Everything to know about the 2025 U.S. Amateur at Olympic Club
The 2025 U.S. Amateur begins Monday at Olympic Club in San Francisco, where 312 of the top male amateurs from across the world will battle it out for the Havemeyer Trophy. Players will compete on Olympic Club's Lake Course and Ocean Course in stroke play before the top 64 players battle it out at the Lake Course to determine a champion.
The field is loaded, including a majority of the top amateurs in the world.
Last year, Josele Ballester defeated Noah Kent 2 up at Hazeltine National in Chaska, Minnesota, to become the first Spaniard to win the U.S. Amateur.
Here's everything you need to know for the 2025 U.S. Amateur:
Olympic Club yardage book
LAKE COURSE
Hole 1: 520 yards (Par 4)
Hole 2: 441 yards (Par 4)
Hole 3: 256 yards (Par 3)
Hole 4: 426 yards (Par 4)
Hole 5: 503 yards (Par 4)
Hole 6: 495 yards (Par 4)
Hole 7: 314 yards (Par 4)
Hole 8: 206 yards (Par 3)
Hole 9: 454 yards (Par 4)
OUT: 3,615 yards (Par 34)
Hole 10: 432 yards (Par 4)
Hole 11: 442 yards (Par 4)
Hole 12: 460 yards (Par 4)
Hole 13: 196 yards (Par 3)
Hole 14: 427 yards (Par 4)
Hole 15: 154 yards (Par 3)
Hole 16: 620 yards (Par 5)
Hole 17: 521 yards (Par 5)
Hole 18: 347 yards (Par 4)
IN: 3,599 yards (Par 36)
TOTAL: 7,214 yards (Par 70)
OCEAN COURSE
Hole 1: 521 yards (Par 4)
Hole 2: 192 yards (Par 3)
Hole 3: 416 yards (Par 4)
Hole 4: 561 yards (Par 5)
Hole 5: 170 yards (Par 3)
Hole 6: 357 yards (Par 4)
Hole 7: 443 yards (Par 4)
Hole 8: 422 yards (Par 4)
Hole 9: 400 yards (Par 4)
OUT: 3,482 yards (Par 35)
Hole 10: 171 yards (Par 3)
Hole 11: 531 yards (Par 5)
Hole 12: 389 yards (Par 4)
Hole 13: 372 yards (Par 4)
Hole 14: 349 yards (Par 4)
Hole 15: 471 yards (Par 4)
Hole 16: 400 yards (Par 4)
Hole 17: 205 yards (Par 3)
Hole 18: 417 yards (Par 4)
IN: 3,305 yards (Par 35)
TOTAL: 6,787 yards (Par 70)
Where to watch U.S. Amateur 2025, TV information
Wednesday, Aug. 13: 6-7 p.m.: Round of 64 (Peacock)
Wednesday, Aug. 13: 7-9 p.m.: Round of 64 (Golf Channel)
Thursday, Aug. 14: 7-10 p.m.: Round of 16 (Golf Channel)
Friday, Aug. 15: 6-7 p.m.: Quarterfinals (Peacock)
Friday, Aug. 15: 7-9 p.m.: Quarterfinals (Golf Channel)
Saturday, Aug. 16: 3-6 p.m.: Semifinals (Golf Channel)
Sunday, Aug. 17: 7-10 p.m.: Championship Match (Golf Channel)
U.S. Amateur field facts
Oldest competitors: Louis Brown (61), Greg Sanders (61)Youngest competitors: Aston Lim (15), Miles Russell (16), Ronin Banerjee (16), Liam Maclauchlan (16)Average age of field: 23 years and 135 daysU.S. States represented (48): California (36), Texas (24), Florida (18), Georgia (16), Arizona (13), North Carolina (13), Tennessee (9), Alabama (7), New York (7), Oklahoma (7), Virginia (7), Illinois (6), Ohio (6), Pennsylvania (6), South Carolina (6), Kentucky (5), Louisiana (5), Maryland (5), Oregon (5), Utah (5), Indiana (4), Kansas (4), Massachusetts (4), Michigan (4), Minnesota (4), New Jersey (4), Colorado (3), Mississippi (3), Washington (3), Arkansas (2), Connecticut (2), Idaho (2), Iowa (2), Missouri (2), Montana (2), Nebraska (2), Nevada (2), New Mexico (2), Wisconsin (2), Hawaii (1), Maine (1), New Hampshire (1), North Dakota (1), Rhode Island (1), South Dakota (1), Vermont (1), West Virginia (1), Wyoming (1)International (26): United States (265), Canada (7), England (5), Australia (4), Germany (3), Brazil (2), Guatemala (2), Japan (2), Scotland (2), Bolivia (1), Colombia (1), Estonia (1), France (1), Iceland (1), Mexico (1), Netherlands (1), New Zealand (1), Northern Ireland (1), Panama (1), People's Republic of China (1), Puerto Rico (1), South Africa (1), Spain (1), Sweden (1), Thailand (1), Vietnam (1)USGA champions (11): Evan Beck (2024 U.S. Mid-Amateur), Louis Brown (2024 U.S. Senior Amateur), Hamilton Coleman (2025 U.S. Junior Amateur), Will Hartman (2025 U.S. Amateur Four-Ball), Stewart Hagestad (2016, 2021, 2023 U.S. Mid-Amateur), Trevor Gutschewski (2024 U.S. Junior Amateur), Bryan Kim (2023 U.S. Junior Amateur), Tyler Mawhinney (2025 U.S. Amateur Four-Ball), Matthew McClean (2022 U.S. Mid-Amateur), Matt Parziale (2017 U.S. Mid-Amateur), Todd White (2015 U.S. Amateur Four-Ball, 2023 U.S. Senior Amateur)USGA runners-up (12): Anh Minh Nguyen (2025 U.S. Junior Amateur), Joshua Bai (2023 U.S. Junior Amateur), Evan Beck (2008 U.S. Junior Amateur, 2023 U.S. Mid-Amateur, 2025 U.S. Amateur Four-Ball), Jackson Herrington (2024 U.S. Amateur Four-Ball), Noah Kent (2024 U.S. Amateur), Drew Kittleson (2008 U.S. Amateur, 2022 and 2023 U.S. Amateur Four-Ball), Bobby Massa (2024 U.S. Mid-Amateur), Brad Nurski (2014 U.S. Mid-Amateur), Garrett Rank (2012 U.S. Mid-Amateur), Dan Sullivan (2024 U.S. Senior Amateur), Cohen Trolio (2021 U.S. Junior Amateur), Tyler Watts (2024 U.S. Junior Amateur)Players in field with most U.S. Amateur appearances (2025 included) – Stewart Hagestad (16), Todd White (11), Robbie Ziegler (8), Matt Parziale (7), Evan Beck (6), Luke Potter (6)Players in field who competed in 2007 U.S. Amateur at Olympic Club (0)– NoneTop-ranked players in the field:
No. 1 – Jackson Koivun
No. 2 – Benjamin James
No. 3 – Ethan Fang
No. 4 – Preston Stout
No. 5 – Filip Jakubcik
No. 6 – Tommy Morrison
No. 7 – Jase Summy
No. 8 – Michael La Sasso
No. 9 – Christiaan Maas
No. 10 – Jack Turner
No. 11 – Tyler Weaver
No. 12 – Josiah Gilbert
No. 13 – Gunnlaugur Arni Sveinsson
No. 14 – Wells Williams
No. 15 – Jacob Modleski
No. 16 – Miles Russell
No. 17 – Max Herendeen
No. 18 – Connor Williams
No. 19 – Bryan Lee
U.S. Amateur ticket information
Fans must purchase tickets to attend the U.S. Amateur. For more information, click here.
What the winner of U.S. Amateur receives
A gold medal
Custody of the Havemeyer Trophy for one year
Exemption from qualifying for the next 10 U.S. Amateurs
Exemption into 2026 U.S. Open at Shinnecock Hills Country Club, in Southampton, N.Y.
Exemption into 2026 Open Championship, conducted by The R&A, at Royal Birkdale (must be an amateur)
Likely invitation into 2026 Masters Tournament (must be an amateur)
Name engraved into 2025 USGA Champions' plaque that resides in the USGA Museum's Hall of Champions in Liberty Corner, N.J.
What is the format at the U.S. Amateur?
