment for stage III colon cancer, regardless of dMMR status, is surgical resection followed by FOLFOX chemotherapy. However, about 15% of patients with stage III colon cancer have dMMR and display resistance to chemotherapy, providing a rationale for adding immunotherapies to standard treatment. 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There are patients with dMMR or microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) colon cancer that appear to have stage I or II disease on their CT scan. 'In those patients, starting with immunotherapy first may not be the best idea because after a stage I or II colon cancer is resected, they don't require any further therapy because of the low risk of recurrence,' he said. 'If you think it is an early-stage cancer based of radiographic findings, you could cut out the cancer and then only offer chemotherapy and immunotherapy if it is unexpectedly stage III. I think that there's certainly rationale for that,' he continued. Other arguments for adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors, like atezolizumab, with chemotherapy include synergy between cytotoxic and immune mechanisms and systemic insurance against micrometastatic spread. It also avoids the potential for rare immune complications from upfront immunotherapy that could delay surgery. 'I don't think that [giving all patients neoadjuvant treatment] is the answer. If you think that they have stage I or stage II colon cancer at the beginning, then you might end up hurting them with upfront immunotherapy,' said Lieu. Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy The standard treatment for stage III colon cancer, regardless of dMMR status, is surgical resection followed by chemotherapy, FOLFOX and capecitabine and oxaliplatin (CAPOX) are two of the most common regimens. However, chemotherapy can be hard on patients, making neoadjuvant immunotherapy that can reduce or eliminate the need for post-surgical chemotherapy very attractive. The data from the NICHE-2 trial support the efficacy of neoadjuvant immunotherapy. 'The data strongly suggest that neoadjuvant immunotherapy is better than adjuvant immunotherapy and that chemotherapy for dMMR colorectal cancer has limited activity,' said Michael J. 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Sinicrope reported several relationships, including with Eli Lilly, Guardant Health, Roche Holdings AG, Ventana Medical Systems, and Woven Health Collective. Lieu reported relationships with Amgen and Genentech.


New York Times
8 minutes ago
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How a Soggy Spring and Hot Summer Nights Made 2025 an ‘Exceptional' Year for Fireflies
'Every summer without fail,' said Adam Young, recalling summer nights chasing fireflies as a child in Iowa, 'I remember running barefoot in the grass at dusk, listening to the crickets and cicadas, chasing fireflies until it got too dark to see,' Mr. Young, who would later rise to fame as the musician behind the band Owl City and its song 'Fireflies,' still recalls those summers fondly. 'You learned to keep your mouth shut,' he said. 'There were thousands of them — you'd ride your bike around and they'd hit you in the face.' This summer, that childhood magic seems to have made a comeback. From city parks to suburban backyards, fireflies have been lighting up the evening sky across the northeastern United States in greater numbers than in recent years — making it feel as if the opening lines of Mr. Young's debut hit were the literal truth: 'You would not believe your eyes, if 10 million fireflies lit up the world as I fell asleep.' And the reason? The weather. Fireflies thrive in warm, humid conditions. Fireflies, or Lampyridae, are not flies or worms, but beetles, and ancient ones at that. 'They have been around for millions of years before humans evolved,' said Jessica Ware, a curator and the division chair of Invertebrate Zoology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. There are more than 2,200 known species worldwide, with 165 documented in the United States and Canada, according to the Xerces Society, which works to protect invertebrates and their habitats. New species are still being discovered. Fireflies are coldblooded insects, meaning their body temperatures are regulated by their environment. They thrive in warm, humid conditions — just the sort of setting Mr. Young recalls from his Iowa childhood. 'They produce an enzyme, luciferase, that interacts with a substance called luciferin, with oxygen, magnesium and a little energy to produce light,' said Sarah Lower, an assistant professor of biology at Bucknell University. The reaction that produces that magical-seeming light is more efficient in warmer air, which explains fireflies' increased activity during hot, muggy summers. Adult fireflies live only briefly. Their lives underground, however, span much longer. 