Lost Civilisation Underwater? 140,000-Year-Old Homo Erectus Skull May Hold The Key To Secret
Scientists may have stumbled upon a hidden civilisation at the bottom of the ocean after they discovered the skull of Homo erectus, an ancient human ancestor. The skull was preserved beneath layers of silt and sand in the Madura Strait, between the islands of Java and Madura, in Indonesia, with researchers claiming that it was buried 140,000 years ago.
The Homo erectus fossil was discovered in 2011 due to a large construction project in the Madura Strait. However, it wasn't until this month that scientists published the findings in the journal Quaternary Environments and Human.
"This period is characterised by great morphological diversity and mobility of hominin populations in the region," said study lead author Harold Berghuis.
The site could be the first physical evidence of the lost landmass known as Sundaland, which once connected Southeast Asia in a vast tropical plain. Apart from the skull, researchers also found 6,000 animal fossils of 36 species, including those of Komodo dragons, buffalo, deer, and elephant.
Some of these animals had deliberate cut marks, suggesting that early humans may have practised hunting strategies on the land that is now underwater.
"The Madura Strait hominins may have developed this hunting strategy independently. But the other possibility is that we are looking at a kind of cultural exchange," Mr Berghuis told LiveScience.
Who were Homo erectus?
The human family tree is complicated, but scientists are of the view that Homo erectus were the first early humans to resemble modern humans more closely. They were taller, had muscular bodies, longer legs and shorter arms.
The study and its findings perhaps offer the first direct proof of the presence of Home erectus in the now-submerged Sundaland landscapes -- challenging earlier beliefs about the geographic limits of human's early ancestors. Notably, it was 14,000 and 7,000 years ago that melting glaciers caused sea levels to rise more than 120 meters, submerging the low-lying plains of Sundaland.
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Komodo dragons and monitor lizards belong to the same reptile family but differ in many different ways. Komodo dragons are the largest living lizards which are famous for their impressive size and powerful hunting skills. Monitor lizards, on the other hand, include many species that vary widely in size and habitat. Although they share some traits, such as sharp claws and keen senses, their behaviors, diets, and environments are quite different from each other. Thus, knowing about these differences helps us to better understand these incredible reptiles and appreciate their unique roles in nature. Let's dive into the differences that set Komodo dragons apart from their monitor lizard relatives. Difference between Komodo dragons and Monitor lizards Aspect Komodo Dragons Monitor Lizards Physical Differences Largest and heaviest monitor lizards (up to 10 ft, 150+ kg), muscular with rough, armored scales, broad heads, serrated teeth, strong claws. Over 70 species, sizes vary (8 in to 7 ft), slimmer/agile bodies, smoother skin, longer tails/necks, patterned for camouflage. Habitat Native to Indonesian islands (Komodo, Rinca, Flores), prefer hot, dry savannas, grasslands, open forests. Found across Africa, Asia, Australia; diverse habitats like rainforests, deserts, wetlands, urban areas. Behaviour Solitary, ambush predators, bold/aggressive, excellent swimmers, use keen smell to track prey. Behavior varies: some solitary, some social; diurnal or nocturnal; climbers/swimmers; rely on speed and agility. Diet Apex predators/scavengers; hunt large mammals (deer, pigs, buffalo); venomous bite; also eat carrion and smaller animals. Varied diet: insects, eggs, small mammals, birds, fish; larger species prey on bigger animals; kill by grabbing/swallowing. Reproduction Lay 15-30 eggs; females may guard nests; incubation 7-8 months; hatchlings independent but vulnerable. Lay few to 50+ eggs; some species guard nests; incubation 2-6 months; juveniles solitary and independent. Threats Habitat loss, poaching, climate change, small isolated populations vulnerable to disease, despite legal protections. Habitat destruction, hunting for skin/meat/traditional medicine, invasive species, climate change, population decline. Conservation Status Listed Vulnerable (IUCN); legal protections, habitat preservation, anti-poaching; challenges remain due to human impact. Status varies by species: many Least Concern, some Vulnerable/Endangered; focus on habitat protection and regulation enforcement. Unique Adaptations Venomous bite that prevents blood clotting; excellent smell via forked tongue; armored skin; thermoregulation by basking. Highly developed smell; skilled swimmers/climbers; sharp claws; some species have mild venom to subdue prey. Fun Facts Largest living lizards; can run 13 mph; eat up to 80% body weight; use tongue to detect prey miles away; venomous. 70+ species; water monitors hold breath underwater 30 mins; problem solvers; climbers; some mildly venomous. Different characteristics Physical factors Komodo dragons are the largest and heaviest members of the monitor lizard family, reaching lengths of up to 10 feet (3 meters) and weighing over 150 kilograms (330 pounds). They have thick, muscular bodies with rough, armored scales that protect them. Their broad, flat heads house powerful jaws filled with sharp, serrated teeth perfect for hunting large prey. Their claws are large and strong, suited for gripping and tearing. by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like Here's A List Of Cheapest Steel Suppliers (See List) Steel Suppliers | search ads Search Now Undo Monitor lizards, however, vary widely in size and shape across more than 70 species. Some are small, around 20 centimeters (8 inches), while others can grow up to 7 feet. They tend to have slimmer, more agile bodies with longer tails and necks, which help with climbing and swimming. Their skin is generally smoother, often patterned or colored for camouflage. While both have forked tongues to sense their environment, Komodos use theirs primarily for detecting prey. Overall, Komodo dragons are bulkier and built for power, while monitor lizards are more diverse in form and function. Habitat Komodo dragons are native to a few Indonesian islands, including Komodo, Rinca, Flores, and Gili Motang. They prefer hot and dry environments such as savannas, grasslands, and open forests. These islands offer plenty of open space for hunting and sunbathing, which is essential since they are cold-blooded reptiles that rely on external heat to regulate their body temperature. Monitor lizards are found in a much wider range of habitats across Africa, Asia, and