Monday, Aug. 11 (18 holes, stroke play)
Tuesday, Aug. 12 (18 holes, stroke play)
Wednesday, Aug. 13 (Round of 64, match play)
Thursday, Aug. 14 (Round of 32/16 matches)
Friday, Aug. 15 (Quarterfinal matches)
Saturday, Aug. 16 (Semifinal matches)
Sunday, Aug. 17 (36-hole championship match)
This article originally appeared on Golfweek: U.S. Amateur 2025: Who's playing, ticket information at Olympic Club
Hashtags
Try Our AI Features
Explore what Daily8 AI can do for you:
Comments
No comments yet...
Related Articles
New York Times
2 minutes ago
- New York Times
Burning Rangers questions for 2025-26: Should Mika Zibanejad play wing or center?
The bigger questions surrounding Mika Zibanejad's position aren't that different from those in the first installment of this offseason mini-series, which explored whether the Rangers should play Vladislav Gavrikov and Adam Fox together. Does new coach Mike Sullivan want to load up the top of his lineup, at the expense of depth? Or would it be best to balance things out? Advertisement The 32-year-old Zibanejad is coming off a difficult season. His 62 points were his lowest in a full campaign since 2017-18, and his 20 goals were his fewest since 2016-17, his first in New York. Zibanejad has been a force on the power play during his time with the Rangers — he's only eight goals shy of Camille Henry and Chris Kreider for the team record of 116 — but he got demoted to the second unit on multiple occasions in 2024-25. 'I know this wasn't the season that I wanted,' Zibanejad said on locker cleanout day in April. 'That's on me. I have some months here now to make sure I take advantage of and get ready for next season.' Getting Zibanejad back on track is vital for the Rangers, and he showed signs of turning a corner the second half of the season, especially after the Rangers acquired J.T. Miller from Vancouver. The Rangers played Zibanejad on Miller's wing for significant minutes, moving him away from his traditional center slot, and he responded with 11 goals and 33 points in 32 games after the acquisition. 'I thought he played better (on the wing),' said an NHL scout based in the East. 'Obviously when it comes to team needs, having him on a wing may have been a luxury at certain points because center is just so valuable. But I thought him and Miller's chemistry was good. … Once they made that trade for Miller it maybe injected a little bit of life into him.' One Eastern Conference executive said that the Rangers at times looked like 'a completely disengaged team' during the 2024-25 season. But with Miller, he said, 'You're not going to be disengaged with that f—ing guy in your lineup.' Miller and Zibanejad played 259 five-on-five minutes together, according to Natural Stat Trick. The Rangers outscored opponents 14-12 in those minutes and commanded 52.14 percent of the expected goal share. Without each other, both players' expected goal rates dipped below 50 percent after the trade: Miller at 37.98 percent in 166 minutes and Zibanejad at 47.47 percent in 179 minutes. Advertisement Based on last year's results, Zibanejad playing on Miller's wing makes sense — not just to potentially get Zibanejad out of his funk, but also to help Miller, whose numbers dipped away from the Swede. 'It probably gives them their best top six with Zibanejad on the wing for right now,' one Western Conference executive said. 'Having to skate less and have to be less defensively responsible, I feel like that gives (Zibanejad) a little bit more jump where he can focus a little bit more on his game, making plays, creating offense,' the Eastern-based scout added. 'Maybe not having to do as much skating as you do when you're playing center might've been a little bit of a boost for him.' If Sullivan goes that route, he could put Will Cuylle on their line and then keep Artemi Panarin, Vincent Trocheck and Alexis Lafrenière together. He could also put Panarin with Miller and Zibanejad when in need of offense in late-game situations: the Rangers had 59.91 percent of the expected goal share with that trio on the ice in 62 five-on-five minutes last season. All of that sounds appealing, but it comes with a tradeoff. If those six forwards make up the top two lines, the third line would necessarily have Sam Carrick, Jonny Brodzinski or Juuso Pärssinen at center, likely with Taylor Raddysh and a younger winger — maybe Brett Berard, Gabe Perreault or Brennan Othmann — or perhaps veteran Conor Sheary, who is attending camp on a professional tryout. Barring a big jump from one of the less-experienced players, that does not feel like a contending third line. The alternative would be putting Zibanejad at center and having him, Miller, Trocheck and Carrick up the middle. That's a solid center group but leaves the team lighter on the wing. The best-case scenario for the Rangers is that the 24-year-old Pärssinen, acquired from the Avalanche in the Ryan Lindgren trade last deadline, develops into a capable third-line center. But that's a lot to ask for a player who has never played more than 48 games in an NHL season. He was a frequent healthy scratch under then-coach Peter Laviolette after the deadline, though he had multi-point games in two of the season's final three games. Advertisement '(Playing 3C) has been the expectation of him really probably going into the last two training camps,' the Western Conference exec said of Pärssinen. 