'Fireflies spend up to two years in the larval stage before they emerge as adults,' said Professor Lower. But as adults, most only live about two weeks, she said. A couple of particularly soggy spring seasons in recent years might have given firefly larvae a boost, experts said. New York City received 16.64 inches of rainfall in spring 2024 and 15.35 inches in spring 2025 — both well above the seasonal average of 12.34 inches, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Meanwhile, Philadelphia got 13.07 inches in 2024 and 14.41 inches in 2025, also higher than its spring average, which is 10.77 inches. Zack Taylor, the branch chief at NOAA's Weather Prediction Center, noted that unusually warm summer nights this year may be another contributing factor. He explained that clouds, high humidity and light winds can trap heat near the earth's surface, keeping nighttime temperatures elevated. Because fireflies thrive on warm and humid conditions, these above-average overnight temperatures also could be fueling the noticeable increase. Overnight lows in Central Park are among the warmest on record, he said, and the same is true in Philadelphia. In fact, he added, since June 1, several locations east of the Mississippi River are experiencing their warmest average lows on record: Raleigh, Charlotte, and Wilmington in North Carolina; Huntington, and Kennedy Airport in New York. Gabriel Willow, a naturalist who leads nocturnal ecology tours in Central Park and Prospect Park, has also noticed the uptick. 'It's an exceptional year for fireflies,' he said. 'Last spring and summer, and this year as well, were both wetter than average, so that's helped the fireflies survive and thrive.' This is a bright year, but many species are at risk. Candace Fallon, a biologist at the Xerces Society, said it was uplifting to hear so many reports of larger firefly populations, but it was difficult to draw any conclusions from a single season of data. 'Because firefly populations can bounce up and down each year, depending on local conditions,' she said, 'we really need long-term data sets to understand how fireflies are doing over the long term.' The Xerces Society maintains a community science program called Firefly Atlas, which collects data on firefly distribution to produce rough estimates of abundance, habitat associations, phenology and threats. But Ms. Fallon said monitoring at established sites was still in its infancy in the United States. 'We lack base line data from prior decades to authoritatively speak to how populations are faring compared to the past,' she said. 'That said, anecdotal reports, documented threats to fireflies, local extirpations, and research on population trends of other insect groups all suggest that fireflies are declining.' At least 18 of the estimated 170 North American species are considered at risk of extinction, according an assessment the Firefly Atlas completed with the International Union for Conservation of Nature Firefly Specialist Group. Habitat loss, pesticide use, light pollution and climate change are the primary drivers. 'They need dark night skies as they flash a species-specific pattern of light to communicate and find a mate,' Dr. Ware said. 'Light pollution makes it hard for the species to find their mates which means fewer mating successes and smaller population the next year.' Mr. Willow said that the most abundant species in New York — Photinus pyralis, or the 'big dipper firefly' — is more resilient to light pollution than others. 'It generally is out for a couple of hours around sunset at dusk looking for a mate,' he said. 'Since it comes out and displays when it's lighter out relative to some other fireflies that prefer darkness, it's less sensitive to light pollution.' Counterintuitively, that means cities might offer safer conditions for fireflies than rural or suburban areas, as long as green spaces exist. 'Cities don't tend to have widespread insecticide use aside from spraying for mosquitoes,' Mr. Willow said. 'That can make them unexpectedly hospitable environments for insects like fireflies — especially where there's parkland, unmowed grasses, native wildflowers and trees.' Here's how to keep fireflies around for the future. So what can be done to keep the magic glowing for future summers? 'Lights out for lightning bugs,' said Professor Lower. 'Turn your outside lights off during the summer.' She also recommends leaving your leaves to decompose in the soil in the fall and not mowing at least part of your yard — 'devote it to fireflies,' she said. Moist, organic soil is critical. Creating a dark part of your garden by planting taller trees and shrubs can also help fireflies thrive, she added. For those tempted to relive childhood summer nights by catching fireflies in jars, there's a responsible way to do it. 'We recommend catch and release,' Professor Lower said. Most North American species only have a few nights of adulthood, 'so capturing them in a jar can prevent them from finding a mate,' she said. If you do capture them in a jar, she recommends skipping the holes. 'Fireflies dry out rapidly, and holes make that worse,' she said. 'Put them in an enclosed jar with a piece of damp paper towel or a piece of apple.' If you're going out to spot fireflies, Mr. Willow recommends seeking out grassy areas with scattered trees. 'Strawberry Fields in Central Park, the Long Meadow in Prospect Park, really any grassy areas in city parks and even patches of grass in backyards or abandoned lots,' he said. He added the best time is around sunset and two to three hours afterward. 'The fireflies start flashing earlier in shady areas under trees where it's darker, and then later in open areas when the light levels drop.'