Australia. Depending on the species, they live in diverse environments like tropical rainforests, deserts, wetlands and even in urban areas. Many monitor lizards are excellent climbers or swimmers and adapt well to forests, riverbanks, and rocky terrains. Their habitats vary greatly because monitor lizards include over 70 species. While Komodo dragons have a limited and specialized habitat, monitor lizards show incredible versatility in where they live. Behaviour Komodo dragons are primarily solitary creatures which often spend most of their time alone except during mating or feeding. They are ambush predators, relying on patience to catch prey. They are known to be bold and sometimes aggressive, using their strong limbs and powerful bite to overpower prey. Komodo dragons are also excellent swimmers and can travel between islands. They use their keen sense of smell, flicking their forked tongues to detect food from great distances. Monitor lizards display a wide range of behaviors depending on the species. Many are more active and agile, often climbing trees or swimming. They can be solitary or somewhat social. Some species are active during the day, while others are nocturnal. Monitor lizards tend to hunt smaller prey like insects, birds, and small mammals and they rely on speed and agility rather than brute strength. Overall, monitor lizards are more varied in their behavior than Komodo dragons. Diet Komodo dragons are apex predators and scavengers with a diet mainly consisting of large mammals such as deer, wild pigs, and water buffalo. They use their powerful jaws and sharp teeth to deliver a venomous bite that weakens prey through blood loss and shock. After biting, they often follow their injured prey for hours until it collapses. Komodo dragons also eat smaller animals occasionally like birds or other reptiles, making them opportunistic feeders. Monitor lizards have a much more varied diet depending on their size and species. Smaller lizards primarily feed on insects, eggs, small mammals, birds, and reptiles whereas the larger species, such as the Nile monitor may prey on fish, amphibians, and even small crocodiles. Unlike Komodo dragons, most monitor lizards kill prey by grabbing and swallowing rather than biting with venom or constriction. Their diverse diet reflects their adaptability to different environments. Reproduction Komodo dragons reproduce by laying eggs, usually between 15 to 30 per clutch. Mating typically occurs between May and August and females build nests in sandy or volcanic soil to lay their eggs. After laying, female Komodos may guard their nests for several months to protect eggs from predators. The incubation period lasts around 7 to 8 months and hatchlings are independent from birth but vulnerable to predators, including adult Komodos. Monitor lizards also reproduce by laying eggs, with clutch sizes varying widely depending on species from just a few to over 50 eggs. They typically dig nests in soil, sand, or leaf litter. Some species display maternal care by guarding their nests, but most do not protect their eggs after laying. Incubation periods can range from 2 to 6 months. Juvenile monitors are often solitary and must quickly learn to hunt and avoid predators. Overall, both Komodos and monitor lizards reproduce by egg-laying, but nesting behaviors and parental care vary among species. Threats Threats to Komodo Dragons: Habitat loss from agriculture, tourism, and development on Indonesian islands Poaching and illegal hunting of their prey Climate change affecting habitat and prey availability Small, isolated populations vulnerable to disease and natural disasters Vulnerability despite legal protections Threats to Monitor Lizards: Habitat destruction due to deforestation, urbanization, and pollution Hunting for skins, meat, and traditional medicine Impact of invasive species Effects of climate change on ecosystems Some species listed as vulnerable or endangered due to population declines Conservation status Komodo dragons are listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, with populations confined to a few Indonesian islands. T heir limited range makes them especially vulnerable to habitat loss caused by human activities like agriculture, tourism, and development. Conservation efforts include legal protection under Indonesian law, habitat preservation, anti-poaching measures and public education programs. Despite these efforts, challenges such as climate change and human encroachment continue to threaten their survival. Monitor lizards have a more varied conservation status depending on the species. While many smaller monitor species are classified as Least Concern, several larger species face threats from habitat destruction, hunting, and the illegal wildlife trade. Some species are even listed as vulnerable or endangered. Conservation efforts for monitor lizards focus on protecting habitats, enforcing hunting regulations and raising awareness about their ecological importance. Unique adaptations Komodo dragons have several unique adaptations that make them formidable predators. Their strong, muscular bodies and sharp claws help them tackle large prey, while their powerful jaws deliver venom that prevents blood clotting and weakens victims. They have an excellent sense of smell,where they use their forked tongues to detect carrion from miles away. Their tough, armored skin protects them from injuries during fights or hunts. Additionally, Komodos can regulate their body temperature by basking in the sun or seeking shade, helping them thrive in their hot island environments. Monitor lizards also have fascinating adaptations as they possess a highly developed sense of smell, aided by their forked tongues, for locating prey and navigating their habitats. Many species are excellent swimmers and climbers, enabling them to exploit diverse environments. Their strong limbs and sharp claws help them capture prey and defend themselves. Some monitor lizards have venom glands producing mild toxins to subdue small prey. These adaptations contribute to their survival across varied ecosystems. Fun facts Komodo Dragons: Largest living lizards, up to 10 feet long and 150+ pounds Can run up to 13 miles per hour in short bursts Use their forked tongue to smell and detect prey from miles away Can eat up to 80% of their body weight in one meal Have venom that helps weaken their prey Monitor Lizards: Over 70 species with diverse sizes and habitats Water monitors can swim well and stay underwater for up to 30 minutes Many species are skilled climbers using sharp claws Some monitors show problem-solving skills and can learn from experience Possess mild venom to subdue small prey in some species Also read: Cobra vs. Python: Which one is more dangerous according to the key traits and characteristics