'He's sort of been that 4C with 3C upside, and he's only 24. The last two years it was a little bit of a younger age. He's definitely coming into the age now that he's going to want to push himself to be that.' Pärssinen's best stretch of play came with Nashville in 2022-23, his rookie year. He got an extended run centering Filip Forsberg and had 20 points in his final 29 games of the year. That success did not continue when the Predators brought in Andrew Brunette as coach ahead of the next season, leading Nashville to trade him to Colorado in the middle of 2024-25. After 22 games with the Avalanche, he was flipped again. 'He kind of fell off for me,' one NHL scout based in the West said. 'I don't know if he just didn't know his role or what he could be or the skill set he would apply to a game. Seeing him after he got moved around, he wasn't the same player. If they can get back a little bit of what he was, I liked him early in his career in Nashville.' If Sullivan keeps Zibanejad on the wing and wants to give Pärssinen or another 3C option a boost, he could consider moving Cuylle to the third line and playing a high-skill youngster like Perreault in the top six. 'That's all part of the process: trying the different combinations and things,' the Eastern-based scout said. 'They can balance their lineup or they can push all their chips up top and rely on those top guys more.' And Zibanejad is perhaps the player who will most affect whatever Sullivan chooses. (Top photo of Mika Zibanejad: Joel Auerbach / Getty Images) Spot the pattern. Connect the terms Find the hidden link between sports terms Play today's puzzle
New York Times
2 minutes ago
- New York Times
Do the Knicks need to make NBA Finals and other New York fan survey results
The people have spoken. Over 3,000 fans voiced their opinion on the New York Knicks' upcoming season and the state of the franchise. And, as was the case last year, the expectations are sky high from both the organization and the fans. New York finished last year two wins short of the NBA Finals, fired its coach, hired a new one and has put together the bulk of next year's roster with a little over a month until training camp begins. Based on the survey results, it feels as if Knicks fans are anticipating yet another season that sees the franchise ending a long drought. Advertisement With all that said, let's get into the results for each question and my thoughts on everything. Progress doesn't always have to be linear, but in the case of the Knicks, who are months removed from their first Eastern Conference finals appearance in 25 years and firing their winningest coach this century, it does. Over 70 percent of the votes suggest that fans believe New York has to, at least, make the finals. I figured that would be the case. Not only were the Knicks, possibly, a Tyrese Haliburton prayer shot from making it this past season, but the core will have another year under its belt in an Eastern Conference with less legitimate NBA title contenders (in large part due to injuries). Winning an NBA title is hard. Getting to the finals is difficult, too. Too many factors outside of which team is the best plays into accomplishments of that magnitude. However, as things stand, the Knicks have a lot of things in their favor to be the last team standing in the East. I'm actually surprised that 'very confident' came in third place. Maybe decades of heartbreak has fans controlling their emotions. That's understandable. As we sit here in August, the only team that appears to be on the same level as the Knicks in the East is the Cleveland Cavaliers, who, after an Eastern Conference-leading 64 wins last season, fell short in the second round of the NBA playoffs to the Indiana Pacers. Cleveland did dominate New York during the regular season last year, and maybe that is where some of the cautiousness comes from for Knicks fans. The Cavaliers have more continuity than the Knicks, and I could see that leading to a better regular-season record if New York takes a bit to find its footing under a new head coach. That said, one of the Cavaliers or Knicks will be the No. 1 seed in the East (barring injuries of course). We'll see how these two teams match up against one another relatively soon, as they open the season against one another and then play again on Christmas. Advertisement Of all the questions on this survey, this result was the one I was most curious about. When talking to fans in-person and online, there seems to be a healthy split when it comes to this question. The results somewhat show the same thing. Ultimately, I think fans grew tired of Thibodeau's reliance upon his starters, his lack of experimentation until the Knicks were deep in the playoffs and, well, after five years, people just like change. Do I think Thibodeau deserved to be fired? I don't. I thought he deserved one more year after all he's done to help turn New York back into a respectable organization on the court. Do I understand why he got fired? I do. The decision to fire Thibodeau could be one that either makes the decision-makers look like geniuses or, potentially, sets the franchise back a bit. We'll find out soon enough. This is somewhat how I thought the result of this question would shake out. Brown has had a long coaching career that has been met with both highs and lows. He's respected around the NBA but doesn't come with the championship pedigree (as a head coach) that I'm sure some fans would have liked after what transpired last season. Brown has a lot of the credentials you'd want from someone running the show, but I'm not sure he'd be considered a 'splashy' hire. Brown and the front office