Geek Girl Authority
33 minutes ago
- Geek Girl Authority
Computer, Please End Program: 6 STAR TREK Holodeck Malfunctions
On Star Trek, one of the most famous pieces of technology is the holodeck. But unlike most Starfleet equipment, this device is just as likely to malfunction as to operate correctly. For more evidence that this is true, just check the most recent episode of Star Trek: Strange New Worlds. 'A Space Adventure Hour' reveals the first time that a holodeck was tested on a Starfleet ship. And, well… you can probably guess what happens next. For this week's Trek Tuesday, we're recalling six times the holodeck malfunctioned. Did we include your favorite? Cover image credit: Marni Grossman/Paramount+ The Practical Joker The episode that first introduced the holodeck was Star Trek: The Animated Series Season 2's 'The Practical Joker.' In this episode, the holodeck was called 'the rec room.' This is referenced in Strange New Worlds' 'A Space Adventure Hour,' when Christopher Pike (Anson Mount) calls the holodeck the 're-creation room.' RELATED: Two Takes Trek: A Holodeck Whodunnit In 'The Practical Joker,' the computer of the U.S.S. Enterprise under the command of James T. Kirk (William Shatner) gains sentience. This leads to the computer playing 'practical jokes' on the Enterprise crew. Some are more harmless, like printing 'Kirk is a Jerk' on the back of Kirk's uniform. But the situation is more dire for Leonard 'Bones' McCoy (DeForest Kelly), Hikaru Sulu (George Takei) and Nyota Uhura (Nichelle Nichols). They end up trapped in the rec room, where the safety protocols are turned off, leaving them threatened by the simulated elements. Elementary, Dear Data The series that fully introduced the holodeck to viewers was Star Trek: The Next Generation. And in The Next Generation Season 3's 'Elementary, Dear Data,' the show introduced the most memorable holodeck character: James Moriarty (Daniel Davis). The trouble begins when Geordi LaForge (LeVar Burton) instructs the computer to create an adversary capable of facing Data (Brent Spiner). Unfortunately, the computer succeeds in this task a bit too well. The hologram version of Moriarty is so smart, he becomes aware of the fact that he's a hologram. And he wants out of the holodeck! Moriarty would return again in The Next Generation Season 6 episode 'Ship in a Bottle.' Our Man Bashir What's worse than a holodeck malfunction? A holodeck malfunction combined with a transporter malfunction! In Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Season 4's 'Our Man Bashir,' Julian Bashir (Alexander Siddig) is enjoying a holosuite program that bears a striking resemblance to James Bond. Meanwhile, Benjamin Sisko (Avery Brooks), Kira Nerys (Nana Visitor), Worf (Michael Dorn), Jadzia Dax (Terry Farrell) and Miles O'Brien (Colm Meany) are returning from a mission aboard a runabout. RELATED: Star Trek : Tracing the Holodeck's History Michael Eddington (Kenneth Marshall) attempts to beam the away team off the runabout before it explodes. Due to the explosion, the officers are trapped in the transporter buffer. Eddington acts quickly to save them, but they end up taking the place of characters in Bashir's holosuite spy program. Heroes and Demons Thanks to its holographic doctor and being trapped in the Delta Quadrant, Star Trek: Voyager had its share of holodeck episodes. In the Voyager Season 1 episode 'Heroes and Demons,' The Doctor (Robert Picardo) gets to go on his very first 'away mission.' The action begins when Voyager beams aboard a sample of a protostar to study. But unbeknownst to the crew, they also inadvertently beam aboard a lifeform alongside the sample. This lifeform begins causing crew members to vanish into a Beowulf holodeck program. Thus, it is up to the Doctor to infiltrate the holodeck and rescue the crew from the program. Terminal Provocations Photo Cr: Best Possible Screen Grab CBS ©2020 CBS Interactive, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sometimes, holodeck malfunctions can have lasting effects. Such was the case for Star Trek: Lower Decks Season 1's 'Terminal Provocations.' In this episode, Samanthan Rutherford (Eugene Cordero) is eager to show off for D'Vana Tendi (Noël Wells). He attempts this via a training hologram he created, Badgey (Jack McBrayer). RELATED: Star Trek: Picard Season 3: Everything to Know About Hologram Moriarty But unfortunately, part of Rutherford's younger and angrier personality affected Badgey's coding. When safety protocols fail, Badgey attempts to murder Rutherford. While Rutherford defeats Badgey in 'Terminal Provocation,' the patricidal hologram returns in many episodes over the course of the series. Su'Kal Photo Cr: Michael Gibson/CBS ©2020 CBS Interactive, Inc. All Rights Reserved. In the Star Trek: Discovery episode 'Su'Kal,' the crew of the U.S.S. Discovery is on a mission to rescue Su'Kal (Bill Irwin). This Kelpien has been stranded aboard a ship for over a century. And in order to keep him safe, the entire ship has been converted into a holodeck. When Michael Burnham (Sonequa Martin-Green), Hugh Culber (Wilson Cruz) and Saru (Doug Jones) beam aboard the ship, they are startled to find that the holodeck makes them appear as different species. While it takes until a subsequent episode, Saru is eventually able to convince Su'Kal to shut down the holodeck program, allowing everyone to safely escape from the Kelpien ship. The Star Trek episodes discussed in this article are currently available for streaming on Paramount+. Hit It: Best Quotes From STAR TREK: STRANGE NEW WORLDS' 'A Space Adventure Hour' Avery Kaplan (she/her) is the author of several books and the Features Editor at Comics Beat. With her spouse Ollie Kaplan, Avery co-authored the middle school textbook on intersectionality Double Challenge: Being LGBTQ and a Minority. She was honored to serve as a judge for the 2021 - 2024 Cartoonist Studio Prize Awards and the 2021 Prism Awards. She lives in the mountains of Southern California with her partner and a pile of cats, and her favorite place to visit is the cemetery. You can also find her writing on Comics Bookcase, the Gutter Review, Shelfdust, the Mary Sue, in the Comics Courier and in many issues of PanelxPanel, and in the margins of the books in her personal library.