will absorb all of the pressure this coming season. Brown is the only major change from a team that went far last season, and the front office made the decision to change bodies in that first chair. The owner will face pressure, too, but he owns the team. So, is it really pressure? He won't fire himself. The veteran coach deserves the benefit of the doubt out of the gate. Brown has accomplished enough in this league to make you believe that, with this team, he could be the voice needed to help the Knicks reach the mountaintop. Advertisement Another split across the board for the most part, and I believe this is the proper reaction to this question. Not everyone was on the same page. And, no, this wasn't the best cycle to fire an accomplished coach and look for a new head coach. Yet, with those two things said, the Knicks did their due diligence, no matter how funky the process looked. Now, one could say they were forced to do their due diligence because of how and when Thibodeau was let go. Those people wouldn't be incorrect. However, given the circumstances, I did think New York turned over a lot of stones to make sure it found what it believes to be the best candidate available. We'll find out soon enough if the Knicks' process led to the results they were looking for. If the survey was done before the playoffs, I wonder if the results would have had a little more blue… After being traded for a handful of draft picks last summer, Bridges' introduction to Manhattan was met with mixed reviews. He struggled at times as the team's primary point-of-attack defender, and his offensive success was largely reliant upon midrange shooting. Individually, Bridges had a good regular season, but he certainly had pockets where he left fans wanting more. However, in the playoffs, Bridges made some of the biggest defensive stops in more than one series and hit some big shots here and there, as well. He was always consistent from quarter to quarter during the postseason, but his highs were key in helping the Knicks make the Eastern Conference finals. Ultimately, New York made the trade for Bridges because it believed he was the missing piece to help the franchise be legitimate title contenders. The Knicks were two wins away from making the finals and Bridges played every game. That's something. Advertisement The Knicks didn't give up too much to acquire Towns and his lengthy contract, so the results here make sense. He was one of the 15 best players in the NBA last season, had his most efficient shooting season in three years and, like Bridges, played a big part in the Knicks making the Eastern Conference finals. Towns has his limitations defensively, but everyone knew that when the trade happened. His offense popped despite optimal spacing, and there's more there for Brown to try and unlock. As it pertains to Towns, the Knicks need to find out if they can win at the highest level with him playing center primarily or if he needs another traditional, rim-protecting center alongside him. The Timberwolves thought they answered that question and now New York must do it sooner rather than later. The fan response here is correlated to what I was talking about above. Fans, too, feel like pairing Towns with a more traditional, defensive-minded center like Mitchell Robinson is the best way to go in order to maximize this team's ceiling. Thibodeau switched to the Brunson-Bridges-Anunoby-Towns-Robinson starting lineup halfway through the postseason and while the results weren't great, they were better than the previous starting lineup. The former lineup played 65 minutes together in the playoffs (which was the 15th most-used lineup in the entire playoffs) and posted a -3.7 net rating. The Brunson-Bridges-Anunoby-Hart-Towns lineup played 335 minutes together (which was the most-used lineup in the entire playoffs) and had a -6.2 net rating. The starting lineup with Robinson wasn't used much during the regular season, largely because Robinson missed most of the regular season due to injury. Maybe there is more to unlock there with more time together. After that, fans appear to prioritize the shooting of Miles McBride as opposed to the connectivity of Josh Hart. Advertisement Out of curiosity, if you voted 'other' let me know in the comments which starting lineup you want to see. I won't spend too much time on this result. It makes sense. Brown and Co. get two years to figure it out from the viewpoint of the fans. That seems reasonable. Of all the questions on this survey, this was the one result I was most sure of. Brunson, yet again, was one of the best 10 players in the NBA. He was the most clutch player in basketball. He had ridiculously good playoff performances. Brunson is the best player on the team and has, maybe more than anyone, been critical to the Knicks' on-court resurgence in recent years. The fans love Brunson. Brunson loves the fans. This is a perfect marriage. Maybe Brunson never brings a title to New York. There are too many factors that impact that result outside of Brunson's control. And even if he never does, Brunson has proven that, year after year, he is one of the best players in the game. The case could be made that a team with two limited defenders playing major minutes can't win a title. That's understandable. However, to me, that says more about mildly flawed team-building than it does Brunson. Spot the pattern. Connect the terms Find the hidden link between sports terms Play today's puzzle
Yahoo
28 minutes ago
- Yahoo
The Hobby is so back, baby or is it?
Morning, Collectors. After the dramatic post-COVID crash, the card market is officially back, says Will Stern from cllct, and in ways that may prove more sustainable than the stimulus-fueled frenzy of 2020–21. While million-dollar sales have resumed (nine already in 2025), the real story is broader: record-breaking online volume ($308M in July), a surge in mid-range and base card sales, product innovation like the Rookie Debut Patch, the emergence of new superstars (hello, Caitlin Clark), and major players like Sotheby's, GameStop, and Fanatics making aggressive moves. Stern even mentions that the hobby has its own social network now called Mantel, which sounds amazing and everyone should check out! COUNTERPOINT! Darren Rovell, also of cllct, worries that we might be headed towards a bear market, stating that the current market is showing all of the signs of a bubble. Hype, speculative buying, irrational price increases, lack of fundamentals… So which is it? We're always optimistic here at Mantel, but we'll wait until things shake out and then come back here to tell you we predicted the world correctly all along. Stay tuned! The Athletic: Controversial Little League Bat Flip is Now a Collectible Pin, Bat Going to Auction Twelve-year-old Marco Rocco's controversial bat flip, which briefly led to his suspension from the Little League World Series, is now being commemorated with a limited-edition collectible pin. Only 75 'BATFLIP 2025' pins will be available for trading in Williamsport, each depicting Marco mid-flip in his No. 10 jersey. Designed in collaboration with Jeff and Todd Frazier, the pins celebrate the 75th anniversary of Haddonfield Little League and are expected to be a sought-after item among pin traders. Meanwhile, Marco's now-iconic bat will be auctioned by Goldin (Ken Goldin's son plays on the Haddonfield team… serendipity!). Robb Report: MLB Players Are Taking the Field in Vintage Van Cleef & Arpels Necklaces Van Cleef & Arpels' iconic Alhambra collection has found an unlikely but glamorous home on MLB diamonds, as players like Miguel Rojas, Junior Caminero, and Joc Pederson adopt the luxe, clover-shaped pendants as part of their game-day look. Once the domain of royalty and fashion icons, the necklaces, priced north of $9,000, are now being paired with cleats and batting gloves. Onyx appears to be the stone of choice, with its supposed protective energy adding a touch of superstition to the aesthetic. The trend evokes past player fads like the Power Balance bands (I had one and NOBODY could push my arm down when it was on!), but this time the jewelry's appeal lies more in prestige and polish than pseudoscience. NY Post: California Police Recover $30K Worth of Labubu Dolls After They Were Stolen From Warehouse A group of thieves in La Puente, CA recently bypassed cash and electronics to steal $30,000 worth of toy-of-the-moment, Garbage Patch Kids Furby Beanie Baby Labubu dolls. The Labubu, a grinning, bunny-eared oddity, has become a collector obsession, with blind boxes starting at $27.99 and rarer versions climbing past $500. One skateboarding variant sold for $10,500 last week. And of course, where there is money, there are thieves, and stories pop up near daily about major Labubu thefts. Knockoff versions called 'Lafufus' are already popping up in response. NYT: Hidden Inside Our Electronics, Tiny Doodles From Another Era This is the type of collecting story we love — an obscure category we never knew existed, with a fervent and growing community. The New York Times wrote about the hidden world of silicon art that is captivating a small group of collectors who search for 'doodles' etched into vintage microchips by engineers in the 1970s–1990s. These whimsical illustrations — smiley faces, pyramids, space shuttles, and even a Playboy bunny — were secretly embedded in unused chip space as a form of creative expression and personal signature. Though never intended for public discovery, the doodles are now being unearthed through a combination of technical skill, detective work, and a bit of hardware archaeology. With modern chip design no longer allowing such flourishes, collectors are racing against time to preserve these hidden relics of the analog era.
